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Explaining Populist Attitudes: The Impact of Issue Specific Discontent and Representation
No full textThis is the revised pre-registration for the paper "Explaining Populist Attitudes: The Impact of Issue Specific Discontent and Representation" which is part of the "GLES Open Science Challenge". The abstract of the paper is as follows:
Recently, scholars of populism have increasingly started to theorise and capture susceptibility to populism at the individual level. Most of these studies, however, focus on the effect of populist attitudes on political behaviour. Less attention has been paid to the question of which voters have high levels of populist attitudes and why. While some scholars argue that populism resembles a personality trait, i.e. individuals may be more or less populist, but these attitudes tend to be stable, others render populist attitudes as a response of specific grievances or discontent. The latter suggests that levels of populist attitudes are dynamic and may change if grievances are addressed (or not). We contribute to this literature by addressing the question of how unfulfilled policy preferences affect the level of populist attitudes. Following the conception of populism as a thin-centred ideology, we argue that high levels of populism are not connected with certain issues per se. Rather, our argument is that voters become more populist when they feel poorly represented on policy issues which they strongly care about. This argument provides an explanation for the observation that even voters of non-populist parties sometimes show high levels of populist attitudes. We test this expectation based on data from the GLES 2021 Pre-election Cross section survey
Scoping review on the knowledge, attitude and practice related to NCD risk factors among medical graduates
No full textHow do therapists respond to the agony of choice between competing case formulations? Balancing patients' perceived causalities with intensive longitudinal data in constructing personalized networks
No full textIn clinical practice, decision-making is typically based on a case conceptualization*, specific to the patient. Hypotheses about predisposing, triggering, and perpetuating factors are integrated at the beginning of psychotherapy and updated based on new information throughout the psychotherapy process, ideally in a collaborative process between patient and psychotherapist (Kuyken et al., 2011). Thus, case formulations consist of competing ideas and concepts that are continuously evaluated and adapted in terms of their usefulness for clinical practice. The aim of the present study is to evaluate data-based strategies to support this process, also in regard to their differential potential. For that reason, the novel questionnaire PECAN (PErceived CAusal Network) is used to formalize patients’ subjective understanding about how his/her symptoms might cause and maintain each other (Klintwall et al., 2021). Subsequently, the same symptoms that the patient selected in the PECAN are assessed six times per day over a period of 15 days using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). These longitudinal data can subsequently be used to systematically update the established relationships in PECAN via Bayesian inference (Burger et al., 2021). Following the EMA assessment, results of three alternative networks (PECAN only, updated PECAN, and EMA only) are presented to the patients as visualized networks, bar charts of the outstrength centrality, and written text. Feedback is obtained regarding feasibility of the procedure and usefulness of the results using a semi-structured interview. The procedure is implemented during the waiting time for psychotherapy in an outpatient-clinic. After session 2, 3, or 4 of psychotherapy, the respective psychotherapists are interviewed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the three networks based on the visualized network plots and on centrality measures that may be used to indicate implied treatment targets.
*Case formulation and case conceptualization are used synonymously
Adolescents’ knowledge and their evaluation of the data business model in the context of social media
No full textThe data business model underlying various digital services, such as social media platforms, is highly criticized. Specifically, this business model is expected to impact the design of digital services in a way that has a negative influence on individual users as well as on society at large. On the positive side, of course, this business model allows individuals to use various digital services free of monetary charge.
Especially adolescents are using digital services such as social media frequently. However, it is not known what adolescents know about the data business model and how they evaluate it in the context of social media.
Based on these considerations, the present study will investigate the knowledge of adolescents about the data business model underlying many social media platforms. Moreover, the present study will examine the evaluation of this business model as well as hypothetical alternative models in the context of social media by adolescents. Finally, differences in the knowledge and the evaluation will be associated with individual differences variables such as socio-demographic variables, personality, personal values, and social media use variables to examine the potential psychological basis of the knowledge and the evaluation (but please note the cross-sectional character of this work).
For this study, participants aged 12-18 years will complete a cross-sectional online survey.
Of importance: This is a preregistration for a whole research project (i.e., study) to give a transparent insight into the methods and ideas behind the project. This preregistration is not intended to describe the procedures applied to publish one single paper
Associations between positive identity aspects and relationship quality for people with diverse sexual orientations
No full textPeople with diverse sexual orientations (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other non-heterosexual individuals) face unique protective and risk factors because of their sexual orientation that likely also shape their experiences of intimate relationships. For example, minority stress (i.e., stress due to belonging to a marginalized or stigmatized group; Meyer, 2003) has been linked to reduced relationship quality in this population (Cao et al., 2017; Doyle & Molix, 2015). Despite the need for examining such associations internationally, research in this field has predominantly focused on samples from the US, whilst investigations into intimate relationships of people with diverse sexual orientations in other regions, including German-speaking countries, are sparse. This is critical, as individual well-being (e.g., Hatzenbuehler et al., 2009, 2010; Pachankis & Bränström, 2018; Raifman et al., 2018) as well as levels of minority stress (e.g., Berg et al., 2013; Hatzenbuehler et al., 2018, 2019; Pachankis et al., 2015) have been shown to vary with regard to the sociolegal climate for this population. In addition, positive aspects of identifying with a non-heterosexual identity (e.g., increased self-awareness or empathy, belonging to a community; Riggle et al., 2008, 2014) constitute important leverage points for fostering resiliency in this population (Rostosky et al., 2018), but little is known about how these aspects are associated with positive relational outcomes. Thus, our study focuses on the associations between positive identity aspects and relationship quality in people with diverse sexual orientations by drawing on data from a larger international project focusing on the health and well-being of people with diverse sexual orientations and/or gender identities around the world. Specifically, we will use data from people with diverse sexual orientations in German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland) and the US to compare patterns of associations between positive identity aspects and relationship quality in these groups
Cairo Consensus Meeting on Research Integrity in Clinical Trials
No full textThis Consensus Meeting will be held to undertake an analysis of the underlying deficits in our knowledge of clinical trial conduct, and identify strategies whereby medical and scientific research might seek to fill these gaps and in so doing start building a sound foundation for the future of clinical trial conduct: a future in which the clinical trial study is reproducible, a future in which there are robust and clear roadmap to conduct RCTs, a future in which stakeholders including political leaders understand how poor product regulation and absence of a clearly articulated research governance policy and zero tolerance of cheating in research, are impacting evidence-based practice, and our health in general
Intervention study in healthy adults aiming to assess the effects of an intensive 10-day mindfulness meditation retreat on behavioral measures of pain expectation and perception: a Bayesian modelling approach
No full textThis document describes the steps and methods of the modeling and statistical analyses to implement in order to answer the research question of the study expressed by the primary and secondary objectives of the protocol LONGIMED (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04449913, sponsor Hospices Civils de Lyon, France). This basic science, randomized, longitudinal study was conducted on healthy participants in 2020 and 2021 in France. This document was preregistrated on OSF prior to these analyses and before the closure of the study
Perspective-taking and coalition partner selection - replication
No full textThis study is part of a project that examines whether perspective-taking plays a role in coalition partner selection. We hypothesize that adopting the point of view of a coalition partner increases the preference for this partner when deciding with whom to form a coalition. We tested this hypothesis in a recent study, and we now seek to replicate this finding. In this recent study, we employed a 2(1-1-1) simple weighted majority game captured in terms of a landowner paradigm (van Beest et al., 2003). In this game, there are three players, two of which need to form a coalition to achieve an outcome that they could not achieve by themselves. Crucially, in this study participants completed a visuo-spatial perspective-taking task prior to forming a coalition with the two potential coalition partners. They engaged in perspective-taking with one of them (i.e., the perspective-taking target), but remain egocentric towards the other (i.e., the egocentric target). Then, they were asked to form a coalition with only one of them (i.e., small coalition). We observed that individuals who reported engaging in perspective-taking using a specific strategy (i.e., using an embodied route; Gardner et al., 2013) indeed formed coalitions more often with the perspective-taking targets than those who used alternative strategies that do not require perspective-taking (i.e., disembodied route). We also observed that a considerable number of individuals indicated to use both strategies (i.e., embodied and disembodied routes). The goals of this study are to 1) replicate this result from the previous study, and 2) refine our strategy assessment so that it allows us to classify all participants into one of the main routes that we are interested in (i.e., either embodied or disembodied)
Narcissism facets and popularity in developing peer groups: The functional role of facial mimicry
No full textBACKGROUND:
There is evidence that narcissists are liked by others at the beginning of a relationship, but that this popularity decreases over time and even reverses to dislike (Leckelt et al., 2015, 2020; Paulhus, 1998). Especially the narcissism facet of agentic extraversion, besides self-centered antagonism and neurotic narcissism (Crowe et al., 2019), seems relevant for initial liking, since the narcissistic feature of self-enhancement at the beginning of a relationship could also be interpreted as self-disclosure (Collins & Miller, 1994). These self-enhancement strategies are also defined in the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept (NARC) within the dimension of narcissistic admiration (Back et al., 2010), where possible self-enhancing social benefits resulting from expressive and dominant self-presentations are most evident in short-term acquaintances, as they are most effective in these settings (Back, 2013). While narcissistic admiration and the accompanying assertive self-presentation lead to initial liking, rivalry is assumed to be related to its absence or decline (Back, 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015).
Also relevant for liking and the development of liking is how we perceive and evaluate others when we first meet them, and how interaction partners communicate emotions at this early stage of an acquaintance, but also over time. A particularly direct factor fostering liking and affiliation is the phenomenon of facial or emotional mimicry, the imitation of an interaction partner's emotional behavior (Hess & Fischer, 2013). Moreover, the Mimicry as Social Regulator Model by Hess and Fischer (2013, 2014, 2017) states that emotional mimicry serves as a social regulatory function in interactions and that emotional mimicry is context-and goal-dependent. Thus, the situational context, i.e., affiliative vs. non-affiliative, should affect the congruency of facial mimicry.
The decrease in liking of narcissists over time in friendship development could represent a context change, as the interpretation of the other's nonverbal behavior changes. Especially the self-presentation tactic of self-enhancement by narcissists could initially be interpreted by others as positive (e.g., assertive), but over time reinterpreted as negative (e.g., as aggressive; Küfner, Nestler, and Back, 2013), which could have a direct negative impact on liking, and related on facial mimicry. Furthermore, facial mimicry is of particular importance in this vein because its relation to liking and perceived similarity is not uni-directional, but also serves to enhance liking and perceived similarity (Hess, Blairy, & Philippot, 1999; Stel, van Baaren, & Vonk, 2008; van der Schalk et al., 2011; Yabar & Hess, 2007). This function could be highly relevant to the different facets of narcissism and the related decrease in liking over time and has never been examined in a comprehensive study.
The main focus of this study is therefore to investigate relations between liking development and narcissism facets (i.e., agentic extraversion, self-centered antagonism and neurotic narcissism) and whether emotional mimicry plays a functional role within these communication processes, either as a social glue (i.e., increasing liking) or as a solvent (i.e., decreasing liking) as a function of the affiliativeness of the situation and the emotions displayed. The overall design for this study will follow Paulhus (1998). Participants will meet six times in small groups (3-4 individuals) online via video teleconferencing software Zoom and will interact with each other in affiliative (sessions 1-3) and non-affiliative (sessions 4-6) contexts. In all sessions, participants will engage in group discussions. To measure the individual perception of these discussions, the taxonomy of the DIAMONDS (Rauthmann et al., 2014) will be used. Since manifestations of personality traits vary across situations (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Horstmann & Ziegler, 2016; Ziegler & Horstmann, 2015), trait measures as well as state measures will be used for the focal constructs. During these sessions, participants' faces will be video recorded and offline analyzed using the facial behavior analysis toolkit OpenFace (Baltrusaitis, 2018).
STUDY GOALS:
This study has three main objectives. First, to understand the role of nonverbal communication behavior for the establishment and maintenance of liking and friendships on one hand and to understand the role of personality as a predictor of nonverbal behavior and moderator of its effects on liking on the other. Second, to further explore the relation between personality (Narcissism, Big 5, Dark Triad) and communicative behaviors in general. And third, to examine mimicry behavior in a group setting with more than one interaction partner