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Establishing and Maintaining Social Relationships During Significant Life Events Across Adulthood
No full textSignificant life events have a clear time frame, interfere with everyday life, and are perceived as personally significant (Luhmann et al., 2020). Although significant life events have a major impact on our lives and well-being (Luhmann et al., 2012), studies of the experience and handling of significant life events across the lifespan are not yet sufficiently available.
Life events occur in a social environment and affect social relationships of a person.
Social relationships are, in turn, fundamental to subjective well-being and health across the lifespan (Wrzus et al., 2013) and can provide support during life events (Cohen & McKay, 2020). This paper investigates whether people of different ages experience changes in their social relationships during the experience of a significant life events differently. Thereby, we distinguish between establishing new social relationships and maintaining existing, close social relationships.
According to the socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen et al., 1999), there is a shift in social goals with increasing age. Older people favor emotional aspects of social relationships and prefer close relationships, such as those with family members, because close relationships promise more satisfying social interactions. In contrast, younger adults are more motivated to establish new social contacts that provide them with information and resources relevant for future development (e.g., Fung & Carstensen, 2006). In addition, older adults invest their resources more selectively into existing relationships because they have generally fewer resources than younger adults (Bühler & Nikitin, 2020; Rook & Charles, 2017).
Finally, an age-related shift from gains to losses motivates people to pursue less gains and avoid more losses in their lives as they age (Freund & Ebner, 2005; Gong & Freund, 2020). Applied to the social domain, a study demonstrated that striving for gains in new and peripheral relationships was positively associated with daily well-being of young but not older adults, whereas avoidance of losses in social relationships was more adaptive for daily well-being of older than of younger adults (Nikitin & Freund, 2019).
Based on these theoretical and empirical considerations, we hypothesize that – even though establishing new and maintaining existing social relationships is adaptive for well-being across the entire life span (in terms of subjective well-being, subjective physical and mental health, and life satisfaction) – life events that are associated with establishing new social contacts are more adaptive for well-being of younger than older adults, whereas life events that are associated with the maintenance of existing close social relationships become more adaptive with age.
To counteract the limitation of one measurement point, the temporal distance between the survey (i.e., the time point of the assessment) and the occurrence of the life event will be included as a moderator in the analyses. The strength of the associations between the predictors (establishing new/maintaining existing social relationships) and the outcome variables (f.ex. well-being) should diminish the further back the event occurred (see for example Nikitin et al., 2012; Suh et al., 1996)
PID, Love Styles, Loneliness, and Self-Esteem
No full textIn this study, we examined how personalty pathologies in terms of the Big Five model are related to love styles which then may predict the social consequences of loneliness and self-esteem
The chrononutrition factors of adult in association with glycemic outcomes: a scoping review.
No full textBackground
Chrononutrition, a study of the interconnection between circadian rhythms and nutrition, has generally discussed its influence on glycemic outcomes among adults. However, published data showed the inconsistency of chrononutrition factors associated with glycemic outcomes. Therefore, the present study outlines the scoping review protocol, which aims to provide an evidence map of the association between chrononutrition factors and glycemic outcomes among adults.
Methods
The methodology framework from Arksey and O’Malley will guide the scoping review to be conducted. The relevance publications will be searched on databases Pubmed, EBSCO Host, ProQuest Central, MEDLINE & Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science. This review focuses on original articles published from January 2012 to August 2022, participants ≥18 years of age, English-language publications, and observational studies. A keyword searching strategy will be conducted to identify relevance articles. The abstracts and titles will be screened by the first reviewer to determine the eligibility of each article. Secondly, the full text will be screened, the relevance studies are selected and kept by a second reviewer, with an additional third reviewer for any disagreement. The final data will be extracted, collated and charted to summarize all the relevance methods, outcomes and key findings in the table. This review will be adopted as the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) to develop the protocol.
Discussion
This scoping review represents a novel approach to summarizing the association between chrononutrition factors and glycemic outcomes among adults. We anticipate that the findings of the review will provide key information to each stakeholder for the reintegration of evidence-based outcomes for effective intervention, to reduce the prevalence of diabetes in the world.
Ethics and dissemination
Our protocol received ethical approval from the Tunku Abdul Rahman University College Ethics Committee, although the review is not required for research ethical approval. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications
Political Cues and Affective Polarization
No full textWe evaluate the degree to which affective polarization influences cue-taking processes. In particular, we argue that higher levels of affective polarization increase the effect of positive and negative cues on respondents' policy support. We further evaluate differences in mass versus elite level affects and how they mediate the effect of cues on policy support
The relation between the development of counterfactual thinking and Piagetian conservation
No full textThis is a pre-registration for Study 1 of a research project titled “The relation between the development of counterfactual thinking and Piagetian conservation.” The purpose of this online study is to explore whether children’s ability to engage in counterfactual thinking (“If x had not happened, y would (not) be the case”) correlates with their understanding of conservation, as tested with Piaget’s classic tasks. The rationale for the hypothesis is that conservation tasks, according to Piaget, require an understanding of “reversibility”, which is also involved when imagining counterfactual states. Children between the age of 5 and 7 years (60 - 84 months) will be presented with a conservation task in the form of videos and with a counterfactual thinking task in the form of animated vignettes.
In the conservation task, children will receive four conservation problems (liquid, matter, number, and length; see Inhelder & Piaget, 1958 & Piaget, 1952). For example, in the number problem, the experimenter first shows the child two rows of an equal number of evenly-spaced quarters (5 in each row), and the child is asked if the number of quarters in the two rows is the same or different (pre-transformation question). Then, the experimenter performs the transformation by spacing out the quarters in one of the rows. The child is then asked again whether the number of quarters in the rows is the same or different (post-transformation question).
Next, children receive a counterfactual thinking task that was adapted from Rafetseder et al. (2013). Vignettes are presented in which certain events (a boy and a girl painting on canvas) change the state of reality (the canvas changes from being blank to being painted). Children will be asked counterfactual questions, e.g., “What if Bob had not painted on the canvas? Would the canvas be painted or blank?” In addition to the counterfactual questions, control questions are asked in which children are asked about the original and the current state of reality, prior to answering the counterfactual questions. The entire Zoom session is video-recorded, and children’s responses are coded and analyzed
Targeting against disinformation: The effect of microtargeted corrections on the impact of fake news
No full textThis study is about the perception of fake news in social media and
the effect of microtargeted corrections on the credibility of the fake news and its source. We hypothesize that corrections that are targeted to the person viewing the news are more effective than those that are generic
Identifying Risks and Ethical Considerations of Machine Learning Applications in Gambling: A Scoping Review
No full textThe prevalence of machine learning (ML) applications in the gambling field have been fueled by an accumulation of customer data and computing power. Industry operators, for example, deploy ML to support a variety of use-cases including recommendation systems, fraud detection, customer churn, and customer relationship marketing. Additionally, regulators and government bodies endorse the use of ML for harm minimization and prevention. Several gambling consumer protection products are powered by ML (e.g., BetBuddy, Neccton, Future Anthem, Mindway AI, etc.) and ML methods have also garnered interest amongst the academic community (for a review, see Ghaharian et al., 2022). While ML provides many benefits, its adoption also presents risk and broader ethical concerns. These may include, for example, bias/fairness in predictions, broken data pipelines, and inappropriate training data and/or methods. It is important that these issues are identified and assessed to guide the future development, use, and governance of ML in gambling. Accordingly, this study seeks to find out:
What is known about the potential risks and ethical concerns of machine learning applications in gambling?
We will conduct a scoping literature review to address this research question. This review type is best suited to answer broad questions and to collect the breadth of literature on a topic. It also allows flexibility to include a range of articles (including grey literature).
We have devised this protocol in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (i.e., the PRISMA-ScR in Tricco et al., 2018). The attached file contains completed PRISMA-ScR checklist items
An investigation of the Turkish-English bilingual lexicon
No full textBilingualism is the ability to use more than one language. One of the hottest debates in the language processing literature centers upon the nature of the interactions between the languages of a bilingual speaker. Can we refer to a concept in one language without activating the related word(s) in another? The answer is “yes”, according to the language selective view: Each language is activated as a separate module. The language non-selective view, on the other hand, argues that the activation of words in one language interacts with words in other known languages. This latter view has been favored in recent years due to accumulating experimental evidence, but the exact nature of this activation remains unknown. The present study aims to investigate how presenting words in one language affects the activation of their translation equivalents in another language in early word processing and whether / how factors like word frequency and task differences modulate such effects. We will use the masked priming paradigm (40 ms and 70 ms) with the lexical decision and semantic categorization tasks. (Edit 1: Since the computer we used for data collection had a maximum refresh rate of 60 Hz, the actual prime durations used in the study were 50 ms and 83 ms.
Experiences of discrimination and depression trajectories over pregnancy
No full textUp to 25% of women report elevated symptoms of depression during pregnancy, making it one of the most common prenatal complications (Meaney, 2018). In addition to causing significant impairment and distress for the mother, prenatal depression increases offspring risk for psychopathology by up to 340% (Plant et al, 2015). Therefore, it is highly important to investigate indicators of prenatal depression so that prevention and intervention programs can be targeted to address them.
Almost 80% of people with depression have reported experiencing discrimination. Experienced discrimination is associated with higher likelihood of a depressive episode (Lasalvia et al., 2013) and depressive symptom severity (Alemi et al., 2017). The relation between discrimination and depression is also observed among pregnant women (Canady et al, 2008). Individuals report higher levels of prenatal distress with increasing number of different domains of discrimination experienced daily (Becares et al, 2016). The proposed study will specifically examine the relation between discrimination and trajectories of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
Edit: This is an edited version of the first pre-registration for this project. Please refer to "edit" sections under data collection procedures, sample size, measured variables, and analysis plan