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The role of emotions in the experiences of commercial high-altitude mountaineering guides who have guided above the death-zone
No full textThe body of tour guiding research has identified the importance of emotions and emotion management to guide’s experiences. However, there is a far less granular understanding of why, when, and how at each stage of a trip emotions change guide experiences. To date, studies of guides’ emotions have treated an entire experience as a single point of time, and do not provide a coherent picture of how emotions change guide experiences over the course of a trip. This generalised approach has hampered the dynamic and full interpretation of emotions in guides’ experience because emotions have different sets of appraisals, and each emotion of the same valence differs in their influence on people’s experiences over time. Therefore, a deeper insight into how emotions change an actual experience at the moment, as the guiding trip unfolds, is essential to optimising the overall guide’s experiences. This study seeks to fill these gaps by exploring the role of emotions in the experiences of commercial high-altitude mountaineering guides working above the death zone (i.e. over 8,000 meters). The work of commercial high-altitude mountaineering guides (HAMGs), which incorporates expeditions lasting for more than six weeks, provides an opportunity to analyse how emotions change participants’ experiences. This starts with the planning and preparation for the expedition, runs through the actual trip, and incorporates a post-expedition period. All these stages are associated with stress, pressure, and responsibilities to perform the day-to-day tasks that differ substantially across the experience.
Data collection was undertaken in Kathmandu, Nepal, where the researcher spent 90 days interviewing (online and in-person) commercial high-altitude mountaineering guides (16 participants: seven female and nine male) from eight countries. Thematic analysis was used to explore how emotions change HAMGs’ experiences across the expedition.
Focusing on high-altitude mountaineering guiding, the findings revealed that emotions play a key role in all three main phases of the HAMGs experience. At the pre-guiding stage, the themes individual reasons, social influences, occupational difficulties, and occupational opportunities link to elicited emotions. During the expedition, the experiences of emotions varies in intensity from the time when the expedition team meet in the base camp, throughout the climb, and until the team returns to the base camp safely. In the post-guiding phase, the themes occupational barriers, social influences, and individual reasons represent the complex role of emotions in participants’ experiences. The discussion is bounded by various reasons to continue and discontinue guiding. All of these phases demonstrate how emotions change commercial high-altitude mountaineering guides overall experiences.
This study expands the tour guiding, hospitality and emotional labour literature by: (1) providing a coherent picture of how emotions change guides experiences throughout participation; (2) shedding light on the working reality of frontline service employee experiences influenced by emotions; (3) suggesting that commercial high-altitude mountaineering guides perform emotion management acts at every stage of the expedition; (4) translating the findings into recommended practices for mountaineering tourism expedition operators and mountaineering guiding associations
The Ultraviolet Radiation Environment and Use of Observable Sun Protection at Secondary School Rowing Regattas
No full textBackground
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in New Zealand/Aotearoa and the incidence of melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer, is amongst the highest in the world. Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes over 90% of all skin cancers. It is also implicated in eye health issues, such as cataract and pterygium. Teenagers have been identified as an at-risk group for sun exposure because they experience higher levels of sunburn and have lower uptake of sun protection measures compared with other age groups. Secondary school sports participation has many associated benefits, but some outdoor summer sport settings have a high UVR exposure profile. There is little evidence that sun protection policies and guidelines are currently embedded at secondary school level or are adopted by summer sports organisations. Sun protection usually remains the responsibility of the competitor. This thesis relates to the secondary school sport of competitive rowing. It considers both the UVR environment within which secondary school rowers compete and the current use of visible sun protection by participants during competition.
Methods
The empirical contribution in this thesis is organised into two parts. The first measures personal UVR exposure using dosimeters positioned on the shoulder of rowers at six regattas held during the 2018-19 and 2019-20 Austral summer seasons. Second, a database of photographs of rowing crews at the race start line afforded comprehensive insights into the use of visible sun protective headwear, sunglasses and clothing by competitors.
Results
Dosimeter measurements included standard erythemal dose (where 1 SED equals 100 joules per m2), SED per hour and percentage ambient UVR. Over two-thirds (67.2%) of individual race-times, which is defined as the total time on the water in order to compete in a rowing race recorded a SED in excess of the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency recommendation of 1 SED per day. In addition, 24.1% of race-times equalled or exceeded 1.5 SED, which is the UVR dose estimated to cause just perceivable sunburn in individuals with light coloured skin. The median SED per hour for the five rowing regattas held at Lake Ruataniwha ranged from 0.97-2.37 SED per hour and the median percentage ambient ranged from 17–35%.
The photographic analysis indicated an established culture of cap wearing amongst rowers. In addition, approximately one-third of competitors wore sunglasses. However, one-fifth of competitors wore no headwear or eye protection and younger age groups were observed using the least visible sun protection. Females demonstrated a propensity to wear visors that offer even less sun protection than caps during competition. The use of protective clothing under the rowing zootie was almost non-existent. However, coxswains were well protected with headwear, sunglasses and clothing.
Conclusions
Applying these findings to the Ottawa Charter conceptual framework for health promotion highlights the need for a multifaceted approach if improvements in the use of sun protection by secondary school rowing students is to be achieved. The documented UVR exposure and concurrent information about visible sun protection use provides the opportunity for targeted sun protection strategies to be implemented in the sport of rowing. Targeting the most junior rowers with interventions to improve use of headwear and sunglasses would be a suitable starting point, but leadership from the national rowing body will be required to lift the 20% of rowers who currently do not use any form of headwear or sunglasses to routine adoption of sun protection for racing. Implementing best practice guidelines, including phasing out the use of visors and encouraging the use of sleeved tops to the start line, will improve not only the short- term health of secondary student rowers but should also reduce the long-term risks from overexposure to UVR. The recommendations arising from this research do not extend to the use of sunscreen. Best practice guidelines would, however, need to cover all five sun protection measures which, in addition to the ones studied here, include sunscreen use when competing and use of shade between races. Rowing is a unique and rewarding sport and secondary students should be able to receive the benefits associated with participation without the harms associated with overexposure to the Sun.
Like most summer outdoor sports in Aotearoa, Rowing New Zealand does not currently have a sun protection policy. The development of such a policy that aims to establish habitual sun protection practices on the part of all participants appears to be a necessary response to the personal UVR exposure doses reported in this thesis. Only then will the long-term wellbeing of all secondary school student rowers in relation to overexposure to UVR be realised
Fair allocation for transmission parameters to achieve scalability in LoRaWAN
No full textLoRa and LoRaWAN are promising solutions for the upcoming challenges that the Internet of Things (IoT) presents. But even with the recent developments in LoRaWAN, there are still problems to overcome due to the scale of applications required for IoTs. LoRa and LoRaWAN provide many of the desired characteristics for IoT such as long-range transmissions, low power use, and low device cost, but also have an issue with node capacity. Scaling LoRaWAN networks for the capacity that the IoTs desires is the current challenge, so therefore, I aim to improve current solutions to meet this challenge. Since LoRaWAN is a new technology, research in the area is in early development, with some contributions existing but no complete solution that can be applied to a diverse range of LoRaWAN applications.
My research extended upon previous research focused on the fairness of collision probabilities across nodes in a network, and thus, I created a solution that improved the scalability of LoRaWAN. Overall, I contributed a parameter allocation algorithm, a transmission power assignment scheme, and a path loss rule for node placement for LoRaWAN networks that, in simulation, achieved better performance than current solutions. This was possible due to lack of consideration regarding the importance of LoRa spreading factor parameters by current solutions and the realistic implications of path loss. By factoring for these two aspects, a more adaptable solution can be created. This solution can effectively maximise LoRaWAN's most important capability and also consider the physical limitations of the real-world like path loss. The proposed solution, Fair Allocation for Transmission Parameters (FATP) for LoRaWAN, adapts the idea of fair device performance in a network to the realistic limitations a real-world application would introduce, such as node distribution and path loss. Firstly, the parameter allocation algorithm is responsible for understanding the path loss of every device and the ideal method of leveraging the spreading factor parameter to achieve a fair network. A fair network, in this instance, is one where every device has the same probability for collision when transmitting. This algorithm then adapts the ideal method of assigning the spreading factor parameter to devices based on their path loss so that the network remains as near to optimal as possible, while respecting the limitations of the real world. Secondly, the transmission power scheme is responsible for minimising the power usage of devices by controlling how much power is used to transmit with. This power scheme functions by minimising every device's transmission power to the minimum amount that will still guarantee a viable transmission. Finally, the path loss rule is a guideline to follow when placing devices in a network. This guideline describes the minimum path loss a device should be allowed to have before it becomes impossible to mitigate its interference with other devices.
In the simulation, FATP achieved better performance in terms of data extraction rate (DER) and reducing the variance of performance across nodes in a network for a range of node distributions when compared with current solutions. FATP provided up to a 9% improvement for network DER with an average of a 4% network DER improvement when compared to the nearest best performing current solution, an RSSI-based solution. Most notably, FATP, on average, reduced the variance of individual node performance by a factor of approximately 59. FATP achieved this while consuming approximately the same amount of energy as the RSSI-based solution. Overall, FATP achieved its goals of improving network DER to increase scalability while also ensuring that nodes operate more fairly with more consistent DER performance
FICare in a New Zealand NICU
No full textBackground
Family integrated care (FICare) is a model of care which shifts the role of parents from ‘observers’ of their infant’s care to being their infant’s ‘primary caregiver’ in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). One NICU in the South Island of New Zealand (SI-NZ) implemented FICare after being involved in an international randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing FICare with standard NICU care. FICare’s model comprises four pillars previously identified as necessary for implementation: 1) Staff education and support, 2) Parent education, 3) NICU environment and resources, and 4) Psychosocial support. The RCT found FICare improved infant weight gain and breastfeeding rates and decreased hospital acquired infections and parental stress. However, alongside trial findings there is a need for qualitative research to inform the effective implementation of FICare – and specifically in New Zealand (NZ).
Aim
To qualitatively understand the experience of providing and receiving care via the FICare model from the perspectives of NICU staff, parents and whānau.
Methods
Group and individual interviews were used to collect data about staff experiences delivering FICare; serial interviews were used for parents’/whānau experiences. Two interviews were undertaken with parents/whānau: 1) during their NICU admission, and 2) six to twelve weeks post-NICU discharge. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.
Results
Thirteen multidisciplinary NICU staff were interviewed; there were six parent/whānau first interviews in NICU, and five post-discharge. Staff identified that differences in staff FICare education affected FICare delivery with some receiving more robust education than others. Although providing culturally responsive care is not specified within the FICare model, many staff reported that FICare’s principles aligned well with those of the Treaty of Waitangi. Parent/whānau interviewees reported inconsistencies in care between participants who were able to stay in NICU with their infants and those who could not. Participants who stayed in NICU described experiences of receiving care closely aligned with FICare, such as actions guided by the pillars of Parent education, NICU environment and resources, and Psychosocial support. Parents unable to stay in NICU (e.g. due to work, other child commitments or availability of parent beds), were less likely to report care aligned with the FICare model. Participants staying in NICU reported culturally responsive care and greater satisfaction with parent-staff relationships, parent-infant engagement and trust with staff, compared to those who did not.
Conclusion
Findings led to development of an adapted FICare model – potentially more appropriate for NZ. Future testing of this adapted model (named ‘FICare-NZ’) by other researchers is welcomed. Key aspects of FICare-NZ include the importance of culturally responsive care. Additionally, for successful FICare implementation it is recommended that all staff receive consistent FICare education. Therefore, FICare-NZ can be depicted with ‘Staff education’ becoming a foundational step supporting the other three pillars; with a second, and equally critical, foundational step being added for ‘Culturally responsive care’. FICare-NZ therefore comprises these two steps leading up to three (original FICare) pillars: 1) ‘Parent education’, 2) ‘NICU environment and resources’, and 3) ‘Psychosocial support’. Finally, FICare-NZ proposes a canopy layer on top of the pillars to represent the importance of ‘Parents’ experiences of NICU admission’
The effects of hydrothermal processing on legumes: Volatile profile and digestibility aspects
No full textLegumes are cultivated and consumed all over the world as a staple food. Legumes are an economical source of protein, slow-release starch, fibre, (un)saturated fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. In the face of a growing world population, which demands an economical and nutritious food source, legumes are an important crop. So far, legumes have not yet been exploited to their fullest potential. Legumes have a volatile profile that can result in overall undesirable odours. Legumes, even undergoing prolonged processing, can have a relatively lower starch and protein digestibility (compared to other crops and meat). Compounding the issue is the presence of deleterious antinutrients in legumes, such as enzyme inhibitors, lectins, tannins, and phytate, which must be inactivated and/or removed by processing prior to consumption. Thus, processing is very important in the utilisation of legumes, both for minimising undesirable volatile compounds, as well as increasing starch and protein digestibility. As such, this thesis aims to fill the gap in the literature of a thorough investigation into the effects of hydrothermal processing.
To do so, this thesis characterised eleven types of commercially available legumes in New Zealand according to their volatile and fatty acid profiles through headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry and gas chromatography flame ionisation detection, respectively. Thereafter, cowpeas, chickpeas and kidney beans were selected to be processed using boiling, a commonly used hydrothermal processing technique. Changes in headspace volatile and fatty acid profile were analysed after the above-mentioned processing technique. Both open system and closed system approaches were conducted to investigate the changes in legume’s volatile profile after boiling of legumes in an open system and processing of legumes in a sealed container. Finally, starch and protein digestibility of legumes processed for varying durations were determined through in vitro oral-gastro-intestinal digestion.
Results showed that integrating volatile fingerprinting and fatty acid analysis is effective in characterising the volatile and fatty acid profiles of dried legumes, with discriminant volatile compounds identified for each legume. The detected volatile profile consisted of aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, esters and lactones, furans and hydrocarbons. The lipid profiles comprised of five major fractions consisting of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Hydrothermal processing (boiling) was shown to be suitable for the reduction of undesirable volatile compounds, mostly in the aldehyde and alcohol chemical groups, hypothesised to be through the inactivation of endogenous enzymes such as lipoxygenase. Fatty acid profiles changed very little during hydrothermal processing. Simultaneously, an inverse relationship between decreasing legume texture and increasing rate of starch and protein digestion was observed with increasing hydrothermal processing time in cowpeas, chickpeas and kidney beans. Prolonged processing duration (≥60 min) increased the extent of starch digestion but decreased the extent of protein digestion. This could be partially due to the degradation of amino acids (arising from protein) participating in Maillard reactions and thermal degradation; the presence of products such as furans, pyridines and sulphur-containing compounds detected at prolonged processing durations supported this hypothesis. A closed system approach (complementary to the open system approach) provided additional evidence towards the confirmation of the aforementioned hypothesis, as the most volatile compounds (e.g., sulphur-containing compounds) were able to be captured because they were not lost into the environment during processing.
The knowledge gained in this thesis has extended the fundamental understanding of the legumes processing using conventional hydrothermal technique. The knowledge gained in this thesis creates a foundation for future research and can be used to advise consumers and the industry on how to select processing intensity to maximise legume’s utilisation and benefits
Executive function and the pragmatics of language in children with varying levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
No full textADHD is a common disorder that develops in childhood. Beyond the diagnostic criteria, ADHD can lead to deficits in several functional domains, including executive functioning and pragmatic language ability. There has been little research into how executive functioning and pragmatic language ability are related and how that relationship is affected in an ADHD population. Past literature has drawn connections between these aspects individually but not extensively in a single model. There is debate about which executive functions play the most prominent role in one’s pragmatic language ability; higher-order or lower-order. The current study aimed to investigate whether executive functioning deficits explained the deficits in pragmatic language ability commonly seen in children with ADHD. Participants were 106 children aged between 7 and 12 years old. Executive functioning and ADHD symptom severity scores were obtained using standardised measures, and pragmatic language ability was assessed by applying a specifically tailored scoring protocol to 15-minute conversations between the child and a caregiver. Initial results revealed some inconsistencies with past literature with ADHD symptom severity showing no association with pragmatic language ability. However, there was a mediation effect of working memory on the relationship between ADHD symptom severity and pragmatic language ability, partially supporting the initial hypothesis. The findings are discussed regarding their implications in a clinical setting, and future research possibilities are suggested
A proteomic and molecular approach to decipher the repertoire of protein modifications during influenza A virus infection
No full textInfluenza virus is an important human respiratory pathogen that continues to have a major impact on global public health. The ever-evolving nature of influenza virus has restricted the development of a universal vaccine as well as the efficacy of currently available vaccines. In the absence of a universal vaccine, antiviral drugs are serving as the first line of defense against novel influenza virus strains. However, the emergence of drug-resistant variants of influenza virus has made the available drugs almost ineffective. Therefore, there is an undeniable need for developing universal and long-lasting antiviral strategies. Exploring new approaches such as targeting critical factors for influenza virus infection might lead to the development of novel antiviral strategies. There is growing evidence that influenza exploits host protein modification machinery to proliferate and escape the host innate immune response. Therefore, a detailed profiling of the protein modification events during influenza virus infection is required.
Protein modifications occurring co- or post-translationally regulate the structure and function of a protein in various ways. Here, we used global mass spectrometry approach in association with bioinformatics analysis to identify and characterize the modifications of viral and host proteins in uninfected and IAV-infected human lung epithelial cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a comprehensive approach has been employed in influenza virus proteomics. We identified 8 viral proteins: matrix protein (M1), nucleoprotein (NP), two non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2) and haemagglutinin (HA), modified by methylation, acetylation, allysine and/or ubiquitination. Three viral proteins, M1, NP and PA showed multiple modifications on the same amino acid residue, indicating potential crosstalk among protein modifications. The majority of modified amino acids exhibited sequence homology across IAV subtypes and strains, suggesting the fundamental importance of these modifications in IAV biology. Furthermore, the location of modified amino acids in structural context suggested the functional significance of modified sites in multiple steps of IAV life cycle. In addition, a total of 116 methylated, 103 acetylated, 29 allysine modified, 2 ubiquitinated and 5 acylated host proteins were found to be uniquely modified in IAV-infected cells. Characterization of these modified host proteins by protein functional association analysis revealed their involvement in metabolic pathways, mRNA splicing and cytoskeleton organization which are manipulated by IAV during infection. The functional enrichment analysis revealed the modified cellular proteins to be involved in multiple virus-related processes.
Acetylation was the second most abundant modification identified in our study. Host histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are the central regulators of acetylation; where HATs add and HDACs remove the acetyl group from a target protein. Our lab has discovered and been studying the anti-IAV properties of HDACs. Therefore, we endeavoured to identify the potential involvement of HATs in IAV infection. An initial RNA interference screening with 18 HATs revealed that the depletion of 6 HATs reduced IAV progeny release. Among them, N-alpha-acetyltransferase 60 (Naa60), an N-terminal acetyltransferase that possesses the unique capacity of acetylating proteins both co- and post-translationally, was chosen for further investigation. By employing the RNA interference and overexpression strategies, this study demonstrated that Naa60 plays a pro-viral role and is a component of host antiviral response. The silencing of Naa60 expression impaired IAV progeny release by 50% and conversely, the ectopic Naa60 expression augmented IAV progeny release by 2.3 fold. Mechanistically, the IAV-induced expression of interferon (IFN) α was increased and decreased with the depletion and ectopic expression of Naa60, respectively. Furthermore, the knockdown of Naa60 resulted in increased phosphorylation of transcription factor, STAT1 as well as the expression of certain interferon-stimulate genes (ISGs) such as viperin and IFITM3, in IAV-infected cells. Conversely, the ectopic expression of Naa60 correlated with the above data and reduced IAV-induced IFNα and ISGs expression. Finally, the variations in the relative abundances of N-terminally acetylated peptides from viral M1, NP and multiple host proteins in the absence of Naa60 indicated that the acetyltransferase activity of Naa60 has implications in IAV infection.
This PhD study provides a basic framework for future research on the functional significance of protein modifications in the IAV life cycle. Protein modifications with trackable functional roles might serve as a target for novel antiviral strategies. Additionally, the proviral properties and involvement of Naa60 in IAV-induced host innate antiviral response identified in this study represents an exciting prospect for future investigation into targeting Naa60 as a drug target to combat IAV infection
Image analysis of x-ray computed tomographic datasets, quantification of porosity, and applications to understanding fracturing of rock masses
No full textX-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is a non-destructive and powerful imaging technique allowing scanned objects to be three-dimensionally inspected and characterized across a wide range of sample sizes (from meters to micrometres) and resolutions (millimetres to nanometres). For this reason, X-ray CT has been widely applied in many geosciences disciplines and its use grows exponentially with developments of imaging technologies and techniques. The majority of the applications concern petrophysical analysis of rock cores and plugs to estimate, from 3D images, petrophysical parameters such as porosity and permeability, the latter by means of flow simulations within the separated pore volume, without the need of laboratory analyses. Due to the huge impact that pores, pore throats, and fractures have on permeability, a critical step in the image analysis is the characterization of these features by measuring their size, shape, and orientation. This type of analysis is of particular interest in oil and mining industries, and disciplines such as hydrology, volcanology, and structural geology. However, a complete match between laboratory- and image-based measurements is often difficult to obtain because factors such as image resolution, feature size, presence of artifacts, and lack of specific imaging techniques limit and bias the analysis.
Imaging artifacts, such as the Partial Volume Effect (PVE), and the absence of specific techniques particularly complicates the analysis of fractures that, as opposed to pores, are difficult to individually extract and characterize. In addition, connected fractures are typically identified as a single object, thus measurements take into account the whole object which biases results. Furthermore, in a dual porosity system (where porosity has two distinct morphological characteristics), characterization of the pore volume depends on the mean size of the features of interest. Thus, the resolution of the image plays a key role since all features below the voxel size of an image will be unresolved and only the fraction above that size can be imaged and characterized.
In this thesis, the effects of these limitations are explored in three studies where X-ray CT was used to characterize both pores and fractures. Novel approaches are presented for more efficient measurement of the properties of fractures within a scanned rock. The algorithms developed allow definition of local fracture properties such as aperture and orientation in an automated way, and separation of connected fractures for individual analyses. In addition, the effect of poor image resolution on assessment of the petrophysical properties of triaxially-deformed tuff samples is investigated. It is shown that, even though a fraction of the pores below the voxel (volumetric picture element) size are not resolved, significant information in rocks with complex structures can be qualitatively (i.e. via image visualization) and quantitatively obtained for fractures and pores. Finally, high resolution data are used to define 3D vesicularity (i.e. porosity) and connectivity in volcanic lapilli, demonstrating how a well-resolved vesicularity provides insights into the processes that occurred within the magma conduit, and the state of the pre-fragmentation magma in a shallow-water volcano
Survival, not resilience: Young people's housing instability
No full textYoung people’s experiences of housing instability need to be recognised. The extant literature tends to equate young people’s experiences with that of adults and the limited literature that exclusively examines young people tends to take a narrow lens, with a focus on running away from home and living on the streets. What is missing is an in-depth examination of other forms of housing instability and inadequacy, and how these impact on young people. The current study looks at the experiences of young people, including experiences of eviction, unhealthy homes, overcrowding, frequent housing movements, and living in liminal spaces. To explore these experiences, a mixed methods approach was used. In the qualitative strand, a collaborative approach was undertaken using ethnography to give voice to the narratives of twelve girls in their youth who were surviving housing instability. As part of this approach, a novel method was used: friendship guided by whakawhanaugatanga. This method disrupted the traditional power imbalance between researcher and participant and therefore enabled knowledge to be co-created and the experiences of young people accessed. In the quantitative strand, a statistical analysis of data collected as part of the national Youth’12 questionnaire was undertaken. The mixed methods analysis of these data elucidated that a wider conceptualisation of housing instability that includes dimensions other than homelessness and eviction is justified. For young people, the impacts of all dimensions of housing instability are severe and work in intersecting ways to produce negative outcomes. Housing instability has a detrimental effect on their life chances and wellbeing, including disruption to education, fractured support networks, poor health outcomes, and trouble with the police. For young people, housing instability creates a climate of risk where they resort to perilous behaviour to survive, and this turbulent process discounts their sense of security. To borrow from Matthew Desmond, housing instability evicted these young people from their childhoods. Rather than a rosy view of resilience, these young people were simply surviving. This thesis concludes by suggesting policy recommendations specifically targeting young people’s housing needs. These are needed to support young people with their transition into adulthood and the ensuing responsibilities. These must be informed by data that captures all dimensions of housing instability and the unique needs of young people
Online Legal Information Self-Help in Aotearoa: An agenda for action
No full textThis report reviews international experience in the development of online legal information and self-help (OLISH) provided by government, community organisations, and social enterprises. It uses this experience to examine how OLISH might best be deployed in Aotearoa New Zealand to help narrow the justice gap. It also examines the context and processes that have driven the development of OLISH in other jurisdictions and how this experience might apply in Aotearoa