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Ektodermal gelişim bozukluğu olgularında genotip ve fenotip özelliklerinin incelenmesi
No full textBu çalışma Akdeniz Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi’nin 27.03.2023 tarihli ve 2023/5 numaralı toplantı kararı ile desteklenmiştir (Proje Kodu: TTU-2023-6288).Ektodermal yapıların oluşumu ve farklılaşması sırasında meydana gelen bozukluklar, çeşitli klinik tablolar ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Ektoderm kökenli iki veya daha fazla dokuda anormal gelişim bulguları görülen ektodermal displazilerin, 150’den fazla alt türü tanımlanmıştır. Diş, kıl folikülü ve ter bezlerinin tutulumu ile seyreden hipohidrotik ektodermal displazi (HED), bu grup içerisinde en sık bildirilen hastalıktır. Tek bir ektodermal yapının etkilendiği, sendromik olmayan klinik formlar da sıklıkla saptanmaktadır. Embriyonik gelişim sırasında epitel ve mezenşim tabakaları arasındaki sinyal iletimini düzenleyen proteinleri kodlayan genlere ait patojenik değişikliklerin, ektodermal gelişim bozukluklarına neden olduğu bilinmektedir.
Çalışmamızda 12’si HED, 13’ü izole ektodermal gelişim anomalisi tanılı toplamda 25 olguda, yeni nesil dizileme yöntemi kullanılarak DNA varyantlarının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. HED olgularında, bu hastalığa yol açtığı bilinen EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, EDA2R, NEMO, TRAF6 ve WNT10A genleri incelenirken, diğer olgularda ekzom dizileme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Saptanan varyantlara ait özellikler ile olguların klinik bulguları karşılıklı olarak değerlendirilerek genotip-fenotip korelasyonu analizleri yapılmıştır.
Olguların %76’sında ektodermal yapıların gelişimi ile ilişkilendirilen genlerde, klinik açıdan anlamlı DNA dizi değişiklikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bulunan varyantların yaklaşık %35’i novel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmamızın sonucunda, ektodermal gelişim bozukluklarında görülen fenotipik bulguların altında yatan genotipik özellikler ile ilgili önemli veriler elde edilmiştir.Disorders that occur during the formation and differentiation of ectodermal structures are associated with various clinical pictures. More than 150 subtypes of ectodermal dysplasia have been described, which is characterized by abnormal developmental findings in two or more tissues of ectodermal origin. Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), which affects teeth, hair follicles and sweat glands, is the most frequently reported disease in this group. Non-syndromic clinical forms affecting a single ectodermal structure are also frequently detected. Pathogenic changes in the genes encoding proteins that regulate signal transmission between the epithelial and mesenchymal layers during embryonic development are known to cause developmental disorders of ectoderm.
In our study, we aimed to investigate DNA variants in a total of 25 cases, 12 of which were diagnosed with HED and 13 with isolated ectodermal anomaly, using the next generation sequencing method. In HED cases EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, EDA2R, NEMO, TRAF6 and WNT10A genes which are known to cause this disease were examined, while in other cases, exome sequencing method was preferred. Genotype-phenotype correlation analyses were performed by evaluating the characteristics of the detected variants and clinical findings of the cases.
In 76% of the cases, clinically relevant DNA sequence variants were detected in genes associated with the development of ectodermal structures. Approximately 35% of the variants found were evaluated as novel. As the result of our study, important data were obtained regarding the genotypic characteristics underlying the phenotypic findings seen in developmental disorders of ectoderm
Nikel iyonlarının sıvı membran tekniği ile ekstraksiyonu
No full textBu çalışmada sıvı membran tekniklerinden biri olan çok damlacıklı sıvı membran sistemi kullanılarak Nikel iyonlarının ekstraksiyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Nikel iyonlarının spektrofotometrik (UV-vis) tayin yönteminin belirlenmesi ile birlikte iyonlarının sulu fazdan organik faza taşınımını ve ekstraksiyonunu sağlayan en iyi taşıyıcı ligant olarak D2EHPA kullanılmıştır. Çok damlacıklı sıvı membran (ÇDSM) sistemi kullanılarak, donör fazdan organik faza ve organik fazdan tekrar akseptör faza Nikel iyonlarının ekstraksiyonunun etkileyen parametreler (donör faz pH'ı, akseptör fazın konsantrasyonu, ligant taşıyıcı konsantrasyonu, sıcaklık, organik faz aktarım hızı vb.) araştırılmıştır. ÇDSM sistemi ile nikelin ekstraksiyon çalışmalarında optimum şartlarda geri alım verimleri >%99.50'nin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Aktivasyon enerji hesaplamalarından nikel iyonlarının donör fazdan akseptör faza taşınımın difüzyon kontrollü olarak gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir.In this study, extraction studies of nickel ions were carried out using the multidroplet liquid membrane system, one of the liquid membrane techniques. With the determination of the spectrophotometric (UV-vis) determination method of nickel ions, D2EHPA was used as the best carrier ligand that provides the transport and extraction of ions from the aqueous phase to the organic phase. The parameters affecting the extraction of nickel ions from the donor phase to the organic phase and from the organic phase back to the acceptor phase (pH of the donor phase, concentration of the acceptor phase, concentration of the ligand carrier, temperature, organic phase transfer rate, etc.) were investigated using a multi-droplet liquid membrane (MDLM) system. In the extraction studies of nickel with the MDLM system, the recovery efficiencies were found to be >99.50% under optimum conditions. From the activation energy calculations, it was determined that the transport of nickel ions from the donor phase to the acceptor phase is diffusion controlled
Faulting by the 2023 great earthquakes of Türkiye and associated stress field and its effects on built environment
No full textBackgroundFaulting induced by earthquakes and its analysis are of great importance for areas with high probability of earthquakes. However, there has been no particularly effective methods to evaluate the damage and applicable solutions for recovery. In this paper, the damage from T ; uuml;rkiye earthquakes is investigated by authors, which has important theoretical significance and practical value. On 6 February, 2023, two successive earthquakes with magnitudes (Mw) of 7.8 (called Pazarc ; imath;k earthquake) and 7.6 (Ekin ; ouml;z ; uuml; earthquake) occurred in the south-eastern part of T ; uuml;rkiye. The total length of the surface ruptures was more than 500 km long and resulted in striations reflecting the sinistral faulting and extensive ground deformations. In this study, the authors present the outcomes of the investigations on the surface ruptures, their characteristics, stress field associated with both earthquakes, shear strength property of fault segments and the damaging effects on various structures and made some recommendations with the purpose of how to build structures in active fault zones and decrease the negative effects of faulting on structures.ResultsBesides summarizing the main characteristics of the world-shaking Kahramanmara ; scedil; earthquake doublet in southeast T ; uuml;rkiye in 2023, this study described the main features of the surface ruptures, their relation to the inferred crustal stresses in T ; uuml;rkiye, and the damaging effects on the major engineering structures. The observations and inferences are of great significance for understanding the causes of earthquakes and future seismic risk assessment. Various laboratory experiments were performed on the samples of fault gouge gathered from the sites of surface ruptures and these experimental results provided very valuable quantitative information on the constitutive models of the fault zones. The observations clearly showed that it is almost impossible to prevent damage on structures due to surface ruptures, if certain engineering principles such as increasing higher ductility, lowering gravitational center and/or the implementations of raft foundations are followed.ConclusionsThe stress state inferences obtained from the striation of the fault surface ruptures as well as from the focal plane solutions are expected to be useful to evaluate the regional stress state of the earthquake region. Assessments indicated that the stress states in Arabian plate and Anadolu platelet are different from each other. However, in-situ direct stress measurement techniques would be quite useful to validate the stress state inferred in this study. The laboratory experiments on samples gathered from the fault outcrops of the earthquakes using direct shear tests, stick-slip tests as well as conventional tensile, compressive and triaxial tests provided the quantitative values for the parameters of constitutive laws for fault zones, which can be utilized in the numerical simulation of earthquakes. If a fault break happens to be just passing underneath the structures, it is almost impossible for mankind to prevent the damage to structures. However, the authors made some recommendations to reduce the negative effects of fault ruptures on structures. These recommendations are such that the structures should be built as ductile and redundant structures with lower center of gravity and raft foundations. Dam construction should be on active faults should be avoided. If they are to be built for whatever reason, they should be of rock-fill type. As tubular structures and tunnels would be generally subjected forced displacement field, it is recommended to utilize flexible joints, segmented and enlargement to deal such displacement fields.International Consortium on Geo-Disaster Reduction (ICGdR)This reconnaissance is financially supported by International Consortium on Geo-Disaster Reduction (ICGdR) and it is gratefully acknowledged
Evaluation of Average Penis Length and the Thoughts of Turkish Men and Partners. Is Surgery Necessary?
No full textToprak, Tuncay/0000-0003-1348-5273; Ceker, Gokhan/0000-0002-7891-9450The purpose of this study was to determine the average penis length and girth among the Turkish population, and to analyse the perspectives of couples. A total of 1703 males and 139 female partners participated in this study. All the participants completed a questionnaire and the flaccid and stretched penis length and girth were recorded. The results showed that the average flaccid penis length was 8.44 +/- 2.28 cm and 12.27 +/- 2.91 cm stretched, with girth of 8.23 +/- 2.07 cm. Regarding the importance of penis size for a satisfying sexual experience, 18.5% of men thought penis length mattered, 9.9% considered thickness important, and 71.6% thought both were significant. A majority of participants, 67.8% of males and 76% of females, expressed that erect penis length was crucial for sexual pleasure. For a healthy sexual intercourse, 19.4% of the female partners emphasized the significance of penis length, 23.7% highlighted thickness, and 56.8% emphasized both factors for a fulfilling sexual relationship. A comparison between men's stretched penis length and the ideal length for partner satisfaction revealed no statistically significant difference (13 (4.8-21) cm vs. 12 (8-20) cm, p = 0.078). The average penis length and girth of Turkish males were found to be similar to the data in studies of this subject in literature. Both the males and their partners thought that erect penis length and girth were important for sexual intercourse. The males considering penis lengthening and thickening procedures should know whether or not their own penis is close to the average values, to avoid undergoing unnecessary surgeries
Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymeric Hybrid Microbeads for Controlled Drug Delivery of Levothyroxine Sodium
No full textThe active ingredient levothyroxine sodium is used in diseases originating from the thyroid gland or in the treatment of functional disorders of the thyroid gland. Since this situation will cause problems related to patient compliance, the development of long-lasting formulations to treat hypothyroidism would greatly help with solving this problem. In the study, hybrid microbeads in gel form which increases both patient compliance and the effectiveness of the drug, were proposed as a controlled oral delivery vehicle for levothyroxine sodium. Four formulations, both non-medicated and medicated were prepared using different compositions including agar, gum arabic, kaolin clay, graphene oxide, and glycerol. The microbeads were characterized by various methods to obtain information on the surface topography, composition of the material, and physical properties. Comparing the release rates of medicated hybrid microbeads for in vitro pH 1.5 and pH 7.4 environments, they performed a slower and more controlled drug release. A value of n of the dry form of the hybrid microbeads doped with kaolin clay and loaded with levothyroxine sodium (K4) less than 0.5 indicates that the emissions are compatible with the quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Therefore, the slowest drug release was obtained in K4. When the release kinetics of K4 were examined, 20%, 56%, and 83% drug release were observed in 2, 4, and 5 h, respectively.The authors express their gratitude to the Scientific Research Council of Pamukkale University, Turkey, for the financial support provided through research grant 2020FEBE031.Scientific Research Council of Pamukkale University, Turkey [2020FEBE031
Geriatrik bireylerde ‘nordic walking’ eğitiminin etkinliğinin incelenmesi: Randomize kontrollü bir çalışma
No full textAmaç: Bu çalışma Nordic Walking eğitiminin geriatrik bireylerde kas gücü ve
dayanıklılığı, denge, düşme korkusu, aerobik kapasite, yorgunluk, yaşam kalitesi ve
aktivite düzeyi üzerine etkilerini araştırmayı amaçladı.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 65-80 yaş aralığında 32 sedanter birey katıldı.
Sistematik randomizasyon yöntemi ile Nordic Walking (NW) ve Geleneksel Yürüme
(GY) grupları oluşturuldu. Katılımcılara amaçlanan araştırma parametreleri
doğrultusunda 30sn otur kalk (30snOKT), 30sn biceps curl (30snBCT), süreli kalk yürü
(SKYT), 6dk yürüme (6DYT), Berg Balance Denge (BDÖ), tek ayak üstünde durma
(TAÜDT), Tinetti Düşme Etkinliği Ölçeği (TDÖ), Edmonton Kırılganlık Ölçeği (EKÖ),
Tampa Kinezyofobi Ölçeği (TKÖ), Yorgunluk Şiddeti Ölçeği (YŞÖ), Dünya Sağlık
Örgütü Yaşam Kalitesi Yaşlı Modülü (WHOQOL-Old), Yaşlılar İçin Aktivite Düzeyi
(PASE) test ve anketleri uygulandı. Ayrıca ağrı durumları Vizüel Ağrı Skalası (VAS) ile
sorgulandı. Değerlendirmeler çalışma öncesi ve sonrasında tekrarlandı. Çalışma her iki
grupta da haftada 3 gün 12 hafta boyunca fizyoterapist eşliğinde gerçekleştirildi.
Bulgular: NW ve GY gruplarındaki katılımcıların yaş ortalamaları sırasıyla 70,64 ± 5,39,
72,50 ± 5,96 yıldır (p>0,05). Her iki grupta 30snOKT, BDÖ, 6DYT, TDÖ, TKÖ, PASE
ve WHOQOL-Old ilk test son test ölçümleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olarak iyileşme
bildirirken, iyileşme NW grubunda daha yüksektir (p0,05). EKÖ, SKYT, YŞÖ
sonuçlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düşüş vardır ancak gruplar arasında üstünlük
bulunmamaktadır. TAÜD testinde sağ ayakta anlamlı sonuçlar alınmış ancak gruplar
arasında fark yok, sol ayakta ise sadece NW grubunda istatistiksel iyileşme belirlenmiştir.
30snBCT sadece NW grubunda anlamlı olarak artmıştır. VAS değerlerinde ise iki grupta
da anlamlı bir değişiklik olmamıştır (p> 0,05).
Sonuç: Geriatrik bireylerde NW eğitimi denge, düşme korkusu, dayanıklılık, aerobik
kapasite, fiziksel aktivite gibi parametreleri geliştirmede geleneksel yürüyüşe göre
üstünlük sağlamıştır. NW eğitimi geriatri rehabilitasyon programları için etkili bir
yöntemdir.Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Nordic Walking training on muscle
strength and endurance, balance, fear of falling, aerobic capacity, fatigue, quality of life
and activity level in geriatric individuals.
Materials and Methods: 32 sedentary individuals between the ages of 65-80 participated
in the study. Nordic Walking (NW) and Traditional Walking (GY) groups were created
by systematic randomization method. In line with the intended research parameters,
participants were given 30 sec sit-to-stand (30secCST), 30 sec biceps curl (30 sec ACT),
timed up and go (TUG) 6 min walk (6MWT), Berg Balance Balance (BBS), one-leg
standing (SLS). , Tinetti Fall Effectiveness (Tinetti FES), Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS),
Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TSK), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), World Health
Organization Quality of Life Elderly Module (WHOQOL-Old), Activity Level for the
Elderly (PASE) test and surveys were administered. Additionally, pain conditions were
questioned with the Vasiual Pain Scale (VAS). Evaluations were repeated before and after
the study. The study was conducted under the supervision of a physiotherapist, 3 days a
week for 12 weeks in both groups.
Results: The average age of the participants in the NW and GY groups is 70.64 ± 5.39,
72.50 ± 5.96 years, respectively (p>0.05). While 30secCST, BBS, 6MWT, Tinetti FES,
TSK, PASE and WHOQOL-Old first test post test measurements reported statistically
significant improvement in both groups, the improvement was higher in the NW group
(p0.05). There is a statistically significant decrease in EFS, FSS and TUG results, but
there is no superiority between the groups. In the SLS test, significant results were
obtained in the right foot, but there was no difference between the groups, and in the left
foot, statistical improvement was determined only in the NW group. 30secACT increased
significantly only in the NW group. There was no significant change in VAS values in
both groups (p> 0.05).
Conclusion: NW training was superior to traditional walking in improving parameters
such as balance, fear of falling, endurance, aerobic capacity and physical activity in
geriatric individuals. NW training is an effective method for geriatric rehabilitation
programs
Improvement of Drug Stock Management Using Abc-Ved Analysis in a University Hospital
No full textObjective: Hospitals allocate approximately 35% of their budgets to pharmaceutical and material stocks in order to provide uninterrupted health services. For this reason, hospital managers spend a lot of time and effort in order to keep a minimum level of stock so as not to disrupt health service production and thus to better manage the limited resources of the enterprise. The aim of this study is to group the drugs according to their financial value and vital importance. In this way, it is aimed to perform stock management in the least costly, error- free and effective way. Method: In the study, data corresponding to one-year (2021) consumption of a total of 1327 items of drugs were analyzed. The total cost is approximately 83 million Turkish Lira . In this study, an ABC-VED cross-analysis was performed on the one-year drug consumption data of a university hospital with 853 beds in order to provide an example of a more controlled inventory structure. Results: According to the results, it is seen that the ratio of drugs in the first category, that is, drugs that are both high cost and vital for the patient, to the total drug item is 38%. The cost of these drugs constitutes 87% of the total cost. Conclusion: Taking into account the classifications put forward in the study, strict monitoring of a small number of drugs and regular weekly counts will make drug stock management much easier for managers
Vascularised and Non-Vascularised Adipofascial Flap Applications in Tissue Trauma with Tendon Injury, Flap Viability and Tendon Healing a Hystological and Scintigraphical Rat Model Study
No full textBackground and Objectives: Complex wounds in the hand and distal lower extremities pose challenges in reconstructive surgery, often involving critical structures like tendons. Tendon injuries, prevalent in such wounds, necessitate optimal repair methods for functional recovery. This study investigates the impact of vascularised and nonvascularised adipofascial tissue on tendon repair, focusing on early healing stages, mobilisation, and scintigraphic evaluation of flap vascularity. Materials and Methods: Wistar Albino rats were divided into groups undergoing primary tendon repair, vascularised adipofascial flap application, or nonvascularised flap application. Scintigraphic evaluation and histopathological assessment were performed to analyse healing processes. Results: Pedicle-free flaps support healing in tendon injuries without negatively affecting medium-term outcomes. Vascularised flaps exhibit faster healing. The scintigraphic analysis showed that the static measurements of the late phase were statistically significantly higher in the group with the non-vascularised adipofascial flap (p = 0.038). The mean perfusion reserve was higher in the vascularised pedicled adipofascial flap group than the non-vascularised adipofascial flap group. Scintigraphic analysis highlights the viability of pedicle-free flaps. Conclusions: Pedicle-free adipofascial flaps support the healing of the tendon without complicating the results, while vascularised flaps show accelerated healing. These findings provide valuable insights into optimising tendon repair strategies using adipofascial flaps, with implications for enhancing functional recovery in complex wounds
Metal eklemeli imalat yöntemiyle üretilen alüminyum alaşımlarının aşınma özelliklerinin araştırılması
No full textAdditive manufacturing (AM) is gaining attention in the industry as it allows the production of material types with desired mechanical properties and parts with complex geometric shapes and is constantly evolving. This manufacturing method can consist of many different manufacturing techniques. In these production techniques, there are many different parameters to produce materials with the desired properties. Depending on the properties of the part we will produce, production can be done at low cost. One of the main reasons for the widespread use of additive manufacturing is that parts with special design can be produced with this method. Laser additive manufacturing, one of the additive manufacturing methods, is the process of joining different metal powders by melting/sintering with the help of laser beams. In this study, samples produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) technology were taken as ready-made In this study, AlSi10Mg samples were fabricated by DMLS method using fixed fabrication parameters (laser power (w), energy density (j/mm³), layer thickness (mm), process speed (mm/sec)). An experimental study was carried out by surface roughness measurement, surface abrasion (volume loss) calculation and surface hardness measurements. For this purpose, cylindrical specimens of AlSi10Mg alloy were produced using DMLS method at appropriate parameters and different angles (0°, 45° and 90°). Hardward surface hardness measurement with HV 0.1 (100gr. pressure) was performed on these materials, followed by surface roughness measurement and then surface abrasion of the samples at different loads with 320 mesh sandpaper on TURKYUS device and volume losses were measured. These measurement experiments on materials produced in different geometric parameters (production direction) were compared and it was determined which samples and under which load had more wear and new information about AlSi10Mg alloy was provided to the literature
Bayıralan formasyonu (Denizli-GB Türkiye) kumtaşlarının petrografik ve jeokimyasal özellikleri
No full textBu tez çalışması Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından 2022FEBE060 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.Denizli havzasının (güneybatı Türkiye) doğu ve kuzeydoğu kesiminde geniş yüzeylenmelere sahip Bayıralan Formasyonu, konglomera, kiltaşı, organik maddece zengin kayaç seviyeleri içeren ince-orta tabakalı çökel kayaçlardan oluşmaktadır. Yeşilimsi gri ve açık kahverengi renklerde görülen kumtaşları; kuvars, klorit, kil + mika, plajiyoklaz, opak mineraller, piroksen, kalsit ve kayaç parçalarından (kuvarsit, serpantinit, gabro, çört, mermer, kireçtaşı) oluşmakta olup, bu mineralojik bulgular XRD ve SEM-EDS analizleriyle de desteklenmiştir. Kumtaşlarının ana oksit element içeriklerine dayalı kimyasal sınıflandırma diyagramlarında, litarenit ve Fe’ce zengin kum alanlarına düştükleri belirlenmiştir. SiO2-Al2O3/TiO2, Rb-K2O ve Hf-La/Th gibi jeokimyasal diyagramlar, kumtaşlarını oluşturan bileşenlerin çoğunlukla felsik-ortaç kayaçlardan türediğini, ancak bazı örneklerin mafik-ultramafik bileşimlere yakın olduğunu göstermektedir. Ni/Co, Cr/V, Cr/Th, Co/Th, Sc/Th, La/Th, La/Sc, Ba/Nb ve Y/Ni gibi iz element oranları, kaynak alandaki litolojilerin şeyl/şist, granit gibi felsik kayaçlarla, gabro ve bazalt gibi mafik kayaçlar arasında çeşitlilik gösterdiğine işaret etmektedir. PAAS normalize edilmiş çoklu element değişim diyagramlarında, Al, Ca, Cr, Co ve Ni elementlerinde önemli zenginleşmeler, Si, Ti, Na, K, Mn, Rb, Ba, Th, Nb, Sc ve V elementlerinde ise tüketilmeler gözlemlenmektedir. NASC ve PAAS normalize edilmiş REE diyagramlarında, kumtaşı örnekleri benzer ve düz desenler sergilemekte olup, REE içerikleri 22.11-178.67 ppm arasında değişmektedir. Kumtaşları, kaynak alanında zayıf ila orta derecede ayrışma olduğunu gösteren orta-hafif yüksek LOI, K/Cs, Al/Ti indeks değerleri ile düşük-orta ICV, CIA, PIA ve IOL indeks değerlerine sahiptir. Tektonik ayrım diyagramları kumtaşlarını oluşturan bileşenlerin aktif kıta kenarı (kıta ada yayı) ortamında oluşmuş kayaçlardan türediğine işaret etmektedir. Jeolojik, palinolojik ve jeokimyasal veriler, Bayıralan Formasyonu kumtaşlarının sıcak ve nemli iklimin etkisinde, sığ denizel-kıyı (geçiş) ortamında ve oksitleyici koşullar altında çökelmiş olduğuna işaret etmektedir.The Bayıralan Formation, which has extensive exposures in the eastern and northeastern parts of the Denizli basin (southwestern Turkey), consists of thin- to medium-bedded sedimentary rocks containing conglomerate, claystone, and organic-rich rock layers. Sandstones observed in greenish-gray and light brown colors consist of quartz, chlorite, clay + mica, plagioclase, opaque minerals, pyroxene, calcite, and rock fragments (quartzite, serpentinite, gabbro, chert, marble, limestone). These mineralogical findings were also supported by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. In chemical classification diagrams based on sandstone’s major oxide element contents, it was determined that they fall into litharenite and Fe-rich sand areas. Geochemical diagrams such as SiO2-Al2O3/TiO2, Rb-K2O, and Hf-La/Th show that the sandstone components are mainly derived from felsic-intermediate rocks. Still, some samples are close to mafic-ultramafic compositions. Trace element ratios such as Ni/Co, Cr/V, Cr/Th, Co/Th, Sc/Th, La/Th, La/Sc, Ba/Nb, and Y/Ni indicate that the lithologies in the source area vary between felsic rocks such as shale/schist, granite and mafic rocks such as gabbro and basalt. In the NASC and PAAS normalized multi-element variation diagrams, significant enrichments in Al, Ca, Cr, Co, and Ni elements and depletions in Si, Ti, Na, K, Mn, Rb, Ba, Th, Nb, Sc, and V elements are observed. In the PAAS normalized REE diagrams, sandstone samples display similar and flat patterns, with REE concentrations ranging from 22.11 to 178.67 ppm. Sandstones show moderate to slightly high LOI, K/Cs, and Al/Ti index values while exhibiting low to moderate ICV, CIA, PIA, and IOL values. This indicates weak to moderate weathering in the source area. Tectonic discrimination diagrams demonstrate that the sandstone components are derived from rocks formed in an active continental margin (continental island arc) environment. Geological, palynological, and geochemical data indicate that the Bayıralan Formation sandstones were deposited under a hot and humid climate, in a shallow marine-coastal (transitional) environment, and under oxidizing conditions