Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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アタヤル語群において冷感を表す語の再建
Get PDFapplication/pdfアタヤル語（オーストロネシア語族アタヤル語群）の「寒い」を表す形式にはgəhiraq型、məsəkinut型、tələtu型の3つの型が見られる。それぞれの型について、アタヤル語と系統的に最も近い言語であるセデック語における同源語を特定し、それぞれの型の起源を探る。まずアタヤル語のgəhiraq型については、Rinax集落（ツオレ方言系）に見られる gihaq「北」に関連がある。セデック語における同源語は ribaq「山の裏側」である（アタヤル語群祖語は*Ribaqまたは*Rihaq）。Rinax集落における「寒い」はそこから派生されたka-gihaaqである。早期の形式は ka-gihaq と再建され、語根gihaqに対し化石接尾辞が挿入されたと考えられる（その後rは同一母音間で脱落）。他の集落においては gihaq となった後でr が y に変わった。そしてさらに前次末音節の母音が弱化しgəhiyaqを得た。この語は「寒い」としては形態的にも意味的にも改新を経ている。次にməsəkinut型については、セデック祖語に*səkəyと再建されうる形式があり、意味は「寒い」である。これはアタヤル語məsəkinut型の同源語であり、アタヤル祖語では*səkəyの語尾yを削除し化石接尾辞-nutを付加した。アタヤル語群祖語において本来「寒い」を意味した語はこの*səkəyである。最後にアタヤル語のtələtu型はセデック祖語の同源語に*tə-ləətə（後に*tə-ləətuに変化）という同源語があり「冷たい」という意味である。アタヤル語でもtələtu型は本来「冷たい」を表していた。以上よりアタヤル語群祖語における「寒い」は*mə-səkəy、「冷たい」は*tə-ləətəと再建される。Atayalic languages (Austronesian) include two languages Atayal and Seediq. This paper reconstructs Proto-Atayalic form expressing coldness: “cold of an environment” and “cold of a thing.” Atayal has two dialects, Squliq Atayal and C’uli’ Atayal, and each dialect has a different form for “cold of an environment.” Squliq Atayal has gəhiraq and C’uli’ Atayal has məsəkinut, although some villages of C’uli’ Atayal have adopted Squliq Atayal form. In addition, both Atayal dialects have another form tələtu as the word for “cold of environment.” However, the original meaning of tələtu is “cold of a things” as this is supported by the cognates in Proto-Seediq, *tələətə (> *tələətu), and its meaning “cold of a thing.” For məsəkinut in C’uli’ Atayal, this paper argues that it is a cognate of the Proto-Seediq *səkəy. This C’uli’ form məsəkinut can be separated into two parts: səki and nut. The former element shows the reflex of *səkəy but the schwa in the final syllable underwent assimilation to the following y and became i in Proto-Atayal, i.e., *səkiy. The latter element nut could be a fossilized suffix. The final consonant y is deleted, and the suffix is added, resulting in səki-nut. The Proto-Atayalic form is constructed as *səkəy “cold of environment.” The Squliq Atayal form gəhiraq is derived from an Atayal form *Rihaq “the back side of the mountain.” An C’uli’ Atayal form for “cold” is gihaq, which is analyzed to include a fossilized infix . This infix is known to date back to *. The Squliq Atayal form gəhiyaq underwent several phonological changes from the earlier form gihaq. Finally, the Proto-Atayalic has *səkəy and *tələ(ʔ)ətə/*tələʔtə, which means “cold of an environment” and “cold of a thing,” respectively.departmental bulletin pape
6ヶ月間の「ちくだいKIP体操プログラム」がコロナ禍の児童の身体形態と体力に及ぼす影響
Get PDFapplication/pdf本研究は一般社団法人ちくだいKIP による6 ヶ月間（週1 回程度、全22 回）の体操プログラムが上士幌町在住の小学1 年生から3 年生（18 名）の身体形態と体力に及ぼす影響について調査することを目的とした。介入前後で身長、体重、大腿長の値は有意に増加したが(p<0.01)、大腿周囲径と大腿前部筋厚には統計的な変化は認められなかった。しかしながら、筋厚は参加者18 名中11 名～ 12 名において介入前後で増加した。新体力テストにおいて全ての項目で介入後に平均値が増加、握力以外の項目で有意に増加した（p<0.05, p<0.01）。体力測定値は全ての項目において、介入前では同年齢期の令和元年度の全国平均値を下回っていたものの、介入後には上体起こし、長座体前屈、反復横跳び、立ち幅跳びにおいて全国平均値を上回った。当該プログラムの実施は、新型コロナウィルス感染症（以下、コロナ）の影響下においても明確に体力を向上させた。子どもが運動に対してポジティブな感情を抱き、日常の行動が変容することで効果が高まった。運動プログラムの内容は、子どもの夢中を引き出すために遊びの要素を強めたものであり、それでいて走運動と全身筋力に焦点を当てたプログラムであることが重要であると考える。The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a 6-months (about once a week, 22 times in total) special exercise program in modifying the physical morphology and fitness of children who were living in Kamishihoro Town. The subjects included 18 children aged 6~9years. Height, weight, and thigh length increased significantly before and after the intervention (p <0.01), but there were no statistical changes in thigh circumference and anterior thigh muscle thickness. However, muscle thickness increased in 11-12 out of 18 subjects. In the results of “New physical fitness test”, the mean value increased in all tests after the intervention. and significantly increased except grip strength (p <0.05, p <0.01). Before the intervention, all test values were below the national average in the same age period, but after the intervention, the Abdominal exercise, the Bending forward flexibility, the Repeated side jumps, and the Standing long jumps were above the national average. This program clearly made improvements of physical fitness even during the COVID-19 pandemic. The contents of several exercise programs are to emphasize playing to pull out children’s engrossment, and it is important to have programs that focus on running exercise and whole-body strength.departmental bulletin pape
Aerobic ammonia removal with heterotrophic nitrification and denitrification of Alcaligenes faecalis strain No.4 to mitigate nitrogenous pollution caused by piggery wastewater: a feasibility study
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe ammonia removal ability of heterotrophic bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis strain No.4 isolated from sewage sludge was examined in a batch operation to mitigate ammonia from piggery wastewater, consequently preventing pollution by the inflow of wastewater from piggeries adjacent to rivers. If this process works functionally, it can be effective in controlling nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrate (NO3-) emissions derived from animal agriculture, the heterotrophic nitrifying and the aerobic denitrifying effect of A. faecalis strain No.4 on high-strength ammonium (NH4+-N) were evaluated in wastewater collected from a piggery. The removal rate by A. faecalis strain No.4 on high-strength ammonium (NH4+-N) was 0.97 kg N/m3/day which was more than 100 fold greater than that achieved using conventional aerobic nitrification and anaerobic denitrification processes. An aerobic one-step denitrification system using A. faecalis strain No.4 can be proposed to remove ammonia and phytopathogens from piggery wastewater with high efficiency and prevent water pollution in adjacent rivers.journal articl
Molecular survey of bovine Babesia species in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in Mongolia
Get PDFapplication/pdfBovine babesiosis, which is caused by species of genus Babesia, is a leading cause of considerable economic losses to the cattle industry each year. Bovine Babesia species have frequently been detected in non-cattle hosts, such as water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), from which the parasites can be transmitted by ticks to cattle. Therefore, Babesia infections should be minimized not only in cattle but also in non-cattle carriers. In the present study, we surveyed the Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in Mongolia for three clinically significant bovine Babesia species, including Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and Babesia sp. Mymensingh, which had been detected previously in Mongolian cattle. We screened blood DNA samples from 305 Bactrian camels in six Mongolian provinces for these species, using parasite-specific PCR assays. Our findings showed that the Bactrian camels in Mongolia were infected with all three Babesia species surveyed. The overall positive rates of B. bovis, B. bigemina, and Babesia sp. Mymensingh were 32.1%, 21.6%, and 24.3%, respectively, whereas 52.5% of the surveyed animals were infected with at least one parasite species. We also found that the female Bactrian camels and the Mongolian native camel breed had significantly higher Babesia positive rates than the male Bactrian camels and the Hos Zogdort breed. In Mongolia, cattle and Bactrian camels usually share common pasture lands for grazing; furthermore, tick species infesting cattle also infest Bactrian camels. Our findings, together with these observations, suggest that the tick transmission of bovine Babesia species might be possible between cattle and Bactrian camels. Therefore, strategies for the control of bovine babesiosis in Mongolia should include methods to minimize bovine Babesia species infections in Bactrian camels.journal articl
Artiodactyl livestock species have a uniform vomeronasal system with a vomeronasal type 1 receptor (V1R) pathway
Get PDFapplication/pdfArtiodactyl livestock animals have a vomeronasal system that detects pheromones. Vomeronasal receptors comprise type 1 (V1R) coupled with G protein α-i2 (Gαi2) and type 2 (V2R) coupled with G protein α-o (Gαo). Laboratory rodents have two segregated V1R and V2R pathways that reach separately to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). In contrast, the AOBs of goats and sheep are entirely positive for Gαi2, indicating that they have only the V1R pathway. However, we detected a few V2R genes in the genome of cattle, goats, sheep and pigs by genome assembly. Thus, we immunohistochemically analyzed the AOBs of cattle and pigs to confirm which type of the vomeronasal system is present in artiodactyl livestock species. The glomerular layer of the AOB in cattle and pigs was entirely positive for anti-Gαi2 and weakly positive for anti-Gαo, as in the V1R uniform type of vomeronasal system in other mammal species. These findings indicated that artiodactyl livestock species have a uniform type of vomeronasal system composing the V1R pathway. Therefore, caution is advised when extrapolating knowledge of laboratory rodents with two vomeronasal pathways to livestock animals that have one. © 2022 Elsevier Ltdjournal articl
Pollination Contribution Differs among Insects Visiting Cardiocrinum cordatum Flowers
Get PDFapplication/pdf(1) Background: Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Liliaceae) is a forest perennial herb distributed in East Asia. Although flower visitors for this plant species have been well reported, their contribution to pollination remains unknown. (2) Methods: We evaluated pollination contribution for visitors of C. cordatum flowers in a natural cool temperate forest. We investigated visiting frequency, the number of pollen grains per body surface, fruit set, and the mean number of seeds per fruit produced after a single visit of each visiting species. Combining the results of these experiments, we determined the most important pollinators of this species. (3) Results: For the population investigated in the study, the three most essential pollinators were the bumblebee (Bombus diversus tersatus) (Apidae), sweat bee (Halictidae sp.), and marmalade hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) (Syrphidae). Additionally, we found that the contribution of a flower-visiting ant species (Myrmica ruginodis Nylander (s.l.)) (Formicidae) is small. (4) Conclusions: Pollinator contributions differed among flower visitors. Our results underscore the insufficiency of current information about flower-visiting species to evaluate pollination contribution.journal articl
Dry-aged beef manufactured in Japan: Microbiota identification and their effects on product characteristics
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