Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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エゾタヌキNyctereutes viverrinus albusの溜め糞場の存在は他の動物種の行動に影響を及ぼすか？
Get PDFapplication/pdf生態系の群集構造が維持される機構を理解する上で、様々な生物種間の複雑な関係性を明らかにすることは重要であり、これには直接的なものだけではなく、動物の行動によって形成された副産物がもたらす間接的なものが存在する。タヌキは、複数個体が特定の場所に排糞をする溜め糞行動を行い、これによって溜め糞場と呼ばれる糞塊が形成される。溜め糞場の存在がシカの行動に影響を与えることが先行研究で示唆されているものの、他の様々な動物種へ与える影響は明らかではなく、溜め糞場を介したタヌキと他動物種との関係性は不明である。そこで本研究では、タヌキの溜め糞場が他動物種に与える影響を明らかにするため、2021年5月11日～10月18日の期間において、北海道足寄町の九州大学北海道演習林内に自動撮影カメラを設置し、溜め糞場における動物の行動観察を行った。その結果、タヌキを除く5種および4グループの動物が撮影され、このうち、シカ、キツネ、ヒグマ、ヤマシギ、カラ類、カラス類において溜め糞場における行動が観察された。シカ、キツネ、ヒグマでは臭い嗅ぎ行動が観察され、3種が溜め糞場に対して関心を持つことが示された。また、シカ、キツネ、ヤマシギ、カラ類、カラス類においては摂食行動が観察され、シカは溜め糞場に生育した草本植物を、キツネおよび鳥類では糞中に発生した昆虫類を摂食していることが示された。さらに、キツネが溜め糞場においてマーキングする様子が確認でき、キツネとタヌキが溜め糞場を介して情報を共有していることが示唆された。本研究の結果から、タヌキの溜め糞場は、タヌキ以外の動物に適宜利用されており、生物の種間関係に間接的に影響を及ぼすことが明らかになった。To understand how the community structures are maintained within ecosystems, the complicated relationships between various organisms must be elucidated. In ecosystems, there are often indirect interspecific interactions between organisms, which occur without direct contact. For instance, it is suspected that the latrines (fecal masses) of Japanese raccoon dogs, which are frequently found in the forests of Hokkaido, Japan, are avoided by sika deer would have avoided the latrines (fecal masses). To clarify the effects of these latrines on the ecosystem, automatic video cameras were used to observe the behaviors of wild animals at the latrines from May 5 to October 18, 2021, in the Hokkaido Research Forest of Kyushu University, Ashoro, Hokkaido, Japan. We successfully recorded the behaviors of sika deer, red fox, brown bear, mountain hare, murids, Eurasian woodcock, Colunbidae, Paridae, and Corvidae. Of them, we successfully recorded the behaviors of sika deer, red fox, brown bear, Eurasian woodcock, Paridae, and Corvidae. The sika deer, red fox, and brown bear smelled the latrine, showing their interests in the Japanese raccoon dog fecal information. The latrines also provided food resources for other animals, as the sika deer fed on the grasses growing in the latrine, and the red fox, Eurasian woodcock, Paridae, and Corvidae consumed insects in the fecal masses. Moreover, the red fox showed ‘marking behavior’ for the latrine, suggesting that the Japanese raccoon dog and red fox may use them to share information. The results indicate that the latrines of Japanese raccoon dogs are useful to other animals and indirectly affect their behaviors.departmental bulletin pape
Evolution of milk oligosaccharides: Origin and selectivity of the ratio of milk oligosaccharides to lactose among mammals
Get PDFapplication/pdfBackground
The carbohydrate fraction of mammalian milk is constituted of lactose and oligosaccharides, most of which contain a lactose unit at their reducing ends. Although lactose is the predominant saccharide in the milk of most eutherians, oligosaccharides significantly predominate over lactose in the milk of monotremes and marsupials.
Scope of review
This review describes the most likely process by which lactose and milk oligosaccharides were acquired during the evolution of mammals and the mechanisms by which these saccharides are digested and absorbed by the suckling neonates.
Major conclusions
During the evolution of mammals, c-type lysozyme evolved to α-lactalbumin. This permitted the biosynthesis of lactose by modulating the substrate specificity of β4galactosyltransferase 1, thus enabling the concomitant biosynthesis of milk oligosaccharides through the activities of several glycosyltransferases using lactose as an acceptor. In most eutherian mammals the digestion of lactose to glucose and galactose is achieved through the action of intestinal lactase (β-galactosidase), which is located within the small intestinal brush border. This enzyme, however, is absent in neonatal monotremes and macropod marsupials. It has therefore been proposed that in these species the absorption of milk oligosaccharides is achieved by pinocytosis or endocytosis, after which digestion occurs through the actions of several lysosomal acid glycosidases. This process would enable the milk oligosaccharides of monotremes and marsupials to be utilized as a significant energy source for the suckling neonates.
General significance
The evolution and significance of milk oligosaccharides is discussed in relation to the evolution of mammals.journal articl
Molecular survey of Babesia, Theileria, Trypanosoma, and Anaplasma infections in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Egyp
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) or dromedary is an economically important domestic animal. However, infectious diseases, including those caused by vector-borne hemopathogens, frequently compromise the health and production of camels. In this study, we examined infections caused by Babesia, Theileria, Trypanosoma, and Anaplasma species in camels in Egypt. We analyzed blood DNA samples from 148 camels reared in six Egyptian governorates (Giza, Asyut, Sohag, Qena, Luxor, and the Red Sea) using pathogen-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. Our results indicated that 29 (19.6%), 22 (14.9%), 1 (0.7%), 2 (1.4%), 1 (0.7%), 2 (1.4%), and 28 (18.9%) of the surveyed animals were infected with Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, Babesia sp. Mymensingh, Theileria sp. Yokoyama, Theileria equi, Trypanosoma evansi, and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. We found that a total of 68 (45.9%) animals were infected with at least one of the detected hemopathogens. Sequencing analyses of PCR amplicons confirmed our diagnostic results. This study is the first to report Theileria sp. Yokoyama and Babesia sp. Mymensingh in Egypt. This is also the first report of infection with these two species in one-humped camel. In conclusion, this study found that camels in Egypt are infected with several vector-borne hemopathogens, including novel parasite species.journal articl
Suitable indicator of heat stress for genetic evaluation of heat tolerance in Holstein cows in Japan
Get PDFapplication/pdfOnly a few, principal, weather stations in Japanese prefectures have the daily humidity records required to calculate the temperature–humidity index (THI) as a dairy cow heat-stress indicator. We compared three heat-stress indices: (1) THI calculated from daily average temperature and daily relative humidity at a principal weather station (PTHI); (2) daily average temperature at each herd's closest local weather station (TEMP); and (3) THI calculated from daily average temperature at each herd's closest local weather station and daily relative humidity at the principal weather station (HTHI). We used daily records from 532 provincial weather stations and test-day records of milk production from Days 6 to 305 post-first-calving in Holsteins to compare the indices as indicators of heat-stress effects on milk yield and somatic cell score (SCS). The models used the BLUPF90 package to analyze the effects of herd–year, calving age, days in milk, and PTHI, TEMP, or HTHI. We estimated each model's mean square error (MSE) and compared suitabilities among indices for each trait. TEMP heat-stress thresholds were ~18°C (milk yield) and 15–20°C (SCS). The MSE of the HTHI model was the smallest, but no significant differences were found among the indices for milk yield. © 2022 Japanese Society of Animal Science.journal articl
Seed Mucilage Promotes Dispersal of Plantago asiatica Seeds by Facilitating Attachment to Shoes
Get PDFapplication/pdfUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying seed dispersal is a fundamental issue in plant ecology and vegetation management. Several species demonstrate myxospermy, a phenomenon where the seeds form mucilage after absorbing water. Mucilage is thought to act as a glue, enabling seeds to attach to the external surfaces of dispersing agents. However, there have been no quantitative investigations of the efficacy of this function of seed mucilage. We performed a trampling and walking experiment to investigate the seed dispersal of a perennial herb, Asian plantain (Plantago asiatica L.), which forms polysaccharide mucilage upon hydration. Our experiment showed that: (1) after trampling, more seeds of P. asiatica attached to shoes in wet conditions (after rainfall), in which seed mucilage was created, than in dry conditions (no rainfall); and (2) after walking for 1000 m, more seeds remained attached to shoes in wet conditions than in dry conditions. Our results indicate that mucilage promotes the adherence of seeds to the surface of vectors. We therefore provide the first empirical evidence that seed mucilage facilitates epizoochory and human-mediated dispersal.journal articl
Vaccine development based on gene-edited parasite of Neospora caninum and identification of drug candidates from wild medical plants for control of protozoan infection
Get PDF帯広畜産大学博士（獣医）2022application/pdf博士学位論文大学院畜産学研究科獣医学専攻Doctoral Program of Veterinary Sciencesdoctoral thesi
ホルスタイン種育成牛の血漿中代謝ホルモン濃度に及ぼす血管作動性腸管ポリペプチド(VIP) の影響
Get PDFapplication/pdf血管作動性腸管ポリペプチド(VIP) は，1902 年にブタの血管から単離され発見された消化管ホルモンである。しかしながら，VIP の投与が副腎皮質系のエネルギー代謝に与える影響を調べた研究はin vitro を除いてほとんど行われていない。そのため，本研究では育成牛へのVIP 投与が血中グルコース，遊離脂肪酸（NEFA），インスリン，およびコルチゾール濃度に与える影響を調べた。VIP は各育成牛に頸静脈カテーテルから10μg/kg BW を投与した。血中グルコースおよびNEFA 濃度はほぼ一定の濃度で推移しており，対照区と比較して有意差は認められなかった。血中インスリン濃度は投与後15 ～ 30 分にかけて対照区と比較して僅かに高い値を示したものの，有意差は観察されなかった。しかしながら，血中コルチゾール濃度は対照区と比較して投与後10，20 (P<0.01) および30(P<0.05) 分において有意な上昇が観察された。グルコースおよびびNEFA の変化を伴わないコルチゾール濃度の上昇が認められたことから，VIP 投与による血中グルコースおよびNEFA 濃度の増加に副腎皮質系経路のエネルギー代謝作用が関与していないことが判明した。Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a gastrointestinal hormone isolated and discovered in pig blood vessels in 1902. However, few studies have investigated the effects of VIP administration on energy metabolism in the adrenocortical system, except in vitro. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of VIP administration to calves on plasma glucose, NEFA, insulin, and cortisol concentrations. VIP administered 10 μg / kg BW to each calf via a jugular vein catheter. Plasma glucose and NEFA concentrations remained almost constant, and no significant difference was observed compared to the control group. The plasma insulin concentration was slightly higher than that of the control group from 15 to 30 minutes after administration, but no significant difference was observed. However, a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration was observed at 10, 20 (P <0.01) and 30 (P <0.05) minutes after administration compared to the control group. An increase in cortisol concentration without changes in glucose and NEFA was observed, indicating that the energy metabolism of the adrenocortical pathway is not involved in the increase in blood glucose and NEFA concentration due to VIP administration.departmental bulletin pape
Healthy lifestyle education in the CLIL classroom
Get PDFapplication/pdfScientific studies have shown that poor health can lead to lower academic achievement and poor class attendance in school. Teachers report improvements in attendance, attention, behavior, and levels of concentration in schools where healthy eating has become accepted practice. Research also shows that healthy lifestyle habits during adolescence can prevent many of the diseases and disabilities in adulthood and later. Health economists affirm that people with a better education are more likely to choose a healthier lifestyle. Considering this evidence, it is strongly suggested that education on how to have a healthy lifestyle be a mandatory subject for all students – and the younger, the better. However, given the time and curriculum constraints of most schools, this is not an easy goal to achieve. Accordingly, this paper shows how Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (OUAVM) has incorporated healthy lifestyle education as a content and language integrated learning (CLIL) course in the English program. CLIL, which has other definitions, is a teaching method that involves teaching students about a given subject in a foreign language. It has become the umbrella term for simultaneously learning a content-based subject, such as lifestyle health, through the medium of a foreign language, while concurrently improving one’s ability in the foreign language by using it to study the given subject. This paper shows how this integration can be done practically by incorporating eight natural laws of health from the NEWSTART Lifestyle program into a health course also categorized as an English course at OUAVM.科学的研究によると、健康状態が悪いと学業成績が低下し、学校への出席率が低下する可能性があります。教師は、健康的な食事が受け入れられるようになった学校での出席、注意、行動、集中力のレベルの改善を報告しています。研究はまた、青年期の健康的な生活習慣が成人期以降の多くの病気や障害を予防できることを示しています。医療経済学者は、より良い教育を受けた人々はより健康的なライフスタイルを選択する可能性が高いと断言しています。この証拠を考慮すると、健康的なライフスタイルを実現する方法に関する教育は、すべての学生にとって必須の科目であることが強く推奨されます。ただし、ほとんどの学校の時間とカリキュラムの制約を考えると、これを達成するのは簡単な目標ではありません。したがって、この論文は、帯広畜産大学（OUAVM）がどのように英語プログラムの内容言語統合型学習（CLIL）コースとして健康的なライフスタイル教育を組み込んだかを示しています。他の定義を持つCLILは、外国語で特定の主題について学生に教えることを含む教授法です。これは、ライフスタイルの健康などのコンテンツベースの科目を、外国語を介して同時に学習すると同時に、外国語を使用して特定の科目を学習することで外国語の能力を向上させるための総称になっています。この論文は、NEWSTARTライフスタイルプログラムからの8つの自然法則を、同じくOUAVMの英語コースとして分類されている健康コースに組み込むことによって、この統合が実際にどのように行われるかを示しています。departmental bulletin pape