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NZDep2018 analysis of census 2018 variables - TA016: Hamilton City
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
Phase One: Strengthening the Ability for Māori Law to Become a Firm Foundational Component of a Legal Education in Aotearoa New Zealand
No full textThis Issues Paper is the result of the first stage of a multi-year, three-phase national project. In it we review the literature and consider some of the preliminary opportunities relevant for the teaching of Māori law as a foundation source of the Aotearoa New Zealand Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree for the benefit of the legal profession and Aotearoa New Zealand society. We present ten key messages as integral to this Issues Paper
New Zealand Deprivation Index 2018 - TA58: Hurunui District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
Faces of stone: environmental history and cultures of Paha Sapa (The Black Hills), USA
No full textPaha Sapa (the Black Hills) is a small mountain range located in what are now the American states of South Dakota and Wyoming. The region is a major tourism destination, and its single largest and most iconic tourist attraction is the Mount Rushmore National Memorial – a large sculpture featuring four U.S. presidents’ faces carved into a granite cliff. Mount Rushmore is widely viewed as a cornerstone of American heritage, and most of Paha Sapa’s tourism celebrates the past two centuries of Euro-American settlement in the region. However, this limited focus neglects the vast majority of the region’s human history and diminishes its past and present significance to Native people as a place of spiritual guidance and inspiration.
In this research, I investigate the environmental history and cultures of Paha Sapa, from its earliest-known human inhabitants at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch to the present. I adopt the Cultures Framework (Stephenson, Barton, et al., 2015) to explore the norms, material culture, and practices of three distinct cultural periods that have existed throughout the human history of Paha Sapa: the Sacred Landscape (≈13,500 B.C.E – 1877 C.E.), the Frontier Settlement (1877 – 1945), and the Tourism & Recreational Area (1945 – present). My analyses of all three periods draw from anthropological, archaeological, and historical accounts, while my analysis of contemporary culture also draws from data from forty-five interviews undertaken during fieldwork in 2018. This novel application of the Cultures Framework to examine historical culture and cultural change identifies opposing interests vying for control of Paha Sapa’s future – some driven by compassion for people and place and others by anthropocentrism and social exclusion.
In the final chapters of this thesis, I present a comparative analysis of the cultures that have existed in the region throughout its history and discuss possible futures that hinge upon the decisions and actions of key stakeholders. I conclude with the assessment that Paha Sapa approaches a cultural crossroads, a point at which those who live within and visit the region may either embrace its ecocentric legacy or cement its more recent status as a stronghold of rugged individualism and white supremacy. The choices made at this critical moment – at this nexus of ideological convergence – will ultimately set the course for a future that remains, as yet, unwritten
Dietary habits in relation to breakfast consumption among adolescent males in New Zealand
No full textBackground: Adolescence is a vulnerable period of life whereby dietary habits are still being formed. These habits include regular breakfast consumption, which has been linked to several health benefits, including a lower body mass index and overall better diet quality. Previous literature identified that breakfast is a meal commonly skipped by adolescents. Breakfast consumption and associated dietary habits of adolescents have not been examined in New Zealand since the Adult Nutrition Survey 08/09, thus it is necessary to provide up to date data on this.
Objective: To assess the dietary habits of male adolescents, aged 15-18 years, in New Zealand. In particular, this thesis will investigate associations between breakfast consumption patterns and weight status and overall diet quality of these adolescents.
Design: The SuNDiAL (Survey of Nutrition, Dietary Assessment and Lifestyles) project is a nationwide, cross-sectional study focusing on male adolescents between the ages of 15-18 years in New Zealand. Six schools were recruited throughout New Zealand, with a total of 135 participants completing enrolment. Of these participants, 122 completed a dietary habits questionnaire, which was used to determine frequency of breakfast intake as well as food group intakes. Dietary data was also obtained through two 24-hour dietary recalls which was used to calculate energy, macronutrients and fibre intake via FoodWorks. Height and weight were measured and the World Health Organisation growth charts were used to determine Z-scores. Socioeconomic status was defined based on the 2018 New Zealand Deprivation Index, categorising the participants into low, medium or high deprivation categories depending on their corresponding scores. The prioritised ethnicity method was used to allocate participants into one of the following ethnic groups: Māori, Pacific, Asian, New Zealand European and Others.
Results: The current study found that 57.4% of participants consumed breakfast every day, while 9.8% reported not usually consuming breakfast. Of those consuming breakfast regularly (≥5 days a week), 69% were of a healthy weight status, compared to 63% of those who never/rarely consumed breakfast. There were a higher percentage of participants in the high deprivation category consuming breakfast never/rarely compared to that of regular breakfast eaters. Regular breakfast eaters had higher mean energy intakes (10343 kJ/day (95% CI: 9749-10937)), along with mean fibre intakes (25.7 g/day (95% CI: 24-28)), and a higher percentage of energy from carbohydrates (44% of energy from carbohydrates), compared to those consuming breakfast never/rarely. Forty-eight percent and 21% of regular breakfast eaters met the MOH guidelines for servings of fruits and vegetables, respectively, compared to 25% and 10% respectively, for those never/rarely consuming breakfast.
Conclusion: This study indicates that, in New Zealand adolescent boys, regular breakfast consumption promotes healthier overall eating habits and is associated with a healthy weight status. The results of this study also identify areas that need improvement in terms of the breakfast consumption and associated dietary habits in New Zealand male adolescents. More specifically, those in high deprivation areas were more likely to skip breakfast. Further research, with a larger and more representative population, is required to validate the findings of this study
The Cascade Rock Avalanche: Structure and deformation in a catastrophic rock avalanche
No full textCatastrophic rock avalanches involving large volumes of bedrock are primary drivers of surface erosion in mountainous landscapes and pose a considerable threat to both human life and infrastructure. These events typically involve > 106 m3 of material and show increased mobility and long runouts compared to relatively small landslide events. Investigations of these deep-seated, catastrophic events have previously been undertaken to explore the relationships between mobility, volume, and physical properties of the rock mass. Several processes are thought to play a significant role in the increased mobility, including mechanical grain fragmentation, acoustic grain fragmentation, frictional melting, and mixing between the rock avalanche and substrate. To further constrain the role of these processes, this thesis will investigate the structural and deformation aspects of a rock avalanche deposit located in South Westland, New Zealand.
The Cascade Rock Avalanche (CRA) was first identified as a large volume catastrophic rock avalanche by Barth (2013), having initially been interpreted as glacial moraine in previous studies. The CRA contains three main lithological groups: the Dun Mountain Ultramafic Group, the Greenland Group, and the Brook Street Volcanic Group. The deposit consists of c. 0.75 km3 of material and was likely triggered by a rupture on the Alpine Fault c.660 A.D.
Observations from fieldwork presented in this thesis reveal characteristic rock avalanche textures and facies that formed during transportation. These facies include a carapace, quasi-bedding defined by the alignment of blocky material. Typical textures that had formed include fine-grained material in shear bands, jigsaw-style fractured clasts, liquefied material, and survivor clasts. Shear bands within the Greenland Group are subvertical, while those in the Dun Mountain Ultramafic Group are shallowly dipping. The quasi-bedding planes in the Dun Mountain Ultramafic Group are broadly parallel to the shear bands. These results indicate that there may have been structural and lithological controls on the formation of the shear bands and bedding surfaces during transportation of the rock avalanche.
Three samples were selected for quantitative grain size and shape analysis to establish whether there were structural and lithological controls on grain fragmentation processes during transportation. Two samples represent shear band material and the other sample represents material from the body of the CRA. Results indicate that shear band material is texturally more mature than body material. Both of the shear band samples have a smaller mean grain size (5.39 µm and 6.13 µm) and higher fractal 3-dimensional (D), between 2.61 and 3.17) than the body material (mean grain size = 7.62 µm; D3D = 2.32 –3.27). The D values are comparable to those found in tectonic fault rocks. However, the D values established for both the shear band and body material are both above and below theoretical models of fragmentation which indicates that multiple fragmentation processes have taken place. Grain shape analysis provides evidence that grains within shear bands are more circular and have fewer grain-boundary asperities than grains within the bulk avalanche material. In conjunction with the field observations, the grain size and shape analyses indicate that grain fragmentation played a significant role in transportation and mobility of the CRA, likely contributing to the long runout of the material
The Pigroot scandal; how a phonolite came to bear mantle xenoliths: an experimental analysis of the Pigroot phonolite, Central Otago, New Zealand
No full textPhonolite is a type of nominally evolved alkaline magma, with some occurrences, however, hosting mantle xenoliths. This project aims to characterise the dynamic conditions of magma evolution of the xenolith-hosting Pigroot phonolite within the Miocene Waipiata volcanic field, New Zealand.
Field work established that outcrops range from basaltic column to pillow lavas, and that there is heterogeneity in the distribution of xenoliths between outcrops. The occurrence of pillow lavas and tuff deposits at the base of the sequence gave indications for the presence of a water body(ies) during the eruptive period.
Samples from the Pigroot phonolite were analysed by petrographic techniques and x-ray fluorescence which enabled the characterisation of the mineralogical suite and chemistry of the xenolith-bearing host rock. Four rock compositions were found, these are (i) phonotephrite, (ii) trachyandesite, (iii) tephriphonolite and (iv) phonolite.
A likely fractionation depth in the upper mantle was determined from the chemical compositions of the host rocks, and the results of the phase equilibria experiments. These produced modal mineralogy and mineral chemistry comparable to the natural samples at temperatures and pressures of upper mantle depth. The crystallization assemblage was dominated by amphibole (kaersutite) with minor clinopyroxene +/- oxides +/- plagioclase. The mineralogy was dominated by k-feldspar species (50-70%), followed by two species of opaque minerals, microlitic aegirine-augite, clinopyroxene, minor amounts of amphibole, nepheline and apatite.
Fractionation rather than partial melting as the process generating the phonolite is evident by the SiO2 value of >46% observed in all samples, with the relative abundances of trace elements following normal fractionation trends.
The xenoliths are interpreted to have been incorporated within the evolved host melt during a mingling event between the evolved melt with a mafic melt that was carrying the xenoliths within a zoned magma storage area
Sex workers challenging stereotypes: a case study in Dunedin, New Zealand
No full textThis thesis examines the nature of social stigmatization surrounding prostitution in New Zealand, and the ways in which the public reacts to perceived problems of prostitution.
It is important to recognise that prostitution is a broad term that encompasses situations from forced sexual slavery and trafficking of women, to legal, voluntary sex work. In New Zealand sex work is largely voluntary, as in many other 'western' countries. The 1995 UN Beijing Women's Conference differentiated between forced and voluntary prostitution, reflecting the opinion that different forms of prostitution exist, not all necessarily abusive or exploitative. In New Zealand, as in other places, prostitution is quietly tolerated; laws exist to criminalise it but no serious attempt is ever made to eradicate the problem. Many would argue, though, that it should be eradicated. Prostitution is construed as a social problem. For many people the institution of prostitution represents the degradation of women. 'Red light' areas, street walkers, and brothels are viewed as a symbol of urban decay and a direct assault on proper moral standards. By contrast, however, many prostitutes themselves view sex work as a legitimate occupation, and argue that it should not be subject to moral condemnation or prohibitive legislation. This gap between public perceptions of prostitution, and sex workers' own opinions are an important aspect of the 'problem of prostitution'.
Prostitutes are typically treated as 'other', differentiated from 'respectable' women. Many sex workers criticise the simplistic stereotypes that are often used to characterise the 'prostitute world', however. The stereotypical portrayals of the prostitute usually involve themes such as prostitutes as degraded victims; as spreaders of disease; or as junkies. Prostitution is a metaphor for criminality, violence, drugs, and degradation. But while these are often taken as common sense 'facts' of prostitution, many sex workers contest these characterisations that are assumed to be inherent in prostitution. Many workers argue that those stereotypes of prostitution are not how they have personally experienced selling sex.
The wide range of sex workers' experiential voices that have emerged over the past few decades has led to a change in the nature of theoretical discussions on prostitution. First-hand accounts have problematised universal theories on prostitution by the diversity of opinions and experiences from different women and men selling sex. Workers have described situations of complete control and sexual empowerment within the contract, to situations of abuse, exploitation, and degradation, and everything in between. These contradictions exist between workers as well as within the individual worker. The diversity and complexity of experiences have therefore disrupted large-scale theories that seek to reduce prostitution to universal models.
This thesis will examine the tension between sex workers' attitudes and the public conceptualisations of prostitution, looking at what the prostitution contract means for different groups. It also investigates how the popular stereotypes and myths surrounding commercial sex are constantly evoked, typically characterising prostitution as a site of violence and degradation. The sex workers' own perspectives are explored to show how the stereotypes usually fall short of giving a reasonable representation of commercial sex
Vietnamese Consumers’ Preferences for Functional Milk Powder Attributes: A Segmentation-Based Conjoint Study with Educated Consumers
No full textThis paper investigated Vietnamese consumers’ preferences for functional milk powder products to determine if there were differences in market segments. A Qualtrics survey and a 1000minds choice-based conjoint survey were completed by 272 participants, predominantly 18-30-year-old males with high education levels and above average incomes. Firstly, general perceptions of the use of functional foods to maintain health were determined, with results revealing that participants believed in the benefits the foods claim to provide. Secondly, participants’ tradeoffs for specific extrinsic functional milk powder attributes were determined by examining the relative importance they placed on a range of attributes. Participants prioritized a quality stamp attribute and preferred that this was obtained from an international certification body. Finally, a two-step cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression was used to profile the participants and analyze relationships between socio-demographic data and the four resulting segments (i.e., Food Safety Concerned, Price Sensitive, Premium Product Focused, and Nutrition Focused). The largest of these segments was Food Safety Concerned (46.3%) with males significantly less likely than females to be in this segment. Given the limited literature on Vietnamese consumers’ decision-making processes, this study is an important contribution to this topic, as well as providing information about market opportunities