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Frubilità delle linee ferroviarie a scarso traffico: metodo sintetico per la valutazione e l'incremento.
No full textSINDROME DA OCCHIO SECCO IN PAZIENTI AFFETTI DA ARTRITE REUMATOIDE E SINDROME DI SJOGREN SECONDARIA
No full textL’agricoltura italiana tra sviluppo economico e fallimento ambientale. Il caso dell’Italia centrale. Toscana, Marche e Umbria dal secondo dopoguerra alla fine degli anni Ottanta.
No full textL’idea di sviluppare un progetto di ricerca volto ad analizzare i mutamenti intervenuti nell’agricoltura di tre particolari regioni quali Toscana, Umbria e Marche è scaturita dall’osservazione di alcune immagini, scattate da Henri Desplanques nelle campagne dell’Italia centrale nell’arco di un ventennio (1953-1973), che mettono in luce in maniera molto vivida e impietosa le graduali e progressive trasformazioni che il paesaggio agrario di una regione, come del resto anche Toscana e Marche, caratterizzata da secoli di peculiari assetti colturali e paesaggistici, ha subito in un lasso di tempo piuttosto breve. Nella prima metà degli anni Sessanta Desplanques descrive in questi termini le colline umbre “(...) i pendii sembrano come morti, anche se qualche rado cespuglio o zolla erbosa vi si abbarbica qua e là. I dissodamenti d’un tempo avevano costretto il bosco ad indietreggiare, oggi le colture sono sostituite da vegetazione stopposa”. Queste brevi considerazioni unite alla forza delle immagini hanno creato l’interesse di andare ad indagare le motivazioni sottese ad un così radicale e repentino stravolgimento di assetti agricoli che per secoli hanno sostenuto e caratterizzato le campagne dell’Italia centrale. In questo studio sono state esaminate le realtà agricole di Toscana, Umbria e Marche regioni in cui l’evoluzione dei patti mezzadrili è stata piuttosto difficile e ha lasciato importanti strascichi sia sul piano strettamente produttivo che su quello paesaggistico-ambientale. L’arco temporale preso in considerazione va dagli anni Cinquanta del Novecento fino a tutti gli anni Ottanta. Nel corso di questi quaranta anni l’agricoltura è stata investita da molteplici e variegate trasformazioni dettate dalle politiche internazionali che sempre più incisivamente hanno condizionato le realtà locali. Per avere una visione che andasse oltre le dinamiche interne alle singole realtà regionali, si è voluto prendere in considerazione sia i principali provvedimenti emanati a livello comunitario in merito alla politica agricola sia le principali tendenze di mercato che hanno visto come protagonisti i prodotti agroalimentari. I primi due capitoli infatti, hanno come oggetto lo studio delle interazioni esistenti tra le caratteristiche del mercato agricolo nazionale ed internazionale con i principali provvedimenti emanati a livello comunitario. Dall’esame delle dinamiche inerenti l’andamento dei mercati agricoli e le sue implicazioni sulla Politica Agricola Comunitaria sono emersi alcuni fattori cruciali che si sono rivelati utilissimi per la comprensione sia del comportamento degli enti locali e degli addetti al settore agricolo nelle tre regioni oggetto di studio, che delle trasformazioni degli assetti colturali e aziendali regionali. Successivamente si è passati allo studio della situazione agricola di Toscana, Marche e Umbria negli anni immediatamente successivi alla Seconda Guerra Mondiale per avere un quadro di partenza chiaro da utilizzare come termine di confronto per gli sviluppi del settore primario nei decenni successivi. Mediante una analisi dettagliata delle strutture agricole e delle colture esistenti nei territori di Toscana, Marche e Umbria, da sempre aree d’elezione di vite ed olivo e contraddistinti da molteplici forme paesaggistiche, si è cercato di ricostruire il processo che ha portato alla formazione degli attuali assetti agricoli e colturali inserendolo nel panorama dei grandi mutamenti di mercato che hanno investito l’Europa. Come già accennato in precedenza, le motivazioni che hanno portato a circoscrivere l’ambito della ricerca all’agricoltura di queste tre particolari regioni sono da ricercare nella complessità relativa alle dinamiche inerenti l’evoluzione dei patti di mezzadria. Le aziende mezzadrili, indissolubilmente legate ai tradizionali assetti colturali che sin dal basso medioevo vigevano in questi territori non avevano fatto altro che confermare ed accentuare i caratteri storici e le tendenze di queste economie, contribuendo all’esaltazione del carattere promiscuo della valorizzazione della terra. Il paesaggio che ne emergeva vedeva i seminativi sempre più arborati e i campi divisi con arte fra arbusti, macchie, aree da pascolo, vigne, frutteti misti. E’ solo dopo la metà del XX secolo che questi assetti e tutti i suoi complessi equilibri verranno sconvolti. Uno studio relativo a queste aree mostra chiaramente come le politiche sottese allo sviluppo e alla diffusione dell’agricoltura industriale abbiano cercato non solo di livellare le caratteristiche variegate di un paesaggio agrario modellato da secoli e secoli di tradizione, ma siano riuscite ad accelerare in maniera traumatica i processi di abbandono della terra da parte dei contadini già in atto, seppur con lieve intensità, nell’immediato dopoguerra. Infatti, nel presente studio ci si è soffermati ad analizzare le dinamiche relative all’emigrazione rurale, sottolineando un fatto fondamentale: sono stati i giovani per primi a battersi al fine di ottenere migliori condizioni di vita nelle campagne e, soltanto in un secondo momento, sfiduciati e delusi da politiche incapaci di rispondere alle esigenze di rinnovamento e di conseguenza incapaci di trattenere i contadini sulla loro terra, hanno dato luogo a fenomeni migratori mai visti prima nelle suddette regioni. Con l’istituzione della Comunità Economica Europea nel 1957 e con la nascita della Politica Agricola Comunitaria all’inizio degli anni Sessanta gli indirizzi seguiti in ambito agricolo erano volti essenzialmente al sostegno dei prezzi. Tale pratica però, si è rivelata quasi immediatamente non adatta ad assolvere il compito di ammodernamento strutturale di cui necessitava il settore agricolo; le crisi di sovrapproduzione ricorrenti per tutto il corso degli anni Settanta ne sono la testimonianza. Soltanto intorno alla metà degli anni Ottanta cominciano ad essere avvertite, sia a livello europeo che locale, le distorsioni relative alla inadeguatezza dei provvedimenti in materia di politica agricola fino ad allora attuati. Tutto ciò ha avviato un vivace dibatto intorno alla necessità di una radicale ristrutturazione dell’agricoltura europea che ha visto protagonisti sia le parti politiche che gli operatori e gli studiosi del settore. Da queste discussioni, oltre all’esigenza di natura strettamente economica di razionalizzazione e ottimizzazione dei fattori produttivi, è emersa l’esigenza, ormai non più procrastinabile, di arginare l’esodo dalle campagne che ormai era diventato un male cronico delle aree marginali interne alle regioni e che, recidendo l’antico legame del contadino con la terra, aveva prodotto gravissimi squilibri sia sociali che ambientali. Occorre precisare, però, che già nella seconda metà degli anni Cinquanta l’esodo dalle campagne era stato percepito come una grave minaccia per le aree rurali di queste tre regioni e soprattutto in Umbria e nelle Marche, dove la popolazione agricola raggiungeva livelli molto elevati e l’agricoltura all’inizio degli anni Sessanta era la principale fonte di reddito, gli enti locali e i partiti di sinistra avevano sollevato questa problematica proponendo una riforma agraria più incisiva di quella attuata agli inizi degli anni Cinquanta. Dunque il problema dell’emigrazione dalle campagne non costituiva certo una novità ma, proprio durante gli anni Ottanta, nel pieno sviluppo dei rapporti capitalistici, i sistemi di produzione fino ad allora attuati e sostenuti in ambito internazionale, aggravati dalle principali conseguenze derivanti dagli avvenimenti del decennio precedente come la crisi petrolifera e le ricorrenti crisi da sovrapproduzione, hanno manifestato le loro più gravi distorsioni. La presa di coscienza di questo stato di cose ha indotto dunque vari osservatori a considerare l’agricoltura non solo dal punto di vista relativo a modelli di efficienza produttiva, ma anche come la sola attività capace di attuare sistemi di salvaguardia territoriale nelle aree marginali di regioni come le Marche e l’Umbria, in cui il passaggio dalla mezzadria alla piccola proprietà non si è realizzato in maniera univoca ed indolore ma ha lasciato una scia di contraddizioni e povertà che ha segnato in modo indelebile le realtà agricole di queste due regioni. Per quanto riguarda la Toscana, invece, oltre alle ricerche relative ai rapporti di produzione e alle loro evoluzioni nei decenni considerati, l’attenzione si è concentrata sulle trasformazioni che hanno investito il settore vitivinicolo ed il settore olivicolo. E’ stato scelto di esaminare dettagliatamente queste due produzioni perché esse rappresentano le coltivazioni prevalenti e caratterizzanti il territorio regionale. E’ risultato particolarmente interessate seguire le vicende che hanno visto protagonisti la vite e l’olivo nell’ambito agricolo internazionale e osservare come di volta in volta i provvedimenti di carattere sovranazionale hanno influenzato in modo ben visibile le campagne toscane. Molto stimolante è stato vedere come nel volgere di pochi decenni le colture consociate, tipiche degli assetti mezzadrili, hanno lasciato il posto ai vasti appezzamenti adibiti a colture specializzate imposte dalle esigenze di mercato
Ruolo della temporaneità nei processi di rigenerazione delle aree-intervallo. Il caso Mediaspree.
No full textThe main purpose of the present work is to investigate the relationship between time and space in the evolving urban realities, while reconsidering the incidence and the relevance of temporary uses in urban development project. More specifically, the contribution of this investigation is to define how temporary uses impact the evolution of under managed spaces.
The problem of under managed spaces in the contemporary city is increasingly discussed, investigated, and analyzed, yet the term lacks conceptual clarity and definition. Furthermore, the functional aspects, the morphology and the opportunities of these spaces have not been clearly articulated. This research provides a new theoretical approach and introduces a new definition for this kind of spaces: the area-intervallo (gap areas). In dealing with such areas, it aims to suggest a different interpretative category: if lost spaces are voids within the urban fabric empty of meaning, lacking clear functions, where time seems to have stood still, they are spaces which lie in wait for something. So, they can be considered as opportunities waiting to happen, opportunities that urban planning has to recognize and develop in an urban regeneration point of view.
Many researches have been carried out with regard to the debate on the contemporary public spaces. Most of them have paid attention to the under managed spaces, focusing the discussion on the causes and origins of the phenomenon. As a result, the literature on this kind of spaces is rich and many authors described these spaces with several interpretations, producing, as a result, semantic confusion. However, this literature does not capture one of the main topics that characterize the dynamism of the contemporary city and the essential transience of urban life: the temporariness. Against this background, the purpose of this research is to answer the research question: “How can temporariness become an opportunity for the regeneration of under managed spaces? Which kind of effect temporariness has on urban development?”
This research has two objectives: to analyze the under managed spaces in a new perspective through the interpretation of temporariness (or of the temporariness concept) in the contemporary city and to verify how temporary and impermanent uses can be an incent to a bottom-up urban regeneration process.
The investigation has been supported by a descriptive approach (analysis of the literature and the most significant experience) and the area-intervallo has been tested through a case study, used as benchmark to verify the theoretical approach. The work is structured in two parts. The first part is devoted to the description of the theoretical background required to better understand the role of the under managed spaces and the meaning of the temporariness in the contemporary city.
The second part is focused on the analysis of the main example of temporariness’ application in urban development project. This part describes temporary uses in Berlin and critically illustrates the case of Media Spree project.
The research intends to shed light on the approach adopted in Berlin’s most famous urban development project, in order to underline how temporary uses have been used to increase the socio-economic values.
As conclusion, temporary uses in the aree-intervallo have a powerful effect on urban development, that should be taken into account during the urban policy’s construction
IL RUOLO E L'EVOLUZIONE DELLE GIURISDIZIONI AMMINISTRATIVE INTERNAZIONALI
No full textThe analysis of the Statutes, procedures and functions of the principal existing international administrative tribunals is aimed to propose a reconstruction of the comprehensive judicial protection granted to international officials in staff disputes with organizations in the context of contemporary international legal order, evaluating the adequacy of staff disputes resolutions systems to human rights’ standards and the effectiveness of the rule of law in the internal activity of international organizations.
The work explores the reasons underlying the institution of administrative tribunals in international organizations from the dominant opinion of jurisdictional immunity and protection of independence of international organisations to the current trend, expressed in internal and international case-law, which recognizes judicial immunity of international organizations before national courts only in the case of the previous setting of judicial bodies with adequate procedural standards, also trying to explain the phenomenon of the so called proliferation of administrative tribunals.
A detailed analysis is dedicated to the International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal (ILOAT), court whose jurisdiction to solve staff disputes is recognized by the majority of existing international organization and which is still considered the exemplary international administrative jurisdiction. The exam is specially focused to his jurisdiction ratione personae and ratione materiae and to the possible submission of a request of advisory proceedings before the International Court of Justice, taking into account the relevant cases in the field. The model jurisdiction is then compared to the new two-tier staff disputes system established in the framework of United Nations (UN Dispute Tribunal and UN Appeals Tribunal) and examined in its first years of activity. Furthermore, the thesis illustrates the special features and the evolution of the staff disputes system of European Union, based since 2004 on the jurisdiction at first instance of the EU Civil Service Tribunal, also examining the possible three levels articulation of the system thanks to the review procedure of General Court decisions before the Court of Justice. The analysis and the comparison with the tradition of administrative tribunals reveal the actual position of staff disputes in the framework of the judicial architecture established by EU Treaties. Finally, also statutes and functions of the administrative tribunals of World Bank and International Monetary Fund have been examined.
The exam of statutory rules and procedures of the tribunals analysed and their application in recent case law reveal critical issues still characterizing the functioning of administrative tribunals, above all the search for independence from both staff and organization, the procedure of choosing international administrative judges, the existence of a right of appeal against decisions of tribunals in a limited number of administrative tribunals, the problem of judicial protection of all subjects not officially included in the staff of international organization, all aspects considered in the context of accountability and respect of due process by contemporary international organizations
Prophecy of a New Architecture Empathy
No full textPer-Oscar Östrell
DIAP PhD: Architettura e Costruzione-Spazio e Società Ciclo XXVI.
Main advisors: Professor Benedetto Todaro and Professor Stefano Catucci.
PROPHECY OF A NEW ARCHITECTURE Empathy
Università Degli Studi Di Roma La Sapienza Dipartimento Di Architettura e Progetto.
My unique idea,
is to open the minds of the people who read the book make them open
for the beauty in the world and for fellowman.
Yes this is a topic that is popular at the moment but my approach is not for self- promotion or jump the bandwagon. The book is written for scholars and ordinary man.
If you want a PDF of the thesis please contact,
[email protected]
Synopsis.
Life architecture is a screenplay for all of us who has an open heart imagination and see the world as a newborn every day with open eyes and open minds and not get stopped by how to behave norms that is standard norms decided by people afraid of living.
I have made this journey into understanding architecture, it is a personal and a bumpy road my individual road. not hidden under pretense of something else. To make architecture with empathy, beauty, compassion not defined by the archi-stars of today a phenomenon just as superficial as all other mass media frenetic.
I ground my proposal on my beliefs in architecture, it is a personal journey, exemplified as a marathon race with kilometer points and breaks for water and minerals, the point of departure is myself my body memories, my education and professional career as an artist sculptor and free performing artist and my job as an architect.
I have mainly used my eyes-pictures, from my own walks in different parts of the world and some examples of my own art.
My thesis is in some ways personal, as it is based on my experiences in a way
this is normal, almost all thesis are motivated by personal experiences but hidden under layers of theory, as Shlomo Sand wrote in “The invention of the Jewish People”, they serve as a launch pad for an elusive conclusion, my approach is out in the open.
I would like to already now underline that my case studies are not from the most recent years. I believe that the case studies are well chosen for my thesis, the reason for this I ground it on that the so much noticed flash-branding architecture of the recent decades has not landed yet, we don’t have the distance to it yet, the overwhelming media coverage, the press information from the architects, the out spoken architects themselves, the architects biographers make things hard if not impossible to break down and analyze in a more or less objective way. We have come to a stage that some of the well- repudiated architects more act like Lady Ga Ga.
I have chosen the cases in an attend to look for architects who tries, tried to make an architecture based on sensitivity, a search for inner beauty- empathy- phenomenological, in some cases organic and personal approach to architecture and to make an architecture for the user.
The icons I have chosen have stopped making noise and now speak in clear voices.
I take the opportunity to here also proclaim that my approach to the subject of architecture is an eternal one I have mixed theory from some time ago with theory of today and the visions from my two distinguished professors and the contribution from myself.
I have decided to use my tutor’s presentation of my book, to get a more clear idea of my method and point of departure.
From the presentation by my tutor Dean Professor Benedetto Todaro,
Università Degli Studi Di Roma La Sapienza Dipartimento Di Architettura e Progetto;
I consider it a privilege to have had the opportunity to attend, as a tutor, work done by Per Östrell for his doctoral thesis. This is for two reasons, linked together, which concern both the author and the atypical nature of the research conducted by him, rather than the irregular practices and the prevailing methods in the doctoral courses; other reflections that follow on the nature of the doctorate, or rather doctorates, in terms of architectural design.
I mean - without pretending to deepen now - the question of the role that is never dormant fair to attribute project experience in doctoral courses in design. The perception that the project cannot be bypassed or otherwise neglect even if the inescapable character purposeful "concluded" that brings with it conflicts with the open attitude of the research. It would seem - in this sense - having to draw a distinction between the specificity of the search, that is, the act and the ways of the search (which, although a final objective should aim) and those of retrieval (project) that maybe is not derived from a linear process of research, retaining the character of what other expression (also) other processes. For Ostrell, his method of analysis, its references and its modes of expression, gentle, non-disruptive, almost subdued, they could - for their very being - to shake some provisional evidence on which to linger more than a few doctoral
programs in design.
For the fact is that he is an artist. He experienced the figurative expression even before this ambiguity promiscuous and expressive practice that we call architecture. The structure of his thought - as I was given to understand - is intimately poetic rather than analytical. His work begins with a sort of ill- concealed impatience with aspects of contemporary architecture, which he considers insufficiently empathetic, which create an environment in which more typically human faculties have no place to exist and develop. In short, a sort of complaint lack of artistry surrogates from undue interference and frequent performing but ineffectively mask this deficiency.
Part way for a path - he calls it "Marathon", and in fact the various marathons around the world is also dedicated as an athlete - in search of those affinities which identifies the work of authors with their studies: from Sitte to Jacobs, a Gehl, and Cullen Lynch - to name a few - and with their works: from Asplund and Tavora, from Ponti and Ridolfi, Scarpa - among others - show that he had sought in the direction that his initial diagnosis the guide.
It is a path in which the multidimensional analysis makes use of short circuits activated by aphorisms, choice of evocative images, suggestions, fragments and flashes conceptual type of non-linear, however, but coherent, that require the reader considerable empathy - in fact - to be read and appreciated. A project.
The result is now available for evaluation and, returning to the topic in the opening of this paper, is delivered as a project of thinking about architecture, with all the limitations and potential of the project, consisting of a proposal preserves inside placing considerable degree of subjectivity - in return - as a result of which it can be predicated anything usable.
Benedetto Todaro
Beauty.
A theory must be based on beauty if it’s supposed to explain the searching for the truth in life.
Empathy, this includes sustainability.
The word empathy was coined in the early 20th century: from Greek empatheia (from em- ‘in’ + pathos ‘feeling’) translated in German as Einfühlung. The

theme was researched by Theodor Lipps in the 19th century.1. Empathy means, understanding and entering into another’s place and feelings, desires ideas, and actions this goes also for our empathy for animals and other living creatures, sentient someone that is able to feel perceive or be conscious or to have subjective feelings this includes animals.
You have to have certain amount of empathy to feel compassion. It is also the capacity to recognize feelings that are being experienced by another sentient. The term is often used in reference to aesthetic experience.2
Emotional architecture. Phenomena, experience, perception and conception.
Beauty is all around us it’s up to us to be open to the world to let it in. I believe there is beauty almost everywhere we have to stop look and dare to take it in.
Phenomenology, perception- space.
Perception and the awareness of things is a combination of the world of objects
and the world of subjects
User oriented architecture. Connect.
Connection with our stories, fellow passengers and the world. My zero square in hopscotch.
Empathy in contradistinction to Abstraction in architecture.
Body-Mind, Empathy and the innate response to architectural forms and spatial arrangements: Matters of the body, of metaphor, ways of thinking, and the aesthetic experience of works of architecture.
User oriented architecture in contradistinction to branding - archi–star architecture, Genius Loci. Man’s slow development in contradistinction to the rapidly changing society machine.
There has been a lot of literature for many years now about the emptiness in architecture the loss of spiritual and emotional richness in architecture. If it was so much better in the good old days I don’t believe so, it’s just that the tempo nowadays is like a hurricane running down the road.
My project tries to pick up the fallen pins and from my standpoint put them back in a new order. Issues that are contemplated are an architecture that unite body and mind, architecture for the senses and also for all that is hidden and goes around in our brains knowingly or un-knowingly. I have chosen the cases in an attend to look for architects who tries, tried to make an architecture based on sensitivity, a search for inner beauty- empathy- phenomenological, in some cases organic and personal approach to architecture and to make an architecture for the user. The examples are not from today but architecture is an universal language and the views and standpoints of the creators can be applied to the architecture in the 21th century it must be, or not? If we today do deconstructed fragmented architecture the inner message of the creation is still the same.
Precedents and newer approaches in architecture are studied. It has many
times been said that architecture is seen as mainly a visual field- this I think is just an opportunistic statement that goes well in a world of New Age dominated scholars, when the rest of the world is passing by, everything is filled with emotions the moment you put the first shovel in the ground and start digging you change the world of perception in all senses it’s just that today we more dissect the “body” into small fragments of understanding or not understanding.
My Goal-Dream-Architecture.
The ultimate goal for me is to create sacral-empathy-sensitive architecture, to make a “dreaming architecture”, a fragmented story with no ends or beginnings.
Architecture as the night when we loose our directions and see no boundaries and objects clearly. When for example the world of clea.n and articulate objects is abolished as Maurice Merlau Ponty puts it, our perceptual being is cutoff from this world and evolves spatiality without things. This is what happens in the night, Night has no outlines; it is itself in contact with me.
2,5 K.
The Beginning.
© Per-Oscar Östrell
My research started very early when I opened my green eyes.
Empathy/intuition was my only tool to survive in a hostile world when I grew up in a very disturbed family. I always felt connected to living or not living objects.
Life is a fairytale told by many voices. I was a very imaginative child and half lived in a fantasy world I felt much more connected to animals, books than
humans. But now I’m here writing this Marathon PhD.
Empathy and intuition
for me goes hand in hand (intuition: instinctive knowing without the use of rational processes, acquiring beliefs in ways that bypass ordinary justification an immediate a priori knowledge or experienced belief).
System 1.
Here perhaps I go wrong or trust to much in System one as I recently been listening to Daniel Kahnmen’s book “Thinking, fast and Slow”. Random House Audio, New York. 2011. I have got a little bit new perspective to intuition, or as hopefully everyone understands that intuition can fool you, it takes the easy way out, the gut-feeling. Making a tree out of figs. A plausible answer comes fast and it’s hard you have to work with your brain to change it and by that you also find its easier to accept arguments that underline the argument even if they are false.
You can try and discipline your intuition. Discipline intuition? How do you change your mind by using evidence?
Intuitive impression of diagnostic information is often exaggerated.
We tend to believe in the stories we spin for ourselves if we follow associative thinking.
Example: Anchor your probability of an outcome of a plausible base rate. Question the diagnosis of your evidence.3.
System one or two?
Thoughts in the brain.
In the book's first section, Kahneman describes the two different ways the brain forms thoughts:
System 1: Fast, automatic, frequent, emotional, stereotypic, and subconscious. System 2: Slow, effortful, infrequent, logical, calculating, conscious.
The problem here is also that system two is lazy a slow starter, but when it acts it has superiority over system one.
I am not really sure how it deals with empathy if its logical perhaps it emphasizes yourself first, as I read that money-people those who set money before fellowman are those who are more individualistic more have a prospect of making success in society, if success is claiming the ladder.
System one is also more disposed to take the easy answer or re-formulate the question to fit the easy answer, to make patterns out of nothing to not see the unique in every new problem making halo effects, for example if you like someone you give that person many good attributes without knowing any thing about it as for example this person is generous because you like her/him.
Priming.
Association of ideas and patterns of movements. Example an experiment, students who associated some words with old people were so influenced as when the researchers asked them to move to another room they walked slower than the group who hasn’t not associated the words with elderly this can also be shown if you feel aversion to elderly you walk faster and vice versa.4.
Ingredients in a soup.
Could this mean, I wonder, if we do monumental beautiful houses and that this is a image of “money”-success, we are unconsciously submitted to associate money beautifulness as something good that the people who owns this artifacts are good beautiful clever more worthy then us, like the church in the old days the people who are associated with that are good a link so we built a society of conformance.
If we instead build distorted fragmented buildings pictures then perhaps the associations between the fractals can help people develop more their inner skills qualities. Do we then get individuals more self- thinking people perhaps more empathic people, because and this is true money oriented people are more keen to self-interest and not to help others individuals in a hard inhuman world
The effect of sulforaphane in human melanoma cells
No full textMelanoma is a malignant tumor that arises from melanocytes present in the basal layer of the epidermis, in hair follicles, more rarely in mucosa eye, inner ear and meninges. Skin is affected in 85% of cases. Human malignant melanoma is an highly aggressive and incurable cancer due to intrinsic resistance to apoptosis, reprogramming proliferation and survival pathways during tumor progression. Several studies have shown that many natural dietary compounds can potently modulate various molecular targets, conducting prevention of cancer initiation, promotion and progression. In particular, dietary fruits and vegetables have been regarded as rich sources of chemopreventive compounds and are widely investigated due to their low toxicity but significant chemopreventive efficacy. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate (ITC) found in cruciferous vegetables, is a common dietary component that has been proven to have a huge cancer chemopreventive potential. It modulates cell death, cell cycle, angiogenesis, susceptibility to carcinogens, invasion and metastasis and possesses antioxidant activities. Pluralities of clinical effects are reported in various experimental diseases as well as human clinical studies. In B16F-10 murine melanoma cell line SFN reduces invasion, inhibits activation of matrix metalloproteinases and, consequently, the developing of lung metastases, and prevents melanin synthesis and tyrosinase expression by affecting the phosphorylation of MAP kinase family. Epidemiological studies have reported association between the consumption of SFN-rich vegetables and reduction in cancer risk at several sites including the bladder, prostate and breast. Moreover, SFN is in phase II trial for prostate cancer.
The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of sulforaphane on human melanoma cell lines, in order to prove its ability to modulate specific cellular and molecular events involved in this type of tumor. A human primary (A375) and metastatic (501Mel) melanoma cell lines has been used in these studies. I demonstrated that SFN inhibits significantly A375 and 501Mel cell proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, SFN-treated melanoma cells accumulated in the G2/M and sub-G1 phases of the cell cycle. Moreover SFN showed to induce apoptosis through caspase-9/caspase-3 pathway. As control, human epidermal melanocytes cell lines (HEMa) treated with the same concentration of sulforaphane didn’t shown an alteration. Besides its ability to promote tumor cell death, SFN hampers cell migration and invasion. One important process in chemoprotection by SFN involves modulation of the activity of the so-called phase II enzymes, which convert carcinogens to inactive metabolites that are readily excreted from the body, thus preventing their reaction with DNA. Interesting, the results showed that in melanoma cell lines SFN increased significantly the mRNA levels of phase II enzymes such as hemoxygenase-1 (HMOX-1) and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1).
To better characterize the molecular events induced by SFN on melanoma, I investigated the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors, known to be involved in melanoma progression. Using RT-PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, it was found that SFN causes up-regulation of neurotrophin receptors expression (p75NTR and TrkA) in A375 cell lines. Moreover, SFN is able to decrease the A375 migration induced by exogenous β-NGF. These observations led to the hypothesis that SFN induces apoptosis through p75NTR and that p75NTR-dependent apoptosis could represent a homeostatic mechanism to eliminate damaged cells –similar to Fas-dependent apoptosis associated with inflammation – and possibly a ‘class effect’ of death receptors. Finally, in this study, it was also established SFN-resistant melanoma cell lines in order to elucidate mechanisms leading to drug resistance. All together, these results indicate that, in vitro, sulforaphane has a strong antitumor effect on human melanoma cell lines and this raises the possibility that SFN might be a promising candidate for molecular-targeting chemotherapy against melanoma
Processi di neoliberalizzazione e strategie neoliberiste in ambito urbano: le relazioni tra politica e mercato a Roma
No full textLa ricerca di dottorato presentata ha preso avvio dall’interesse a ricostruire e indagare la politica urbana a Roma nell’ultimo ventennio alla luce delle profonde trasformazioni globali che a partire dagli anni ‘80 del XX secolo hanno investito l’azione pubblica su tutte le scale di governo e che hanno prodotto impatti significativi anche a livello urbano. Ci si riferisce in particolare alla crisi dello stato del welfare keynesiano e alla sua graduale sostituzione con modelli di regolazione ritenuti coerenti con un’economia di libero mercato sempre più globalmente integrata. Per interpretare e spiegare queste trasformazioni le scienze sociali hanno elaborato negli ultimi decenni teorie e strumenti concettuali. Questa ricerca si è confrontata segnatamente con le teorie sul neoliberismo e sulla neoliberalizzazione (soprattutto: Jessop 2002; Peck e Tickell 2002; Peck 2003, 2008; Harvey 2006, 2007; Brenner, Peck, Theodore 2009, 2010; Geddes 2010; Peck, Theodore, Brenner 2012) che offrono una possibile chiave di lettura del crescente orientamento alla competitività e all’imprenditorialità dell’azione pubblica anche su scala urbana e con gli studi sui regimi urbani (soprattutto: Stone 1989, 1993, 2004, 2005; Dowding 1999, 2001; John 2001; Mossberger e Stoker 2001; Davies 2003; Holman 2007; Majoor e Salet 2008; Pike, Rodriguez-Pose e Tomaney 2011; Belligni e Ravazzi 2013), il cui focus è rivolto alle coalizioni di governo informali che risultano dalla crescente commistione di forze e interessi pubblico-privati e che incidono sulla configurazione del potere locale.
Attraverso l’analisi di tre casi di studio (privatizzazione di Acea, alienazione e valorizzazione di un deposito Atac, processo di pianificazione strategica) relativi ad altrettanti settori di policy (gestione servizi pubblici locali, gestione del suolo e delle proprietà pubbliche, sviluppo economico), si è cercato di ricostruire le caratteristiche salienti del processo di neoliberalizzazione a Roma, gettando luce in particolare sui fattori capaci di spiegarne l’affermazione, il consolidamento e la specificità. Fattori che chiamano in causa principalmente il ruolo dello stato centrale e di specifici interessi economici locali, ovvero quelli legati alla rendita fondiaria e immobiliare
