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Initiatives to improve the use of opioids in the UK: a systematic review
No full textOpioids are a potent class of analgesics that are highly effective in the management of acute pain acting on the central and peripheral nervous system (1). There is however limited evidence of their efficacy in the treatment of chronic pain (2). Furthermore the long term use of opioids is associated with adverse effects in multiple organ systems, including long term respiratory depression causing hypoxemia and carbon dioxide retention, and death at high doses (3,4). Despite these risks, opioids are still prescribed for long term pain and at high doses, with 0.5 million people in England prescribed opioids for longer than three months in 2021 (5).
In England,opioid prescribing increased by 127% between 1998 and 2016 (6). Opioid-related deaths were at an all-time high in 2020 with 2263 deaths (7). In response to these increases and to avoid an opioid crisis as seen in the US, a range of initiatives have been implemented
to reduce opioid prescribing. In April 2021, NICE published guidelines (8) that advised against the use of opioids to treat chronic primary pain, and ΝΗS Improvement have set a target for reducing opioid prescribing by 50% by 2024 (5). To adhere to guidelines and meet such targets, prescribers across the UK will be embedding strategies to reduce use. However, this data is not being routinely collected or reviewed and resources may vary widely, which may put some patients at risk of adverse events. Ceasing opioid prescribing can also be harmful to patients leading to opioid withdrawal syndrome (9), but evidence on the harms of opioid reduction is limited.
In 2017 a Cochrane Review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to
reduce opioid prescribing, including non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy and electro-acupuncture (11). Another systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of interventions to reduce opioid prescriptions in people with chronic non-cancer pain (12). The review found many intervention modalities that caused a reduction in opioid dose, categorised as pain self-management, alternative/complementary medicines, pharmacological and biomedical devices, opioid replacement treatment and deprescription methods. It is however still unclear how many of these interventions are occurring across the UK.
This review aims to identify the prevalence and characteristics of initiatives for changing and monitoring opioid use, to understand geographical variation and patient outcomes
The development and maintenance of sustained individual interest in young children – a longitudinal study on the relationship between children’s selective interest and word learning in early childhood
No full textThe development and maintenance of sustained individual interest in young children – a longitudinal study on the relationship between children’s selective interest and word learning in early childhoo
Inclusiveness & dominant leadership behavior (Study 3)
No full text--> for STUDY 1b in manuscrip
The Transdiagnostic Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Repetitive Negative Thinking in Depression, Anxiety, and their Comorbidity
No full textIndividuals who develop a mental disorder often present with not only one diagnosis, but high rates of comorbidities over the course of their lives. Therefore, research has developed an interest in identifying transdiagnostic processes that can help explain dysfunction across disorders. At the same time, this offers the possibility to target different clinical pictures with a more general intervention and thus to potentially improve the efficacy of treatments. One process that has received much attention as a possible transdiagnostic factor is emotion regulation (ER). There is evidence that deficits in ER are associated with increased levels of symptoms across a number of psychological disorders, including depression and anxiety (Brockmeyer et al., 2012; Joormann & Stanton, 2016; Mennin et al., 2009). However, studies investigating deficits in ER as a transdiagnostic process have provided mixed results: On the one hand, some results indeed support the transdiagnostic nature of ER; on the other hand, there is empirical evidence that particular ER difficulties are rather disorder-specific (Aldao et al., 2016; Im & Kahler, 2022; Lukas et al., 2018).
Shukla and Pandey (2021) proposed a combination by suggesting, that only some ER difficulties may be transdiagnostic while other ER difficulties may be unique to specific disorders. They empirically tested their assumption by examining different components of ER deficits, based on the framework proposed by (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). Gratz and Roemer (2004) suggested that ER deficits can occur in the following domains: awareness and understanding of emotions, acceptance of emotional experiences, the ability to engage in goal-directed behaviors and control impulsive behaviors while facing negative emotions, and the use of strategies to modulate emotions in accordance with the situational demands. Shukla and Pandey (2021) included a subclinical sample with symptoms of either anxiety or both anxiety and depression in their study. They found that both subclinical groups showed a higher total score of ER deficits than the healthy sample, with the mixed group showing the highest level of deficits. When zooming in to the specific domains of ER difficulties, certain ER difficulties, namely non-acceptance of emotional response, impulse control difficulties, and limited access to ER strategies were only found in the anxious-depressed group, while difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, lack of emotional awareness and emotional clarity were found in both subclinical groups (Shukla & Pandey, 2021).
In this study we aim to investigate which ER deficits can be found in individuals with a depression or an anxiety disorder. Thereby, we follow and extend the analogue study of Shukla and Pandey (2021) by recruiting a clinical sample with diagnosed disorders of a) depression, b) an anxiety disorder and c) depression and anxiety disorder. Note, the individuals may have additional comorbid diagnoses (e.g., nonorganic insomnia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, etc. for inclusion in this study. In this way, we hope to provide further evidence to clarify which deficits in ER are present in both depression and anxiety-related disorders, or if stronger degrees of difficulties are merely due to comorbidity between these two disorders.
In order to further examine this possible dose-response relationship in more detail, we will also examine the extent of ER deficits depending on the number of disorders or comorbidities regardless of the type of disorder.
Research has generally suggested that deficits in ER are linked to specific ER strategies, like repetitive negative thinking (RNT) that impede ER. For RNT, as for ER deficits, a transdiagnostic relationship is often assumed. Furthermore, it has also been shown for RNT that it increases as the number of comorbid diagnoses increases (McEvoy et al., 2013). Therefore, we will additionally investigate this particular ER strategy with respect to its occurrence in the different diagnostic groups as well as depending on the numbers of comorbid disorders
Scope review on COVID-19-related digital health solutions in BRICS member countries
No full textThis scope review is proposed by researchers from the Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Health Networks (LARIISA) and aims to analyze covid-19-related digital health solutions implemented by BRICS members. The review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology (JBI, 2015), based on the framework initially proposed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005)
Preregistration of the Study Not Included in “Does Attending to the Nose vs. Eyes Reduce the Cross-Race Recognition Deficit? A Systematic Test” Due to a Programming Error
No full textIn the present study, we will examine whether the cross-race recognition deficit can be reduced by directing participants' attention to the lower half of cross-race face
Hypothesis C1: Cross-lagged association between daily self-control failures and addictive behaviour
No full textPlease note that this is a detailed description of a part of the hypotheses from the project ‘Volitional Dysfunction in Self-control Failures and Addictive Behaviours’, which you can find on OSF at https://osf.io/rhjb4. As we have various hypotheses with complex operationalisations in this project, we planned to present separate analysis plans for each hypothesis. The separate analysis plans are and will be added to the main OSF project and numbered according to the hypotheses under section ‘4 Hypotheses’ in the main document ‘OSF Registration C1_23.09.21’
Experiences of Administrative Burden in Context: Exploring Differences across Countries, Policy Domains, and Socio-Demography
No full textThis study provides new evidence on everyday experiences of administrative burdens and related attitudes, using a large-scale cross-country survey with nationally representative samples from the UK, USA, Denmark, South Korea, and Mexico (n=10,000).
The results (1) describe citizens' experiences with burdens, focusing on time-use, emotions, and capability relating to recent experiences of burdens in the areas of benefits, health, tax, and care work; (2) investigate the socio-economic distribution of these experiences, focusing on groups such as those facing health or financial issues, ethnic minorities, or those with an immigrant background, among others; and (3) document the relationship between citizens' experiences and their attitudes towards burdens, focusing on burden tolerance and perceptions of government performance on related issues
Open research practices by UK funders
No full textA study on how funders of health research in the UK practice and incentivise open researc