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Progress for research of grape and wine culture in Georgia, the South Caucasus
No full textThis communication will provide the latest information about the progress of the "Research Project for the Study of Georgian Grapes and Wine Culture", managed by the National Wine Agency of Georgia since 2014. Local and foreign institutions continue to work together with the aim of stimulating multidisciplinary scientific research activity on Georgian viticulture and viniculture and to reconstruct their development from Neolithic civilizations to the present. The project is multidisciplinary in nature, merging contributions from archaeology, history, ethnography, molecular genetics, biomolecular archaeology, palaeobotany, ampelography, enology, climatology and other scientific fields
Effect of pruning strategy on 'Syrah' bud necrosis and fruitfulness in Brazilian subtropical Southeast
No full textThe change of wine grape harvest from wet season (summer) to dry season (winter) by changing the pruning management has improved quality of wines produced in the Brazilian Southeast. However, the vines need to be spur pruned twice a year, i.e. with a 1st pruning in August (winter pruning) for a vegetative cycle during the hot and wet summer, and a 2nd pruning in January (summer pruning) for a productive cycle during the cold and dry season. This double pruning strategy is made necessary by the fact that latent buds developed during the dry season cycle are not fruitful to support a productive cycle in the following year. This histological study, performed in the South of Minas Gerais State (Brazil), showed that annual single pruning done in the wet season (in January) displayed a high rate of necrosis on primary and secondary buds (bud necrosis – BN). In April, 99 days after summer pruning (DASP), the rates of BN were 40 % and 50 % at basal and apical node positions, respectively, reaching 80 % of BN in December (322 DASP). As a consequence of BN, bud potential fertility was drastically reduced from 0.5 inflorescence primordial (IP) per bud (in July) to 0.06 (in December) and bud burst in the next cycle from secondary and tertiary bud axes. Vines managed by double pruning system (submitted to summer and winter pruning) displayed a much higher fruitfulness potential, i.e. 1.46 IP per bud in December (112 days after winter pruning) and limited BN occurrence (20 %). On single pruned vines, we also observed a significant decrease of starch content in canes, trunks and roots. Internal bud anatomy showed that a random cell breakdown started 70 days DASP. At 211 DASP, all buds showed a large starch granule concentration, raphides and crystals of calcium oxalate inside idioblasts of leaf primordia and also in cortical parenchyma of the vegetative axis. The bud starch content was increased and a positive correlation between necrosis and starch accumulation was observed. The impact of carbohydrate availability on bud necrosis development was discussed. This study showed that the necrosis development towards secondary and tertiary axis of the dry season buds is the main reason of unfruitfulness in the vineyards managed by single pruning in the wet season, making the double pruning compulsory
Serine protease inhibitors and human wellbeing interplay: new insights for old friends
No full textSerine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins) control tightly regulated physiological processes and their dysfunction is associated to various diseases. Thus, increasing interest is given to these proteins as new therapeutic targets. Several studies provided functional and structural data about human serpins. By comparison, only little knowledge regarding bacterial serpins exists. Through the emergence of metagenomic studies, many bacterial serpins were identified from numerous ecological niches including the human gut microbiota. The origin, distribution and function of these proteins remain to be established. In this report, we shed light on the key role of human and bacterial serpins in health and disease. Moreover, we analyze their function, phylogeny and ecological distribution. This review highlights the potential use of bacterial serpins to set out new therapeutic approaches
Proteomic Data Integration Highlights Central Actors Involved in Einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) Grain Filling in Relation to Grain Storage Protein Composition
No full textAlbumins and globulins (AGs) of wheat endosperm represent about 20% of total grain proteins. Some of these physiologically active proteins can influence the synthesis of storage proteins (SPs) (gliadins and glutenins) and consequently, rheological properties of wheat flour and processing. To identify such AGs, data, (published by Bonnot et al., 2017) concerning abundance in 352 AGs and in the different seed SPs during grain filling and in response to different nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) supply, were integrated with mixOmics R package. Relationships between AGs and SPs were first unraveled using the unsupervised method sparse Partial Least Square, also known as Projection to Latent Structure (sPLS). Then, data were integrated using a supervised approach taking into account the nutrition and the grain developmental stage. We used the block.splda procedure also referred to as DIABLO (Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent variable approaches for Omics studies). These approaches led to the identification of discriminant and highly correlated features from the two datasets (AGs and SPs) which are not necessarily differentially expressed during seed development or in response to N or S supply. Eighteen AGs were correlated with the quantity of SPs per grain. A statistical validation of these proteins by genetic association analysis confirmed that 5 out of this AG set were robust candidate proteins able to modulate the seed SP synthesis. In conclusion, this latter result confirmed that the integrative strategy is an adequate way to reduce the number of potentially relevant AGs for further functional validation
Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) - a community perspective
No full textThis paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come
La revue INRA Productions Animales dans la production scientifique en élevage et sciences animales
No full textDepuis 30 ans, la revue INRA Productions Animales publie principalement des articles de synthèse sur tous les sujets concernant les productions animales à destination d’un large public d’utilisateurs des résultats de la recherche. À partir de la base de données « Web of Science ™ » (WOS) et dans le périmètre limité à la catégorie « Agriculture, dairy and animal sciences » dans laquelle la revue est indexée depuis 1997, cet article propose une analyse du positionnement de la revue dans la littérature scientifique internationale, européenne et de l’INRA. Dans une production scientifique multipliée par deux entre 1997 et 2017 dans cette WOS catégorie (9000 articles en 2017), le nombre d’articles publiés chaque année par l’INRA (environ 250) et par la revue (entre 30 et 35) est stable. La France est le 7ème pays contributeur derrière les USA, l’Inde, la Chine, le Brésil, l’Allemagne et le Canada. L’analyse lexicale de l’ensemble des références du WOS montre une grande stabilité des termes les plus fréquemment utilisés qui restent dominés par les problématiques de production. En revanche, l’analyse de l’évolution des publications montre clairement l’émergence et la montée en puissance des recherches menées sur les systèmes d’élevage, le bien-être animal et la sélection génomique, à la fois en Europe et à l’INRA. Au final, les recherches conduites par l’INRA dans le domaine des productions animales, et en particulier celles diffusées par la revue INRA Productions Animales, sont au diapason des recherches conduites à l’échelle européenne.For 30 years, the journal “INRA Productions Animales” has published mainly review articles on all subjects concerning animal production to a broad
audience of users of research results. This article proposes an analysis of the position of the journal and its evolution in the scientific literature
at the international, european and INRA level using data from the “Web of Science™” (WOS) database and the category “Agriculture, dairy and
animal sciences” in which the journal has been indexed since 1997. Between 1997 and 2017, scientific production in this WOS category (9 000
articles in 2017) has been multiplied by two. During this period, the number of articles published each year by INRA (about 250) and by the journal
(between 30 and 35) has been stable. France is the seventh largest contributor to the WOS category behind the US, India, China, Brazil, Germany
and Canada. The lexical analysis of all the references of the WOS category shows a great stability of the most frequently used terms, which remain
dominated by production issues. However, the analysis of the evolution of the publications clearly shows the emergence and the rise of research
carried out on livestock production systems, animal welfare and genomic selection, both in europe and at INRA. In the end, the research conducted
by INRA in the field of animal production, and in particular those disseminated by the journal INRA Productions Animales, correspond to research
conducted at the european level
Atténuer les Ilots de Chaleur Urbains : un service de l'arbre
No full textVeille technique : Présentation des projets de recherche autour de l’arbre urbain portés par l’INRA (la mycorhization, développement de modèle financier, rôle climatique…)
Comment répondre aux défis de la phagothérapie en élevage aquacole ?
No full textAvec la nécessité de nourrir une population humaine estimée à 9,2 milliards en 2050 [1], les secteurs de l’élevage dont l’aquaculture ont besoin d’une alternative aux antibiotiques dont ils étaient historiquement fortement dépendants. Parmi les options envisagées pour répondre à cette demande, les bactériophages semblent apporter une réponse prometteuse : leur abondance, leur efficacité ainsi que leur spécificité sont autant d’arguments stimulant l’intérêt qu’ils suscitent. Le milieux aqueux est de plus avantageux pour la phagothérapie puisqu’il favorise les rencontre entre le virus et son hôte. De nombreux produits à base de phages et à destination des industries agricoles et agroalimentaires émergent, tels que le phage anti Listeria monocytogenes P100.
Cependant ces virus ne présentent pas que des avantages puisque leur utilisation en élevage peut avoir des conséquences écologiques via la perturbation des écosystèmes microbiens, la diffusion incontrôlée de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques ou de pathogénicité. Les bactériophages favorisent également la propagation de résistances chez leurs hôtes et doivent donc être utilisés avec précaution [2]. Excepté chez certains pays, ces antimicrobiens viraux ne rentrent dans aucune définition réglementaire et leur utilisation n’est donc pas autorisée en élevage (ni en tant qu’additif alimentaire ni en tant que traitement curatif) [3]. Enfin pour parvenir à les utiliser dans un cadre industriel, il est important de s’assurer une production sans danger. Ces problématiques sont similaires pour une utilisation des phages à but sani- taire lors de la transformation des aliments.
Plusieurs leviers d’actions peuvent être envisagés pour répondre à certaines de ces limites : les phages peuvent être associés en cocktails ou combinés avec d’autres actifs afin d’augmenter leur efficacité et limiter le développement de résistances. Il est également possible de les sélectionner ou d’effectuer des modifications génétiques pour éliminer les caractéristiques non désirées. L’utilisation d’enzymes lytiques (holines et endolysines) au lieu de virions complets est une piste permettant la résolution des questions d’échanges de matériel génétique et de réglementation, puisqu’il ne s’agit alors par définition plus de virus. Concernant la production de phages, il est nécessaire d’identifier une souche de propagation non pathogène afin de produire en sécurité
PAC et environnement : les exploitations les plus vertueuses en matière d'environnement sont-elles récompensées?
No full textDepuis les années 60, dans l’Union Européenne, les objectifs affichés par les subventions octroyées dans le cadre la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC) ont fréquemment été modifiés. Tout en continuant à poursuivre un objectif de soutien au revenu, la PAC s’est fortement enrichie de préoccupations environnementales.La question qui demeure toutefois est de savoir si les réformes ont effectivement permis de mieux distribuer les aides. Notre objectif dans cette étude est de regarder si, au sein de plusieurs orientations productives,les aides versées au titre du 1erpilier de la PAC sont allouées aux exploitations qui adoptent un comportement plus vertueux vis-à-vis de l’environnement.Pour ce faire nous utilisons des modèles de panels à effets fixes individuels et temporels. Nous trouvons,pour les exploitations céréalières et pour les exploitations laitière-bovines,que l’accord du Luxembourg avec le découplage des aides n’a pas favorisé cette redistribution. Cependant, la réforme PAC 2014-2020 avec l’harmonisation des droits à paiement a permis une réduction du soutien des exploitations à plus fort impact. Cette réforme a agi principalement par la réduction des avantages donnés aux exploitations historiquement plus aidées
Development of a model estimating root length density from root impacts on a soil profile in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br). Application to measure root system response to water stress in field conditions
No full textPearl millet is able to withstand dry and hot conditions and plays an important role for food security in arid and semi-arid areas of Africa and India. However, low soil fertility and drought constrain pearl millet yield. One target to address these constraints through agricultural practices or breeding is root system architecture. In this study, in order to easily phenotype the root system in field conditions, we developed a model to predict root length density (RLD) of pearl millet plants from root intersection densities (RID) counted on a trench profile in field conditions. We identified root orientation as an important parameter to improve the relationship between RID and RLD. Root orientation was notably found to depend on soil depth and to differ between thick roots (more anisotropic with depth) and fine roots (isotropic at all depths). We used our model to study pearl millet root system response to drought and showed that pearl millet reorients its root growth toward deeper soil layers that retain more water in these conditions. Overall, this model opens ways for the characterization of the impact of environmental factors and management practices on pearl millet root system development