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Assessment of the Impact of Coffee Waste as an Alternative Feed Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation and Methane Emissions in an In Vitro Study
Get PDFapplication/pdfSpent coffee waste is the most common by-product of coffee processing, and it has the potential to be used as a source of organic compounds for ruminant diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal inclusion level and method for using spent coffee waste (SCW) as a ruminant feed and investigate its effects on rumen fermentation characteristics and methane (CH4) production. The present in vitro batch culture study was conducted using two different experimental designs. The first experimental design (TRIAL. 1) was performed using a control diet of 500 mg of fresh matter basal diet (60% hay/40% concentrate), with SCW being used as a feed additive at 1%, 10% and 20% of the substrate. The second experimental design was performed using the same control diet, with spent coffee waste replacing either part of the hay (TRIAL. 2) or some of the concentrate mixture (TRIAL. 3) at four different dosages (30:70, 50:50, 70:30 and 100). When SCW was supplemented as a feed additive, there were increases in the production of volatile fatty acids and gas; however, it did not show any suppressive effects on CH4 production. In contrast, when SCW was included as a replacement for hay or concentrate, there were significant reductions in CH4 production with increasing levels of SCW inclusion. These reductions in CH4 production were accompanied by negative effects on nutrient digestibility and total volatile fatty acid production. These findings demonstrate that SCW could potentially be used as a prebiotic feed additive. Additionally, when SCW is used as a replacement for silage at 70:30 and 50:50 dosages appear to be feasible as a substitute for animal feed (hay and concentrate).journal articl
EU における農業環境事業の概要と生物多様性保全におけるその有効性
Get PDFapplication/pdfヨーロッパにおける農業環境事業 (Agri-environmental schemes) は、農業者がみずからの農地で行う環境の向上に資する行為にたいして、当該農業者に報酬を支給する環境支払いの一つである。EU 加盟の27 ヶ国だけでなく、EU 離脱後のイギリスや非加盟国のスイスやノルウェーでも実施されているので、農業環境事業は、ヨーロッパにおける広範囲な農業景観の生物多様性を保つ重要な政策手段となっている。農地はEU 全面積の42％を占めるため、農地での生物多様性の保全は、EU 全土における生物多様性の保全にも結びつく。このことから、農業環境事業は、EU 全域における生物多様性を保全するうえでも重要な役割を果たす。事業が導入されたのは1992 年である。第２次世界大戦後に急速に拡がった化学肥料や殺虫剤・枯草剤などの多投入と家畜の多頭飼育は農業の集約化を招き、農村の景観の美しさや生物多様性を喪失させただけでなく、農業起源の深刻な地下水汚染を引き起こした。これが農業にたいする危惧と厳しい世論をまきおこし、EU の共通農業政策（CAP）に対する一大改革であったマクシャリー改革（1992 年）に、現在につらなる農業環境事業が取り入れる圧力となった。事業は、農業景観とそこでの生物多様性の保全にくわえて、硝酸塩窒素による水系汚染の防止をEU 共通の主要な目標としている。一方、農業環境事業の実施設計は加盟国に任されているので、実施される内容や重点は加盟国によって様々である。北西ヨーロッパの加盟国の農業環境事業の共通点は、農業者が広く参加できるオプションと、対象となる環境や目的を絞った、より高度なオプションの２層から構成されていることである。ただイギリスの構成国の一つであるイングランドが生物多様性を前面に出しているのに対して、北西ヨーロッパの大陸諸国は農業の粗放化が前面に出ているという違いがある。イングランドでは多くの農家が参加できる第１層から生物多様性への対策を細かく規定するのに対して、大陸の諸国では第１層での生物多様性への対策は、粗放化による間接的なものが多いという点で蓋然的であり、より具体的には第２層が担う。農業環境事業には莫大な予算が投じられていて、その成否が欧州の生物多様性を守る上で極めて重要であることから、その有効性が厳しく問われている。このことを受けて、有機農業もしくは農業環境事業の有効性をメタアナリシスという分析手法によって総合的に検討した５つの論文は、有機農業であれ農業環境事業であれ、いずれも生物の種数もしくは存在量（個体数や質量）を有意に高めていることを確認した。Agri-environmental schemes (AESs) are a sort of environmental payment that rewards farmers for their contribution to enhance environment and landscape values on their farm land. AESs implemented in EU are the major policy for the conservation of wild animals and plants in agricultural landscape. Since the agricultural land in EU accounts for 42% of its territorial area, the success of AESs is crucial to enhance biodiversity not only in farmed area but in whole land of EU. AESs are being operated in 28 member-countries of EU before withdrawal of UK and two non-member countries of EU, Swiss and Norway. The rapid intensification of agriculture after World War II deprived the farm land of biodiversity and caused contamination of underground water due to increased agri-chemical use and rearing greater number of livestock. These problems imposed the MacSharry reform on the adoption of AESs over the whole land of EU in 1992. AESs consist of two groups of options, one aims to extensificaton of farming and transition to organic farming, and the other aims to the protection of biodiversity on the farmland. The budget allocated to AEMs is so huge and important to protect biodiversity on the farmland that the efficacy of them has been widely examined. Five articles reviewed here analysed AESs and organic farming through meta-analyses whether they brought positive effects on enhancing biodiversity on the farmland, and all concluded AESs and organic farming effectively raise both/either species richness and/or abundance there.departmental bulletin pape
Monitor and modulate immune responses in bovine mastitis to improve antibiotic stewardship and efficiency in milk production
Get PDF帯広畜産大学博士（農学）2022application/pdfThe major reason for giving dairy cows antibiotics is to prevent or treat mastitis, but among these therapies, some are probably unnecessary or inefficient. This thesis aimed to improve antibiotic stewardship in mastitis control. In Chapter 1, we investigated the usefulness of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT). SDCT reduced antibiotic use by 33%, but poor herd hygiene and shortened duration of external teat sealant adherence led to increased risks of dry-period intramammary infections (IMI). In Chapter 2, we investigated the dynamics of somatic cell score (SCS) and macrophage proportion (MAC; equivalent to 100 – differential somatic cell count [DSCC]) during mastitis and their effects on the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Results showed positive associations between SCS, MAC, and CMT scores. The high MAC during healing and chronic stages of mastitis may cause samples with relatively low SCS to show positive CMT reactions. In Chapter 3, we used generalized additive models (GAM) to estimate the nonlinear interaction between SCS and DSCC and its effect on milk production. Milk loss and composition change were severe in cows with high SCS and low DSCC. Especially for high-parity cows, milk yields were reduced by half. In Chapter 4, we investigated how the severity and causative pathogen of mastitis influence immune responses. We found a sharp drop in the albumin/globulin ratio after severe mastitis occurred, and that blood leukocyte count changed drastically in coliform or severe mastitis, slightly increased in streptococcal mastitis but remained stable in staphylococcal mastitis. There was a pathogen-dependent, non-linear relationship between DSCC and SCS. When cows recovering from Streptococcus dysgalatiae mastitis, DSCC decreased while SCS remained high, indicating a healing process with a large number of macrophages involved. In Chapter 5, we conducted two experiments to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of chitosan on preventing dry period IMI and recurrent clinical mastitis. The oral administration of chitosan failed to modulate cows’ immune systems or to benefit mastitis management. To summarize, to implement SDCT, sound herd hygiene and the concurrent use of teat sealants are required to prevent new IMI. Treatment of clinical mastitis should not be extended solely based on a positive CMT reaction. Instead, a milk culture test is necessary to determine the cure for mastitis. Since the immune response in mastitis differs depending on the causative pathogen and severity, treatment should be planned correspondingly. The damage of chronic IMI, characterized by high SCS and low DSCC, to milk yield is most significant in high-parity cows. Antibiotics may be ineffective in this case, early drying and culling should thus be considered. We believe antibiotic use in mastitis control can benefit from our findings but further research efforts are required.乳房炎は、酪農産業に最大の経済的損失をもたらす疾病の一つであり、従前から、抗菌性物質がその被害の低減、すなわち、乳房炎の治療や予防に用いられてきた。しかし、近年、生産性の向上と共に抗菌性物質の慎重使用が求められている。本研究は、乳房炎における免疫応答の監視と調節を通し、抗菌性物質の使用削減および生産性向上を目的として行われた。第1章では、日本における選択的乾乳期治療(SDCT)の有用性を検討した。SDCTを用いた場合、盲目的に行われている乾乳期治療と比べ、抗菌性物質の使用が約33%減少した。SDCTの成功の要因として、新たな乾乳期乳腺感染を防ぐため、乾乳期の環境衛生管理と内部乳頭シーラントの注入の必要性が示された。また、治療の必要性を正確に判断するための検査法の精度の検討も必要と考えられた。そこで、第2章では、乳汁体細胞スコア(SCS)とマクロファージの割合がCMT変法の結果に及ぼす影響を調査した。SCSとマクロファージの割合はどちらもCMTスコアと正の相関があった。乳房炎の回復期と慢性期において、マクロファージの割合が高くなるため、SCSが低くてもCMT変法の陽性反応を引き起こす可能性が明らかとなった。この結果から、単独にCMT変法を用いて乳房炎の回復状況を判断するのは危険であり、また、慢性乳房炎の摘発にはCMT変法が有用であることが示された。慢性乳房炎が乳量への被害を引き起こす可能性が従前から指摘されてきたが、詳細に検証されていなかった。第3章では、体細胞数および種別体細胞数（DSCC；多形核好中球とリンパ球の割合；％）と乳量の関係を検討し、乳房炎の各ステージにおける乳量の変化を調査した。SCSとDSCCが両方とも高い（初期乳房炎）牛では乳量の減少はほとんど見られなかったが、SCSが高くDSCCが低い（慢性乳房炎）牛では乳量の損失が深刻であった。乳房炎のステージによって、乳牛の生産性が大きく変化し、乳房炎における免疫応答は生産性に深刻な影響を及ぼすことが明らかとなった。第4章では、乳房炎の重症度と原因菌が牛の免疫応答に与える影響を調査した。大腸菌群や重度の乳房炎では、白血球数の急激な上昇が見られたが、ブドウ球菌による乳房炎では変化が認められなかった。重度の乳房炎ではA/G比が急激に低下し、この低下は乳生産の低下にも関連していると考えられた。第3章と第4章により、効率的な乳生産を達成するには、重症度と慢性乳房炎をコントロールする必要がある。しかし、乳房炎が慢性期に推移すると、抗菌性物質の効果が低下すると言われ、抗菌性物質の適正使用を達成するには、免疫療法など抗菌性物質に代わる治療法が必要であると考えられる。そこで、第5章では、乾乳期乳腺感染と乳房炎再発予防に対するキトサンの免疫調節効果を評価した。しかし、キトサンによる乾乳期乳腺感染と乳房炎の発生抑制は認められず、免疫機能の調節効果も認められなかった。
以上の結果から、乳房炎の病態により、免疫応答が異なることが判明し、ＣＭＴ変法、SCS、DSCCおよびA/G比などの動態から、生産性に問題のある慢性や重度の乳房炎の個体を特定できる可能性が示唆された。このことは、乳房炎対策における治療や淘汰方針の確立に有効である。また、適切な治療や淘汰などの牛群管理は抗菌性物質の使用削減および生産性の向上につながると考えられた。doctoral thesi
Research on the virucidal activity of theaflavins-enriched tea leaf extract against influenza A virus and human norovirus surrogates
Get PDF帯広畜産大学博士（獣医学）2022application/pdf博士学位論文
大学院畜産学研究科 獣医学専攻
Doctoral Program of Veterinary Sciencedoctoral thesi
Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analyses of Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in Livestock in Bangladesh
Get PDFapplication/pdfPiroplasmosis, caused by Babesia spp. and Theileria spp., poses significant constraints for livestock production and upgradation in Bangladesh. Besides examining blood smears, few molecular reports are available from some selected areas in the country. Therefore, the actual scenario of piroplasmosis in Bangladesh is deficient. This study aimed to screen the piroplasms in different livestock species by molecular tools. A total of 276 blood samples were collected from cattle (Bos indicus), gayals (Bos frontalis) and goats (Capra hircus) in five geographies of Bangladesh. After that, screening was conducted through a polymerase chain reaction, and species were confirmed by sequencing. The prevalence of Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, B. naoakii, B. ovis, Theileria annulata and T. orientalis was 49.28%, 0.72%, 1.09%, 32.26%, 6.52% and 46.01%, respectively. The highest prevalence (79/109; 72.48%) of co-infections was observed with B. bigemina and T. orientalis. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences of B. bigemina (BbigRAP-1a), B. bovis (BboSBP-4), B. naoakii (AMA-1), B. ovis (ssu rRNA) and T. annulata (Tams-1) were included in one clade in the respective phylograms. In contrast, T. orientalis (MPSP) sequences were separated into two clades, corresponding to Types 5 and 7. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular report on piroplasms in gayals and goats in Bangladesh. © 2023 by the authors.journal articl
とかちの野生動物コウモリ
Get PDFapplication/pdf世界・日本・北海道のコウモリ
とかちのコウモリ
コウモリの保全Bats in Various Regions
Bats live in Tokachi
Conservation of bats「野生生物保全管理技術養成事業」により作成 https://www.obihiro.ac.jp/biodiversityothe
In Vivo Efficacy of Curcumin and Curcumin Nanoparticle in Trypanosoma congolense, Broden 1904 (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae)-Infected Mice
Get PDFapplication/pdfCurcumin (CUR) is known for its wide folkloric effects on various infections; however, its solubility status has remained a hindrance to its bioavailability in the host. This study evaluated the comparative effects of CUR and CUR-nanoparticle in vitro on T. congolense, T. b. brucei, and T. evansi. Additionally, CUR and CUR-nanoparticle anti-Trypanosoma efficacy were assessed in vivo against T. congolense. All the CUR-nanoparticles were two folds more effective on the T. congolense as compared to CUR in vitro, with recorded efficacy of 3.67 ± 0.31; 7.61 ± 1.22; and 6.40 ± 3.07 μM, while the CUR-nanoparticles efficacy was 1.56 ± 0.50; 28.16 ± 9.43 and 13.12 ± 0.13 μM on T. congolense, T. b. brucei, and T. evansi, respectively. Both CUR and CUR-nanoparticles displayed moderate efficacy orally. The efficacy of CUR and CUR-nanoparticles in vivo was influenced by solubility, presence of food, and treatment period. CUR-treated mice were not cured of the infection; however, the survival rate of the orally treated mice was significantly prolonged as compared with intraperitoneal-treated mice. CUR-nanoparticles resulted in significant suppression of parasitemia even though relapsed was observed. In conclusion, CUR and CUR-nanoparticles possess moderate efficacy orally on the trypanosomes as compared to the intraperitoneal treatment.journal articl
