Sapienza University of Rome

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    Ruolo delle alterazioni di Smad4 nelle patologie neoplastiche tiroidee.

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    Il TGF-β è un fattore pleiotropico e multipotente in grado di controllare numerose risposte cellulari come la proliferazione, la differenziazione, l’apoptosi, l’espressione delle proteine della matrice extracellulare (ECM), l’adesione cellulare e la migrazione. Esso è comunemente considerato un fattore in grado di contrastare l’insorgenza dei tumori e la compromissione della sua via del segnale può spingere le cellule di molti organi verso la trasformazione maligna (Alexandrow M.G. e Moses H.L., 1995). In alcuni carcinomi la resistenza all’azione del TGF-β è legata a mutazioni o delezioni del gene SMAD4 e, in particolare, è stato osservato che esso risulta deleto in omozigosi nel 50% dei carcinomi pancreatici (Schutte M. et al., 1996). Un lavoro condotto su un’ampia casistica di tumori tiroidei umani di vario istotipo, infatti, ha dimostrato che SMAD4 è mutato con una frequenza del 27% e che tali mutazioni rappresentano un evento precoce e frequente nei tumori della tiroide (Lazzereschi D. et al., 2005). Il carcinoma papillifero è il più frequente tra i tumori maligni della tiroide (60-70% di tutti i carcinomi tiroidei), pertanto, l’obiettivo di questo progetto è stato quello di studiare in vitro il ruolo svolto da alcune mutazioni di Smad4 isolate da tumori di questo istotipo o dalle loro metastasi, nel processo di trasformazione tiroidea. A tal fine sono state selezionate le mutazioni di Smad4 A226T, N263S, e P550S, provenienti da carcinomi papilliferi e la mutazione C324Y proveniente da una metastasi linfonodale di carcinoma papillifero. SMAD4 A226T e N263S sono mutazioni missenso in cui si ha, rispettivamente, la sostituzione dell'aminoacido alanina con una treonina e la sostituzione dell'aminoacido asparagina con una serina. Entrambe queste mutazioni sono localizzate nella porzione del gene codificante la regione linker della proteina. Le mutazioni missenso C324Y e P550S, in cui si ha, rispettivamente, la sostituzione di una cisteina con una tirosina e di una prolina con una serina, invece, ricadono nella porzione del gene codificante il dominio MH2 della proteina. Le mutazioni selezionate sono state ricreate in vitro mediante mutagenesi sitospecifica, inserite in un vettore di espressione e transfettate in modo stabile nella linea cellulare di tipo epiteliale normale di tiroide di ratto FRTL-5. Lo studio è stato, quindi, condotto sui cloni stabili focalizzando la nostra attenzione in particolare sulla mutazione C324Y, isolata da metastasi linfonodale di carcinoma papillifero, andando a valutare l’attività trascrizionale, la capacità proliferativa e la sensibilità all’inibizione della proliferazione TGFβ-mediata, il comportamento adesivo e migratorio e il comportamento invasivo. Considerato che a tutt’oggi, non è ancora stato chiarito completamente il meccanismo di azione del TGF-β nel processo di trasformazione tumorale della cellula tiroidea, studi sui meccanismi molecolari e sulle alterazioni della via del segnale del TGF-β e, in particolare, alterazioni della proteina Smad4, sono stati condotti in parallelo anche su linee cellulari umane, ottenute da carcinoma papilliferi tiroidei umani: TPC-1 e BCPAP. Su tali linee abbiamo studiato estensivamente l’espressione della via di segnale del TGF-β ed il suo funzionamento

    "...e la nostra piccola vita è cinta di sonno". La Comunicazione nelle prime ore di vita: effetti sul Riconoscimento del Volto e sull'organizzazione degli Stati Comportamentali

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    In questo studio si è verificato l'effetto della Comunicazione neonato-adulto sui processi di Riconoscimento del Volto. Si è inoltre indagato, per la prima volta su soggetti nelle prime ore di vita, l'effetto del Sonno sui processi cognitivi. Verificando se il Sonno produceva una variazione nella performance di riconoscimento del Volto. I principali risultati hanno evidenziato un effetto non univoco della Comunicazione sul Riconoscimento del Volto e un chiaro effetto del Sonno. L'effetto del Sonno è interpretabile nella direzione del consolidamento dell'esperienza precedente anche in un'età così precoce

    PACAP function during rat folliculogenesis

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    Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is transiently expressed in preovulatory follicles of different species and positively affects parameters correlated with the ovulatory process. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PACAP influences the recruitment of primordial follicles and the growth and differentiation of preantral follicles. Rat ovaries from 2-day-old animals were cultured for 5 days in the presence of PACAP. This treatment significantly inhibited the primordial to primary follicle transition. PACAP inhibited granulosa cell proliferation without affecting cell viability. PACAP also inhibited the growth of isolated preantral follicles cultured under basal conditions or in the presence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These results suggest that PACAP is significantly involved in the cyclic recruitment of primordial follicles and in the FSH-dependent growth of preantral follicles

    Kitab al-adwiya al-mufrada di Abu Ja'far al-Ghafiqi (XII secolo). Edizione del capitolo 'Alif

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    The aim of editing “The Book of Simple Drugs” by Abū Ġaʽfar al Ġāfiqī is to offer scholars of the history of science and philology, and in particular anyone with an interest in the development of pharmacopoeias, an illustrated example of a treatise on simple substances produced in a medieval Arab-Islamic setting. The text of al-Ġāfiqī’s book, partially edited here for the first time, not only attests to the scientific progress made in al-Andalus up to the 12th century, but also represents a fundamental premise for the diachronic analysis of the botanical terminology used by the Arabs, where, more so than in the technical terms used in other scientific disciplines, it is possible to observe the modes of adaptation and the use of foreign terms. Far from clarifying the mass of thorny etymological questions posed, the resolution of which has been impeded, in some cases, by the deterioration of the text of the two manuscripts on which the edition is based, this work also strives to be an invitation to reflect on the dynamics that, in the past, governed man’s relationship with the surrounding environment

    Hidden Markov Models for longitudinal data

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    Algorithmic Problems in Network Communication

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    Modeling of Cooling Channel Flow in Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines

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    Ever since the development of liquid rocket engine, there has been a need to predict the peak heat flux that affects the engine material and thus to control the wall thermal behavior of rocket engine. To prevent thermal failure, the engine is generally cooled by means of a coolant that flows in passages that line the hottest part of the engine (i.e., combustion chamber and nozzle wall). This is the fluid-cooling system. If the coolant is one of the propellants, once it passes through the cooling circuit, it can be injected into the combustion chamber or it can be dumped overboard. The former case is referred to as Regenerative cooling system while the latter as dump cooling system. In case of high performance cryogenic rocket engine (such as LO2/hydrogen and LO2/methane engines) the coolant working pressure is supercritical and thus it behaves far from a liquid or a perfect gas. The fluid-cooling system (often referred to regenerative cooling because of the limited application of the dump cooling) of cryogenic rocket engines, is the technological background of this Ph.D. thesis. It is common and well confirmed practice in industry to analyze wall thermal behaviour of liquid rocket engine by means of simple and fast tools based on semi-empirical relationships. These relationships are generally calibrated by means of data collected in experimental tests of subscale engines. Industrial tools provide reasonable results but they are not able to accurately describe many phenomena that occur in the hot-wall/coolant environment, such as three-dimensional effects, asymmetric heat flux distribution in the material and supercritical behaviour of the coolant. For that reason, to circumvent the uncertainties of the design tools, regenerative systems are often over dimensioned. Moreover, these tools are deeply related to the engine for which they have been calibrated and thus they cannot be easily extended for a new generation of engines. In last years new approaches have risen; in fact new geometry configuration (i.e., high aspect ratio cooling channels) and new coolants (such as methane) to be used in the next future, have imposed more accurate analysis tools, such as three-dimensional Navier Stokes solver to describe coolant flow and three-dimensional Fourier analysis to describe wall thermal transmission. Simplified approaches are always used since, due to the limited computer power, three-dimensional tools are not suitable as design tools. However, accurate three-dimensional analysis can be integrated with simple and fast design tool in order to better describe and comprehend the phenomena that occur in the hot-wall/coolant environment. The aim of this study is to present and provide suitable theoretical and numerical tools able to describe the thermal behaviour that occur in regenerative cooling system, with special regard to the subcritical/supercritical coolant flow inside cooling channels. This aim has been achieved in three steps: A suitable mathematical description of thermophysical properties of coolants has been adopted. According to this mathematical modeling, computer subroutines describing the thermophysics of typical coolants (such as hydrogen and methane) have been implemented; A suitable physical and mathematical model able to describe both the wall thermal behaviour and the coolant flow that occur in regeneratively cooled rocket engines has been developed and implemented in a numerical code. The model is an extension of the typical 1D-model in the sense that it is able to describe the coolant and fin thermal stratification that occurs in high aspect ratio cooling channels. For that reason this model will be referred to as a quasi-2D model. The coolant thermophysical properties have been provided by means of the above mentioned hydrogen-methane subroutines. The code has been successfully validated with respect to the literature data; At last, a Navier-Stokes solver able to describe the high Reynolds number turbulent flow of generic fluid in three-dimensional cooling channels has been developed. This numerical tool has been successfully validated by comparison with exact solutions and literature data. Furthermore three-dimensional flow fields for a cryogenic fluid (methane) have been computed to analyze the coolant behavior inside straight channels with rectangular cross section and to discuss the channel aspect ratio effect on the cooling performances

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