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L’élevage et les friches au cœur de complémentarités entre littoral périurbain et arrière-pays. L’exemple du projet Fricato en Pyrénées Orientales.
No full textNous explorons dans ce texte un projet de valorisation des friches littorales en vue de diversifier les
modèles agricoles de plaine et d’améliorer l’autonomie fourragère d’éleveurs pastoraux de piémont.
Nous avons suivi la genèse et l’évolution de ce projet et conduit des entretiens auprès de tous les
acteurs (éleveurs, acteurs territoriaux, conseillers élevage). Nous analysons la dynamique du projet en
retenant trois dimensions : matérielle, organisationnelle, sociale. Ce projet ouvre des perspectives
importantes. Les premiers résultats montrent que 100-120 ha permettraient à 5 à 7 éleveurs d’être
autonomes en fourrage et céréales. L’analyse de la trajectoire permet d’identifier des difficultés (investir
en matériel de culture, disposer de quelques parcs en montagne, avoir une certaine maitrise foncière),
qui seront autant de pistes de travail pour la suite ou d’éléments à prendre en compte dans la
conception de ce type de dispositif d’intégration culture-élevage à l’échelle du territoire. La production
de légumineuses en plaine s’avère être un levier majeur de transitions agro écologiques en plaine et de
renforcement de la conduite du troupeau et des ressources pastorales en piémont. Elle interroge les
modèles d’agriculture spécialisée en plaine et change le regard des éleveurs sur leurs activitésOur case study deals with an analysis of the valorisation of lowlands wastelands as a way to diversify
plains agricultural models and to improve the fodder autonomy of pastoral herders in piedmonts. We
followed the genesis and evolution of this project and conducted interviews with all stakeholders
(breeders, territorial actors, livestock advisers). We analyze the dynamics of the project by retaining 3
dimensions: material, organizational, social. This project opens important perspectives. The first results
show that 100-120 ha would allow 5 to 7 farmers to be autonomous in fodder and cereals. The analysis
of the trajectory makes it possible to identify difficulties (investment in culture equipment, have some
parks in the mountains, have some land control), which will be as many avenues of work for the future
or elements to be taken into account in the design of this type of integrated crop livestock farming.
Production of legume crops is proving to be a major lever for agro-ecological transitions in the lowlands
and strengthen self-sufficiency for the herd and management of pastoral resources in Piedmont. Finally,this case study puts in questions the models of specialized farming in plains and changes the view of
livestock keepers towards their activitie
Planning dietary improvements without additional costs for low-income individuals in Brazil: linear programming optimization as a tool for public policy in nutrition and health
No full textBackground[br/]
Meeting nutrient intake recommendations may demand substantial modifications in dietary patterns, and may increase diet cost. Incentives for modifying one’s dietary intake that disregard prices are unlikely to be effective in the general population, especially among low-income strata, due to the high percentage of income committed to food purchases. The aim of this study is to evaluate how much the nutrient content can be increased through a modeled diet, without any cost increase, for low-income Brazilian households.[br/]
Methods[br/]
Low-income households were selected from the Household Budget Survey (24,688 households) and National Dietary Survey (6,032 households, 16,962 individuals), from where we obtained food prices and consumption data. Food quantities were modeled using linear programming to find diets that meet nutritional recommendations in two sets of models: cost-constrained (the cost should not be higher than the observed diet cost) and cost-free. Minimum and maximum amounts of each food in the modelled diets were allowed at three levels of food acceptability: rigorous (least deviance from the current observed diets), moderate, and flexible (higher deviance from the current observed diets).[br/]
Results[br/]
We found no feasible solution that would accommodate all the nutritional targets. The most frequent limiting nutrients were calcium; vitamins D, E, and A; zinc; fiber; sodium; and saturated and trans-fats. However, increases in nutrient contents were observed, especially for fiber, calcium, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E. In general, the best achievement was obtained with cost-free models. Fruits and beans increased in all models; large increase in whole cereals was observed only in the flexible models; large increase in vegetables was observed only in the cost-free models; and fish increased only in the cost-free models. Reductions were observed for rice, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sweets. The mean observed cost was US2.90 (moderate), US2.60 (flexible).[br/]
Conclusion[br/]
The complete nutritional adequacy is unattainable, although feasible changes would substantially improve diet quality by improving nutrient content without additional cost
Mieux comprendre l'obésité : l'INRA de Dijon étudie les réactions du cerveau face aux aliments
No full textLa science pose un œil nouveau sur le surpoids et ses causes. Des chercheuses de l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) à Dijon se penchent sur nos réactions cognitives à la vue des aliments ou au goût. Des centaines de personnes volontaires sont attendues pour boucler ces tests
De nouveaux critères de sélection des méthodes quantitatives d'analyse fondés sur l'incertitude de mesure : Application à une méthode HPLC d'analyse des catécholamines.
No full textDe nombreuses études biologiques ont pour objectif de mesurer l'effet d'un stimulus ou d’un traitement sur les concentrations de biomarqueurs dans les tissus biologiques. Pour ce faire, il faut sélectionner la méthode d'analyse la mieux adaptée, capable de détecter une différence entre les concentrations avant et après traitement. Nous avons récemment publié une approche pour effectuer cette sélection. Elle s’appuie sur un critère appelé « seuil de discrimination » (SD). La présente publication explique son application à une méthode analytique HPLC, développée pour déterminer les teneurs plasmatiques en adrénaline et en noradrénaline des bovins, dans le cadre d’une étude de détection du stress. Pratiquement, le SD est dérivé de l'incertitude de mesure (IM) et combine la variabilité de la méthode analytique et le niveau de réponse du biomarqueur. L'incertitude de mesure est facile à obtenir quand on connait la fonction d’incertitude de la méthode qui s’obtient à l’issue de l’étude de validation. Les niveaux de réponse des marqueurs (ici l’adrénaline et la noradrénaline) sont modélisés à partir d'une étude bibliographique. La méthode d'analyse proposée s'avère adaptée lorsque la variation des taux plasmatiques dépasse 2 ng.ml-1 pour l’adrénaline et 2.5 ng.ml-1 pour la noradrénaline
A mechanistic model to predict distribution of carbon among multiple sinks.
No full textFor over 35 years, biological scientists have come to rely on the research protocols and methodologies in the critically acclaimed Methods in Molecular Biology series. The series was the first to introduce the step-by-step protocols approach that has become the standard in all biomedical protocol publishing. Each protocol is provided in readily-reproducible step-by-step fashion, opening with an introductory overview, a list of the materials and reagents needed to complete the experiment, and followed by a detailed procedure that is supported with a helpful notes section offering tips and tricks of the trade as well as troubleshooting advice. These hallmark features were introduced by series editor Dr. John Walker and constitute the key ingredient in each and every volume of the Methods in Molecular Biology series. Tested and trusted, comprehensive and reliable, all protocols from the series are indexed in PubMed
Improving the durability and efficiency of plant resistance deployment using eco-evolutionary modelling
No full textFeruloyl esterases: Biocatalysts to overcome biomass recalcitrance and for the production of bioactive compounds
No full textFerulic acid and its hydroxycinnamate derivatives represent one of the most abundant forms of low molecular weight phenolic compounds in plant biomass. Feruloyl esterases are part of a microorganism’s plant cell wall-degrading enzymatic arsenal responsible for cleaving insoluble wall-bound hydroxycinnamates and soluble cytosolic conjugates. Stimulated by industrial requirements, accelerating scientific discoveries and knowledge transfer, continuous improvement efforts have been made to identify, create and repurposed biocatalysts dedicated to plant biomass conversion and biosynthesis of high-added value molecules. Here we review the basic knowledge and recent advances in biotechnological characteristics and the gene content encoding for feruloyl esterases. Information about several enzymes is systematically organized according to their function, biochemical properties, substrate specificity, and biotechnological applications. This review contributes to further structural, functional, and biotechnological R&D both for obtaining hydroxycinnamates from agricultural by-products as well as for lignocellulose biomass treatments aiming for production of bioethanol and other derivatives of industrial interest
Extending the grazing period for bulls, prior to finishing on a concentrate ration: Composition, collagen structure and organoleptic characteristics of beef
No full textThe biochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the longissimus thoracis muscle from suckler bulls (n = 56) finished on a concentrate-based system (C) or raised in a pasture-based system (P) incorporating 99 (P99), 162 (P162) or 231 days (P231) of grazing prior to indoor finishing on the concentrate-based diet were investigated. Age at slaughter increased with increasing period at pasture. Intramuscular fat concentration was lower (p < 0.001) for P99 than for C, P162 and P231 bulls, which did not differ. Soluble collagen proportion was lower (p < 0.01) for P162 and P231 than for P99 and C bulls. Collagen cross-link content was higher (p < 0.05) for P231 than for P99 and C bulls and for P162 than for C bulls. The proportion of type I muscle fibres was higher (p < 0.01) for P231 and P162 than for P99 and C bulls. Sensory tenderness was higher (p < 0.001) for C and P162 than for P99 and P231 bulls and overall liking was higher (p < 0.01) for C than for P99 and P231 bulls but similar to P162 bulls. Extending the grazing period to 162 days did not negatively influence the sensory qualities of beef compared to the intensive concentrate-based system
Pteropus lylei primarily forages in residential areas in Kandal, Cambodia
No full textBats are the second most species-rich Mammalian order and provide a wide range of ecologically important and economically significant ecosystem services. Nipah virus is a zoonotic emerging infectious disease for which pteropodid bats have been identified as a natural reservoir. In Cambodia, Nipah virus circulation has been reported in Pteropus lylei, but little is known about the spatial distribution of the species and the associated implications for conservation and public health. We deployed Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on 14 P. lylei to study their movements and foraging behavior in Cambodia in 2016. All of the flying foxes were captured from the same roost, and GPS locations were collected for 1 month. The habitats used by each bat were characterized through ground-truthing, and a spatial distribution model was developed of foraging sites. A total of 13,643 valid locations were collected during the study. Our study bats flew approximately 20 km from the roost each night to forage. The maximum distance traveled per night ranged from 6.88-105 km and averaged 28.3 km. Six of the 14 bats visited another roost for at least one night during the study, including one roost located 105 km away. Most foraging locations were in residential areas (53.7%) followed by plantations (26.6%). Our spatial distribution model confirmed that residential areas were the preferred foraging habitat for P. lylei, although our results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of individuals studied. Synthesis and applications: Our findings suggest that the use of residential and agricultural habitats by P. lylei may create opportunities for bats to interact with humans and livestock. They also suggest the importance of anthropogenic habitats for conservation of this vulnerable and ecologically important group in Cambodia. Our mapping of the probability of occurrence of foraging sites will help identification of areas where public awareness should be promoted regarding the ecosystem services provided by flying foxes and potential for disease transmission through indirect contact