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ME and information structure Exp 2
No full textWhen children hear a novel term in the context of two potential referents--one familiar or already-named, and one novel--they tend to assume that the novel word picks out the unfamiliar referent, a pattern typically described as the “Mutual Exclusivity” (ME) effect. While there are several competing explanations of ME, all invoke biases to avoid applying two labels to the same object. We instead propose that the exclusivity inference may be part of the linguistic message itself.
In a previous experiment, we explored the hypothesis that the exclusivity inference is part of the linguistic message, and in turn the choice of referent, depends on whether or not the noun label in the carrier sentences is Focus-marked (expressed in English via prosodic accenting). Under this hypothesis F(ocus)-marking on the critical NP (indicated by accenting) prompts listeners to exclude contrastive alternatives in the context (e.g. the already labeled or familiar object), resulting in an ME inference even if the noun is not novel. But, if the NP is marked as given (indicated by de-accenting), listeners should look for a coreferential salient discourse antecedent, resulting in no ME effect. To test these predictions, we manipulated F- and G-markings on the noun-phrase prompt. Crucially, in this previous experiment, we used a target label in the carrier phrase that could in principle apply to both objects (“the toy”), instead of using a novel noun. We found that children derived ME when toy was F-marked, but not when it was G-marked; in the latter case, they opted for the previously labeled object.
In the current study we ask whether this finding extends to mutual exclusivity phenomena more generally, by switching the target noun phrase from “the toy” to a target noun phrase that with a novel noun (e.g. “the dax). In this case we expect that the Focus condition is trivial given previous findings in the exclusivity literature (and our previous experiment) and focus exclusively on the Given condition. The results of the Given condition could help to adjudicate how general are the effects of information structure on referent disambiguation
A symptom-level approach to the association between dampening, depressive symptoms, and anhedonia.
No full textSince depression is a heterogeneous syndrome composing of different clinical symptoms, it is likely that its constituting symptoms are differentially related to various vulnerability factors of the disorder. However, much remains to be discovered about how individual symptoms of depression are related to such purported vulnerability factors. This study aims to learn more about the association between particular depressive symptoms and dampening, a way of responding to positive emotions that has been shown to be related to depression in general. To reach that purpose, two approaches will be adopted. Analyses will be run on existing cross-sectional and longitudinal data from previous studies of our lab, mainly collected in community samples consisting of adolescents and adults. First, via network analysis (NA) on cross-sectional data, we will reveal the relations between different depressive symptoms and, especially how dampening relates to each particular symptom. The network will be further analysed by estimating the centrality of the symptoms. Second, through random forest machine learning (ML) on longitudinal data, we will identify which dampening thoughts serve as most important predictors of depressive symptoms. If possible, the learning models’ performance will be cross-validated by splitting datasets. Also, to verify findings, analyses will be run on several validated depression scales.
For the longitudinal data, time intervals adopted in the different studies slightly differ. Nevertheless, the longitudinal data will be merged to obtain a sufficiently large data set to explore the predictive validity of the different dampening features/thoughts. Although emotion regulation features appear to differ in terms of temporal stability of their predictive validity, the predictive validity of the most potent emotion regulation features has been shown to be relatively stable over time (Everaert et al., 2022). So, we expect to be able to especially learn more about those dampening thoughts that have considerable predictive validity.
After main analyses have been run, exploratory follow-up analyses will be conducted to detect the potential effect of age on the associations between depressive symptoms and dampening. In addition, if dampening appears to be especially associated with depressive symptoms reflecting anhedonia, similar analyses (ML and NA) will be conducted to shed light on which particular features of anhedonia (reflecting consummatory, anticipatory or motivational difficulties) are most closely related to dampening (NA) and which symptoms of dampening best predict symptoms of anhedonia (ML)
Can Virtual Art Touch Your Heart?
No full textThe Creative Industries and Policy Center (2020) found that participation in digital cultural offerings increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is possible that this new type of culture was only used because other forms of cultural participation were not possible. Therefore, it is important to investigate the role that digital culture can play when "analogue" access to said culture is made possible again, as well as its’ potential for recipients. It is investigated how Virtual Reality is perceived by users as a particularly promising digital cultural offering and what positive experiential qualities are associated with it. The aim is to gain insight into the extent to which digital cultural offerings are experienced as meaningful beyond their "substitute function" for analogue cultural offerings during the pandemic. A virtual reality exhibition was developed in which ten digitalized pictures of an artist were exhibited in a virtual gallery. Questionnaire items and psychophysiological parameters were used to record the experiential qualities. Furthermore, it is investigated to what extent individual characteristics or the setting in which the digital culture takes place can influence the qualities of experience during this new type of culture
Political interest, feelings, engagement and friendships in adolescence
No full textSurprisingly little is known about the role of friends in adolescent political interest, feelings, and behavioral engagement. This study aimed to address this gap in prior research by using a large longitudinal sample of adolescents and their reports on their friendships, political interest, feelings, and behavioral engagement. Recent evidence (e.g., Stattin & Amnå, 2022) suggests that political interest and feelings are important driving forces for political behavioral engagement, so that adolescents who show high interest and positive feelings start to engage more in various political activities but also increase in discussing political matters with important others, such as their parents and teachers; adolescents with low political interest and negative feelings refrain from doing so. Interestingly, political discussions with these important others does not seem to affect changes in adolescent political interest or feelings.
Because friendships gain in import during adolescence, it is crucial to examine what role political interest and feelings play in adolescent friendships, and vice versa. We will examine whether political interest and feelings affect the development of friendships (i.e., whether adolescents select friends with similar political interest and feelings) and also whether friendships influence the development of adolescent political interest and feelings (i.e., whether having friends who have high political interest and/or positive feelings increase adolescent political interest and/or positive feelings, respectively). We will also examine whether adolescent political interest and feelings act as moderator for friends influence on adolescent political behavioral engagement
Wealth threshold estimation anchoring
No full textThis study is about anchoring, social representations and the use of the social circle to make wealth threshold estimations
A Multi-Lab Replication of the Induced Compliance Paradigm of Cognitive Dissonance
No full textApproved Stage 1 Manuscript AMPPS-20-0067.R
Addendum #2 to osf.io/2x9h6 - Effect of geometric complexity on intuitive model selection - rounded task
No full textThis document is an addendum (#2) to the preregistration document submitted to OSF on June 26, 2020 (osf.io/2x9h6). The description for the original preregistration is "A psychophysics study of intuitive model selection"
SPIRITUALITY AS A HUMAN DIMENSION IN PALLIATIVE ONCOLOGY CARE FOR ADULT WOMEN: scoping review protocol
No full textThe objective of this research is to identify studies about the impact of the approach to spirituality in palliative care for adult women with cancer, carried out by multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary teams in a hospital context. Through the mapping and systematization of studies found in scientific health research platforms, identify which instruments of spiritual diagnosis are used in the interventions of the studies selected and included in this research; discuss studies on observing the interdisciplinarity of spiritual care of adult women affected by a life threatening disease; and describe teams and types of palliative care services that address spirituality in the health work process
Deconstructing Situational Judgment Tests: Response Evaluation and Situational Judgment as Predictors of Situational Judgement Test Performance
No full textSituational Judgment Tests (SJTs) are widely considered to be simulative tools used for personnel selection (Weekley et al., 2015). Their resurgent popularity since the 1990’s (Motowidlo et al., 1990) can be attributed to both their cost-efficiency and their predictive validity (Christian et al., 2010; Lievens et al., 2003). SJTs usually comprise short, often work-related situation descriptions and several response options that participants are instructed to pick from, regarding either their choice of behavior in a given situation, or their assessment of effectivity for each option (McDaniel & Nguyen, 2001).
In 2015, a scientific debate around SJTs arose. It started with the work of Krumm et al. (2015). The authors found that for many SJT items, situation descriptions can be omitted without impairing item difficulty, suggesting that situation descriptions may not be all that relevant for SJTs. Across several SJTs, these authors found that between 43 and 71% of SJT items can be solved equally well with vs. without situation descriptions (see also Schäpers et al., 2019).
As a response to their findings, Fan et al. (2016) as well as Melchers and Kleinmann (2016) argued that SJTs may still be “situational”, even if presented without situation descriptions. That is, test takers may be able to reconstruct the relevant situations on the basis of the set of response options. Evidence for this notion was recently presented by Freudenstein et al. (2020). These authors found that the situation construal (in terms of the DIAMONDS; Rauthmann et al., 2014) predicted SJT responses regardless of whether this construal was made on the basis of response options only or on the basis of the entire SJT item including a situation description. So, relevant situation construal was possible even when situation descriptions were omitted and when decisions had to be made on the basis of only 4 to 5 response options per SJT item.
Another line of research suggests that even a single response option out of the usually presented set of 4 to 5 response options can provide valuable insights to test takers. Leeds (2018), for example, revealed that general correctness perceptions of single response options were predictive of SJT responses. Similarly, Kaminski et al. (2019) found that the plausibility as well as the social desirability of response options (as judged per individual response option) explained a substantial proportion of variance in SJT responses. These authors revealed that the relevance of social desirability was evident across full SJT item versions as well as SJT items without situation descriptions. So, besides the set of response options, even individually presented response options may convey useful information for test takers.
Additionally, some authors have presented evidence in favor of the relevance of situation descriptions For example, Rockstuhl et al. (2015) showed that when participants were asked to judge situations, their judgment was not only moderately correlated with typical SJT responses but also provided incremental validity beyond typical SJT responses in predicting task and contextual performance. Notably, while situational judgment was made on the basis of situation descriptions only (i.e., an open-ended SJT was administered), criterion validity of SJTs was higher when response options were utilized.
Taken together, we argue that the ongoing debate as well as related scientific evidence suggests that SJT items comprise several relevant sources of information: the situation description, the set of response options, single response options, as well as the combination of all these sources.
The herein preregistered study will consider these sources by administering four different, deconstructed versions of the same SJT item in a within-subjects design—(i) SJT items without situation descriptions, but with their normal set of response options (clustered responses), thus following the tradition of Krumm et al. (2015); (ii) individual response options presented in pseudo-randomized order (i.e. randomizing all response options once, then keeping that order) with three different instructions (behavioral tendency instruction, knowledge instruction, and social desirability-instruction), thus following the tradition of Leeds (2018) and Kaminski et al. (2019) and examining the effects of response instructions on the most fine-tuned response option-level; (iii) only situation descriptions (i.e. an open response format), thus following the tradition of Rockstuhl et al. (2015); as well as (iv) full SJT items