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Schwerpunkt Schalten und Walten
No full textWhat you are about to read is the very last issue of the ZMK. Since our overall research enterprise, the IKKM, has to cease all of its activities due to the end of its twelve years’ funding by the German federal government, the ZMK will also come to an end. Its last topic, Schalten und Walten has also been the subject of the concluding biannual conference of the IKKM, and we hope it will be a fitting topic to resume the research of the IKKM on Operative Ontologies.
Although this final issue is in English, we decided to leave its title in German: Schalten und Walten. As it is the case for the name of the IKKM, (Internationales Kolleg für Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosophie), the term seems untranslatable to us, not only for the poetic reason of the rhyming sound of the words. Switching and Ruling might be accepted as English versions, but quite an unbridgeable difference remains. In German, Schalten und Walten is a rather common and quite widespread idiom that can be found in everyday life. Whoever, the idiom stipulates, is able to execute Schalten und Walten has the power to act, has freedom of decision and power of disposition.
Although both terms are mentioned together and belong together in the German expression Schalten und Walten, they are nevertheless complements to each other. They both refer to the exercise and existence of domination, disposal or power, but they nonetheless designate two quite different modes of being. Schalten is not so much sheer command over something, but government or management. It is linked to control, intervention and change, in short: it is operative and goes along with distinctive measures and cause-and-effect relations. The English equivalent switching reflects this more or less adequately
Schwerpunkt Blockchain
Full text linkNeue Medien rufen regelmäßig neue Utopien auf den Plan, die sich untereinander stark ähneln können. Regelmäßig bekommen wir eröffnet, dass, von den Uninformierten noch unbemerkt, eine Medienrevolution im Gange sei, die das Potenzial habe, die Welt grundlegend zu verändern. Diese Erwartungen gelten meistens einem in jeder Hinsicht umwälzenden Zuwachs an Gleichheit und Freiheit Aller. Meistens enden sie jedoch dann in der Feststellung eines Zuwachses an Geld und Macht in den Händen Weniger. So war es beim Radio, beim Video, beim Internet, bei den »sozialen Medien«. Und so ist es auch heute wieder. Eine Medienrevolution finde statt, so hört und liest man, die sich nicht auf kalifornischen Theaterbühnen oder auf Konsumentenelektronik-Messen wie der IFA in Gestalt neuer Gadgets öffentlich präsentiert. Sie spielt sich jenseits der Terminals im unsichtbaren Reich der Vernetzung ab und betrifft subkutan die mediale Instituiertheit der Gesellschaft selbst: die Blockchain
Communicative Action, Objectifications, and the Triad of Violence
No full textThis article aims to develop a social theory of violence that emphasizes the role of the third party as well as the communication between the involved subjects. For this Teresa Koloma Beck’s essay ‘The Eye of the Beholder: Violence as a Social Process’ is taken as a starting point, which adopts a social-constructivist perspective. On the one hand, the basic concepts and the benefits of this approach are presented. On the other hand, social-theoretical problems of this approach are revealed. These deficits are counteracted by expanding Koloma Beck’s approach with a communicative-constructivist framework. Thus, the role of communicative action and the ‘objectification of violence’ is emphasized. These aspects impact the perception, judgement and (de-)legitimation of violence phenomena and the emergence of a ‘knowledge of violence’. Communicative actions and objectifications form a key to understanding violent interactions and the link between the micro and macro levels. Finally, the methodological consequences for the research of violence and Communicative Constructivism are discussed. Furthermore, possible research fields are outlined, which open up by looking at communicative action and the objectifications within the ‘triads of violence’
Design Intelligence - Human-Centered-Design for the development of industrial AI/ML agents
No full textThis study deals with design for AI/ML systems, more precisely in the industrial AI context based on case studies from the factory automation field. It therefore touches on core concepts from Human-Centered-Design (HCD), User Experience (UX) and Human Computer Interaction (HCI) on one hand, as well as concepts from Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and the impact of technology on the other. The case studies the research is based on are within the industrial AI domain. However, the final outcomes, the findings, solutions, artifacts and so forth, should be transferable to a wider spectrum of domains. The study’s aim is to examine the role of designers in the age of AI and the factors which are relevant, based on the hypothesis that current AI/ML development lacks the human perspective, which means that there are pitfalls and challenges that design can help resolve. The initial literature review revealed that AI/ML are perceived as a new design material that calls for a new design paradigm. Additional research based on qualitative case study research was conducted to gain an overview of the relevant issues and challenges. From this, 17 themes emerged, which together with explorative expert interviews and a structured literature review, were further analyzed to produce the relevant HCD, UX and HCI themes. It became clear that designers need new processes, methods, and tools in the age of AI/ML in combination with not only design, but also data science and business expertise, which is why the proposed solution in this PhD features process modules for design, data science and business collaboration. There are seven process modules and their related activities and dependencies that serve as guidelines for practitioners who want to design intelligence. A unified framework for collecting use case exemplars was created, based on a workshop with different practitioners and researchers from the area of AI/ML to support and enrich the process modules with concrete projects examples
Investigation on Energetic Efficiency of Reactor Systems for Oxidation of Micro-Pollutants by Immobilized Active Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis
No full textIn this work, the degradation performance for the photocatalytic oxidation of eight micropollutants (amisulpride, benzotriazole, candesartan, carbamazepine, diclofenac, gabapentin, methlybenzotriazole, and metoprolol) within real secondary effluent was investigated using three different reactor designs. For all reactor types, the influence of irradiation power on its reaction rate and energetic efficiency was investigated. Flat cell and batch reactor showed almost similar substance specific degradation behavior. Within the immersion rotary body reactor, benzotriazole and methylbenzotriazole showed a significantly lower degradation affinity. The flat cell reactor achieved the highest mean degradation rate, with half time values ranging from 5 to 64 min with a mean of 18 min, due to its high catalysts surface to hydraulic volume ratio. The EE/O values were calculated for all micro-pollutants as well as the mean degradation rate constant of each experimental step. The lowest substance specific energy per order (EE/O) values of 5 kWh/m3 were measured for benzotriazole within the batch reactor. The batch reactor also reached the lowest mean values (11.8–15.9 kWh/m3) followed by the flat cell reactor (21.0–37.0 kWh/m3) and immersion rotary body reactor (23.9–41.0 kWh/m3). Catalyst arrangement and irradiation power were identified as major influences on the energetic performance of the reactors. Low radiation intensities as well as the use of submerged catalyst arrangement allowed a reduction in energy demand by a factor of 3–4. A treatment according to existing treatment goals of wastewater treatment plants (80% total degradation) was achieved using the batch reactor with a calculated energy demand of 7000 Wh/m3
Innovative Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Urban Areas against Flood Events: Prognosis of Structural Damage with a New Approach Considering Flow Velocity
No full textThe floods in 2002 and 2013, as well as the recent flood of 2021, caused billions Euros worth of property damage in Germany. The aim of the project Innovative Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Urban Areas against Flood Events (INNOVARU) involved the development of a practicable flood damage model that enables realistic damage statements for the residential building stock. In addition to the determination of local flood risks, it also takes into account the vulnerability of individual buildings and allows for the prognosis of structural damage. In this paper, we discuss an improved method for the prognosis of structural damage due to flood impact. Detailed correlations between inundation level and flow velocities depending on the vulnerability of the building types, as well as the number of storeys, are considered. Because reliable damage data from events with high flow velocities were not available, an innovative approach was adopted to cover a wide range of flow velocities. The proposed approach combines comprehensive damage data collected after the 2002 flood in Germany with damage data of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Japan. The application of the developed methods enables a reliable reinterpretation of the structural damage caused by the August flood of 2002 in six study areas in the Free State of Saxony
Der anonyme Behandlungsschein – von der Idee zur Umsetzung. Ein Handlungsleitfaden
Full text linkDer vorliegende Handlungsleitfaden hilft zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen und staatlichen Einrichtungen bei der Installation eines anonymen Behandlungs- oder Krankenschein für Menschen ohne Krankenversicherung. Dabei bündelt sich hier der Erfahrungsschatz verschiedener Initiativen aus dem gesamten Bundesgebiet
Schwerpunkt Kulturtechnik
Full text linkMedientheorie und historische Medienwissenschaft sind seit geraumer Zeit dabei, einen Schritt zu tun, der sie hierzulande zumindest teilweise in historische und systematische Kulturtechnikforschung überführt. Die Möglichkeit existiert, dass die Medien als Referenz eines Wissenschaftsparadigmas, das gerade dabei ist, die Forschungs- und Lehrstrukturen dieses Landes zu erobern, sich bereits im Zustand bloßen Nachlebens befinden. Damit kommen mindestens jene Teile der Medienforschung zu sich, die seit der Institutionalisierung von Medienwissenschaft realisieren mussten, dass jene Medien, mit denen sie es seit den 1980er Jahren zu tun hatten, sich nur schwer in den Rahmen der Medien der Medienwissenschaft fügen wollen. Es scheint daher so, als ließe sich mit dem Begriff der Kulturtechniken etwas fassen, das schon seit den 80er Jahren eine Spezifik der entstehenden deutschen Medienwissenschaft gewesen ist, eine Spezifik, die sie den angloamerikanischen media studies ebenso entfremdete wie der Kommunikationswissenschaft oder gar der Soziologie, die, im Banne der Aufklärung und des Gesellschaftsbegriff s stehend, über Medien grundsätzlich nur unter dem Aspekt der Öff entlichkeit nachdenken wollte. Was sich in den 80er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts etwa unter dem Titel einer Diskurs- und Medienanalyse formierte, zielte nicht primär auf eine Medientheorie oder die Geschichte von Einzelmedien ab, die längst identitätsstiftend für je eigene Forschungsdisziplinen geworden waren (Fotografie, Film, Fernsehen, Rundfunk), sondern auf eine Geschichte der Literatur, des Geistes, der Seele und der Sinne, die man der Literaturwissenschaft, der Philosophie, der Psychologie und der Ästhetik wegzunehmen gedachte, um sie auf einem anderen Schauplatz aufzuführen: dem der Medien – und gegenwärtig der Kulturtechniken. Weil aber gar nicht die Medien im Fokus der Entdeckung standen, sondern eine Rekontextualisierung der traditionellen Gegenstände der Geisteswissenschaften, genauer eine »Austreibung des Geistes aus den Geisteswissenschaften« (Friedrich Kittler), kam von vornherein anderes in den Blick als diejenigen Medien, die die Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, die Massenmedienforschung oder die Einzelmedienwissenschaften als ihre primären Untersuchungsfelder auswiesen
The reverse of urban planning. Towards a 20th century history of informal urbanization in Europe and its origins in Madrid and Paris (1850-1940)
No full textThe objective of this thesis was to understand the 20th-century history of informal urbanisation in Europe and its origins in Madrid and Paris. The concept of informal urbanisation was employed to refer to the process of developing shacks and precarious single-family housing areas that were not planned by the public powers and were considered to be substandard because of their below-average materials and social characteristics. Our main hypothesis was that despite being a phenomenon with ancient roots, informal urbanisation emerged as a public problem and was subsequently prohibited in connection with another historical process occurred: the birth of contemporary urban planning. Therefore, its transformation into a deviant and illegal urban growth mechanism would have been a pan-European process occurring at the same pace that urban planning developed during the first decades of the 20th century.
Analysing the 20th-century history of informal urbanisation in Europe was an ambitious task that required using a large number of sources. To contend with this issue, this thesis combined two main methods: historiographical research about informal urbanisation in Europe and archival research of two case studies, Madrid and Paris, to make the account more precise by analysing primary sources of the subject.
Our research of these informal areas, which were produced mainly through poor private allotments and housing developed on land squats, revealed two key moments of explosive growth across Europe: the 1920s and 1960s. The near disappearance of informal urbanisation throughout the continent seemed to be a consequence not of the historical development of urban planning—which was commonly transgressed and bypassed—but of the exacerbation of global economic inequalities, permitting the development of a geography of privilege in Europe.
Concerning the cases of Paris and Madrid, the origins of informal urbanisation—that is, the moment the issue started to be problematised—seemed to occur in the second half of the 19th century, when a number of hygienic norms and surveillance devices began to control housing characteristics. From that moment onwards, informal urbanisation areas formed peripheral belts in both cities. This growth became the object of an illegalisation process of which we have identified three phases: (i) the unregulated development of the phenomenon during the second half of the 20th century, (ii) the institutional production of “exception regulations” to permit a controlled development of substandard housing in the peripheral fringes of both cities, and (iii) the synchronic prohibition of informal urbanisation in the 1920s and its illegal reproduction
Charakterisieren struktureller Veränderungen in zementgebundenen Baustoffen durch akustische zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren
No full textIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird das Charakterisieren struktureller Veränderungen zementgebundener Baustoffe durch zwei auf dem Ultraschall-Transmissionsverfahren beruhenden Methoden der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP) mit mechanischen Wellen vorgenommen.
Zur kontinuierlichen Charakterisierung der Erstarrung und Erhärtung frischer zementgebundener Systeme wird ein auf Ultraschallsensoren für Longitudinal- und Scherwellen basierendes Messsystem in Kombination mit zugehörigen Verfahrensweisen zur Datenauswertung konzipiert, charakterisiert und angewandt. Gegenüber der bislang üblichen alleinigen Bewertung der Verfestigung anhand indirekter Ultraschallparameter wie Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit, Signalenergie oder Frequenzgehalt der Longitudinalwelle lässt sich damit eine direkte, sensible Erfassung der sich während der Strukturbildung entwickelnden dynamischen elastischen Eigenschaften auf der Basis primärer physikalischer Werkstoffparameter erreichen. Insbesondere Scherwellen und der dynamische Schubmodul sind geeignet, den graduellen Übergang zum Festkörper mit Überschreiten der Perkolationsschwelle sensibel und unabhängig vom Luftgehalt zu erfassen. Die zeitliche Entwicklung der dynamischen elastischen Eigenschaften, die Strukturbildungsraten sowie die daraus extrahierten diskreten Ergebnisparameter ermöglichen eine vergleichende quantitative Charakterisierung der Strukturbildung zementgebundener Baustoffe aus mechanischer Sicht. Dabei lassen sich typische, oft unvermeidbare Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Versuchsmischungen berücksichtigen.
Der Einsatz laserbasierter Methoden zur Anregung und Erfassung von mechanischen Wellen und deren Kombination zu Laser-Ultraschall zielt darauf ab, die mit der Anwendung des konventionellen Ultraschall-Transmissionsverfahrens verbundenen Nachteile zu eliminieren. Diese resultieren aus der Sensorgeometrie, der mechanischen Ankopplung und bei einer Vielzahl von Oberflächenpunkten aus einem hohen prüftechnischen Aufwand. Die laserbasierte, interferometrische Erfassung mechanischer Wellen ist gegenüber Ultraschallsensoren rauschbehaftet und vergleichsweise unsensibel. Als wesentliche Voraussetzung der scannenden Anwendung von Laser-Ultraschall auf zementgebundene Baustoffe erfolgen systematische experimentelle Untersuchungen zur laserinduzierten ablativen Anregung. Diese sollen zum Verständnis des Anregungsmechanismus unmittelbar auf den Oberflächen von zementgebundenen Baustoffen, Gesteinskörnungen und metallischen Werkstoffen beitragen, relevante Einflussfaktoren aus den charakteristischen Materialeigenschaften identifizieren, geeignete Prozessparameter gewinnen und die Verfahrensgrenzen aufzeigen. Unter Einsatz von Longitudinalwellen erfolgt die Anwendung von Laser-Ultraschall zur zeit- und ortsaufgelösten Charakterisierung der Strukturbildung und Homogenität frischer sowie erhärteter Proben zementgebundener Baustoffe. Während der Strukturbildung wird erstmals eine simultane berührungslose Erfassung von Longitudinal- und Scherwellen vorgenommen. Unter Anwendung von tomographischen Methoden (2D-Laufzeit¬tomo¬graphie) werden überlagerungsfreie Informationen zur räumlichen Verteilung struktureller Gefügeveränderungen anhand der longitudinalen Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit bzw. des relativen dynamischen Elastizitätsmoduls innerhalb von virtuellen Schnittebenen geschädigter Probekörper gewonnen. Als beton-schädigende Mechanismen werden exemplarisch der kombinierte Frost-Tausalz-Angriff sowie die Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) herangezogen.
Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Verfahren der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung bieten erweiterte Möglichkeiten zur Charakterisierung zementgebundener Baustoffe und deren strukturellen Veränderungen und lassen sich zielgerichtet in der Werkstoffentwicklung, bei der Qualitätssicherung sowie zur Analyse von Schadensprozessen und -ursachen einsetzen.In this research, structural changes of cement-based building materials are characterized using two ultrasonic transmission-based methods of non-destructive testing (NDT) with mechanical waves.
For continuous characterization of setting and hardening of fresh cementitious materials a measurement system is designed, characterized and applied based on ultrasonic compressional and shear wave transducers in combination with associated data evaluation procedures. In contrast to common non-destructive testing of setting and hardening by means of solely indirect ultrasonic parameters such as pulse velocity, signal energy or frequency content of compressional waves, a direct sensitive recording of dynamic elastic properties can be achieved during the structure formation on the basis of primary physical material parameters. Especially, shear waves and the dynamic shear modulus are suitable to capture the gradual transition to a solid with exceeding percolation threshold in a sensitive manner and independent of air content. The development of dynamic elastic properties, the structure formation rates and the extracted discrete result parameters enable a comparative and quantitative analysis of the structural formation of fresh cementitious materials from a mechanical point of view. As an advantage, often unavoidable differences in the composition of test blends can be taken into account.
The application of laser-based techniques for generation and detection of mechanical waves and their combination to laser-ultrasonics eliminates the disadvantages associated with the application of conventional ultrasonic through-transmission techniques. These result from sensor geometry, mechanical coupling and, in case of numerous surface points, due to a high inspection time and effort. Furthermore, the laser-based interferometric detection of mechanical waves is noisy and relatively insensitive compared to application of ultrasonic sensors. As an essential prerequisite, systematic experimental investigations of laser-induced ablative generation are carried out for the scanning application of laser-ultrasonics on cement-based building materials. These investigations contribute to the understanding of the excitation mechanism directly on the surfaces of concrete, natural aggregates and metallic targets and to the identification of relevant influencing factors from the characteristic material properties. By gathering optimized process parameters, the limitations of laser-ultrasonics to concrete are shown. Laser-ultrasonics is applied using compressional waves for time- and space-resolved characterization of the structure formation and homogeneity of fresh and hardened specimen of cement-based building materials. During the structure formation process, the simultaneous contactless acquisition of compressional and shear waves is carried out for the first time. With the implementation of tomographic methods (2D travel-time tomography) it is possible to obtain superposition-free information on the spatial distribution of microstructural changes by means of the longitudinal ultrasonic pulse velocity or the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity within virtual cross-sections of damaged specimens. The combined freeze-thaw de-icing salt attack as well as the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) are investigated as mechanisms of concrete damage.
The methods of non-destructive testing developed within the scope of this study offer extended possibilities for the characterization of cement-based building materials and their structural changes and can be applied in a targeted manner in materials development, quality control and in analysis of damage processes and causes