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A review of the Development Trend of Personalized learning Technologies and its Applications
Get PDFThis research article was published by International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre) Volume 8, Issue 11, 2022Personalized learning tailors material and strategy to student requirements, interests, and goals in e-learning. These developments help educational institutions and other organizations to keep up with the fast pace of information technology, communications, and computing power. Studies show that self-adaptive learning and relevant learning information improve study efficiency.Compared to traditional teaching methods, the practice of online education is well in its infancy. On the other hand, the pedagogy and evaluation of students in online courses have a large gap that has to be filled, necessitating significant improvements in e-learning. We call this approach to education "personalized learning," which is a central focus of today's leading online education platforms. Several studies have been conducted on e-learning and personalized learning, but few investigated the development trend of personalized learning technologies and applications. Therefore this study examines the literature to close the gap and promote the development trend for personalized learning technologies and applications in higher education from 2010 to 2021 by analyzing related journal articles. The pivotal studies used inclusion criteria after a searchgenerated 372 complete research articles and reduced them to 146 publications based on their proposed learning domains and research themes. Through carefully reviewing current trends and successes in numerous aspects of personalized learning, this discussion analyzes prospective future research directions in the field of personalized learning
Taenia multiceps in Northern Tanzania: An Important but Preventable Disease Problem in Pastoral and Agropastoral Farming Systems
Get PDFThis research article was published in the Journal of Parasitologia Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022Coenurosis due to Taenia multiceps has emerged as a major concern to small ruminant-owning communities in northern Tanzania. Although a high incidence of disease has been reported, gaps still remain in our knowledge of the disease problem across different agro-ecological settings. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of coenurosis in small ruminants and taeniid infection in dogs and identify risk factors for infection. Questionnaire surveys, postmortem examination of small ruminants, and coproscopic examination of dog faeces were used to collect data on reported coenurosis cases and taeniid infections, respectively. The twelve-month period prevalence of coenurosis in small ruminants was 8.4% (95% CI 8.2–8.6). The prevalence of taeniid infection in dogs was 12.5% (95% CI 9.1–17.4). The village-level prevalence of coenurosis in sheep and goats was significantly correlated with taeniid infection prevalence in dogs (r = 0.51, p = 0.029). Multivariable analysis indicated that home slaughter was significantly associated with the livestock owner-reported neurological syndrome due to coenurosis in sheep and goats (OR = 13.3, 95% CI 4.2–42.0, p < 0.001) and the practice of offering discarded brains to dogs was significantly associated with taeniid infection prevalence in dogs (OR = 2.80, 95% CI 0.98–7.98, p = 0.05). Coenurosis is a major disease problem in livestock-keeping communities of northern Tanzania, but there is little awareness of transmission risks associated with home slaughter and dog feeding practices. There is a need for veterinary and animal health services to engage more actively with communities to increase awareness of the transmission cycle of T. multiceps and the preventive measures that can be taken to reduce the impact of disease in livestock-dependent communities
Tourism SME’s Adoption of Social Media Analytics Tools and Technology
Get PDFThis research article was published by African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure February 2022, Vol 11The study analysed the current state of the adoption of social media analytics (SMA) technology and tools to
tourism small and medium enterprises (SME) in Tanzania and to understand the factors which influence the
adoption of SMA tools to tourism SMEs. SMA became the basic technology in understanding and getting insight
into social media data. Tourism SMEs are among the users of social media platforms. The researcher carried out
the survey in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions to determine the current state of the adoption of SMA to tourism
SMEs. The technology, organization and environment (TOE) framework has been used to determine the factors
that contribute to the adoption of SMA. The study finding shows that many tourism SMEs are using social media
in their business activities however the adoption of SMA is very low, majority of the SMA are not adopting and
using SMA. Technology, organization and environmental factors seem to allow the adoption of SMA to tourism
SMEs. The study contributes to the research body of knowledge on the current status of adoption of SMA to
tourism SMEs and managerial contribution on the factors to determine when tourism SMEs wants to adopt SM
Characterization of Provitamin A Status and Distribution in Commercial Grown Maize Varieties in Tanzania
Get PDFThis research article was published in East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, vol 3, 2022Provitamin A carotenoids are important as precursors for vitamin A, essential for stronger immune system
and eyesight. Consumption of a plant-based diet rich in provitamin A such as provitamin A maize is an
easy and affordable source of vitamin A. The majority of the commercially grown maize varieties in
Tanzania are white whose provitamin A status is uncertain and undocumented. The existing current
information suggests that white maize varieties have low provitamin A, an active form of vitamin A, thus
putting maize consumers at risk of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Characterization of provitamin A status
in commercial maize varieties grown and consumed in Tanzania is important to provide baseline
information required for vitamin A rich-maize improvement programs. Therefore, this study was
conducted to map the status of provitamin A in commercial maize varieties to accrue the information
needed to improve maize nutrition quality toward controlling VAD in the country. The study involved 14
maize varieties including commercial yellow and white pigmented maize from 3 regions of Tanzania. From
maize samples, carotenoid extraction was conducted based on published protocol. The concentration of
beta carotene (BC), beta-cryptoxanthin (BCX), alpha-carotene (AC) were determined by an ultraviolet
spectrophotometer and provitamin A computed for the individual carotenoids components. The study
found that the concentration of provitamin A and associated carotenoids significantly differed (p<0.001)
among varieties studied. The mean concentration (in μg/g) for provitamin A and its components in range
as provitamin A (2.64-6.50), BC (1.91-4.66), BCX (0.649-1.21), and AC (0.819-1.46). The concentrations of
provitamin A in the studied maize varieties were below the recommended levels (15 μg/g). The low
concentrations of provitamin A among commercial maize varieties signify the need for introgressions of
provitamin A in the adapted maize genotypes for ensured intake of vitamin A
Understanding the role of serological and clinical data on assessing the dynamic of malaria transmission: a case study of Bagamoyo district, Tanzania
Get PDFA research article is submitted in Research | Volume 43, Article 60, 07 Oct 2022Introduction: naturally acquired blood-stage malaria antibodies and malaria clinical data have been reported to be useful in monitoring malaria change over time and as a marker of malaria exposure. This study assessed the totalimmunoglobulin G (IgG) levels to Plasmodium falciparum schizont among infants (5-17 months), estimated malaria incidence using routine health
Facility-based surveillance data and predicted trend relation between anti-schizont antibodies and malaria incidence in Bagamoyo. Methods: 252 serum samples were used for assessment of total IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and results were expressed in arbitrary units (AU).147/252 samples were collected in 2021 during a blood-stage malaria vaccine trial [ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04318002], and 105/252 were archived samples of malaria vaccine trial conducted in 2012 [ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00866619]. Malaria incidence was calculated from outpatient clinic data of malaria rapid test or blood smear positive results retrieved from District-Health-Information- Software-2 (DHIS2) between 2013 and 2020. Cross-sectional data from both studies were analyzed using STATA version 14. Results: this study demonstrated a decline in total anti-schizont IgG
levels from 490.21AU in 2012 to 97.07AU in 2021 which was related to a fall in incidence from 58.25 cases/1000 person-year in 2013 to 14.28 cases/1000 person-year in 2020. We also observed a significant difference in incidence when comparing high and low malaria transmission areas and by gender. However, we did not observe differences when comparing total anti-schizont
antibodies by gender and study year.
Conclusion: total anti-schizont antibody levels appear to be an important serological marker of exposure for assessing the dynamic of malaria transmission in infants living in malaria-endemic regions
Recent advances in thermochemical conversion of biomass into drop-in fuel:a review
Get PDFThis research articles was published in Journals Scientific African Volume 7,2022The global evolutional changes towards the use of renewable energy sources for trans-
portation purposes are on the increase in an attempt to mitigate the environmental haz-
ard and the proposed depletion associated with fossil fuel resources. Pyrolysis and hy-
drothermal processes of biomass conversion into renewable biofuels are resulted into the
production of biocrude with high oxygen content due to the presence of large amount of
oxygenates in biomass feedstocks. The presence of oxygen content in bio-oil causes cor-
rosion, low heating value, instability and high viscosity in bio-oil. These challenges have
necessitated the application of upgrading techniques such as catalytic hydrodeoxygenation
process among others. The presence of several oxygenated compounds made the mech-
anisms of bio-oil synthesis difficult and model bio-oil were reviewed to understand the
effects of process parameters and catalysts on aromatic selectivity and conversion. The se-
lectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons was affected by deactivation of catalysts’ active sites.
Coke formation has been identified as one of the common and notorious causes of cata-
lysts’ deactivation which is dependent on the nature of feedstock, conditions of operation
and the nature of catalyst. Therefore, the need to develop, evaluate a structurally and ther-
mally stable catalyst with high catalyst recovery and reusability are of importance in the
quest to depict hydrodeoxygenation process as an excellent technique for bio-oil upgrad-
in
Tree Species Density and Basal Area in Image Forest Reserve, Tanzania
Get PDFA research article was submitted to East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2022Abstract
The tree species density and basal area form structural and functional variables of healthy forest ecosystems. Tree density and basal area are among useful parameters for management of natural forest resources. A study was carried out in Image Forest Reserve (IFR) in 2019 to determine tree species density and basal area. A total of 170 plots measuring 20 m x 40 m were set along the land cover types at an interval of 250 m from each other. Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH - cm) ≥ 5 cm were measured for their DBH at a height of 1.3 m from ground level and used to calculate the basal area (BA) (m2). The tree individuals were used to calculate the density (D). The largest basal area was recorded from forest cover (13 279 m2 ha-1), followed by woodland (4394.09 m2 ha-1), and wooded grassland was the least). The minimum BA was recorded from woodland, while the largest was from forest (6.881 m2 ha-1). In all land cover types the DBH class (cm) >40 cm had the largest BA. Woodland had the highest density of all other land cover types, followed by forest and wooded grassland was the least. The maximum density was recorded from woodland followed by forest and wooded grassland
Ospina, R., & Marmolejo-Ramos, F. (2019). Performance of some estimators of relative variability. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 5, 43.
Ruffo, C. K. (1991). A report on the identification of species for Image Forest Inventory, Iringa Region. Tanzania Forestry Institute.
Tenzin, J., Tenzin, K., & Hasenauer, H. (2017). Individual tree basal area increment models for
United Republic of Tanzania (2013). Kilolo District Council Socio-economic Profile. The Statistics for Development. The Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania Report. pp. 2-10.
Zilliox, C., & Gosselin, F. (2014). Tree species diversity and abundance as indicators of understory diversity in French mountain forests: Variations of the relationship in geographical and ecological space. Forest Ecology and Management, 321, 105-116.
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Development of Optical-based and Imaging Technology Detection, Diagnosis and Prevention of Aflatoxin Contamination on Maize Crop
Get PDFThis research article was published by International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre), Vol 8 (2), February -2022Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced naturally by some mold strains, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Weather factors, notably moisture levels of more than 18 percent and temperatures of more than 32°C, influence the proliferation of aflatoxin-producing fungus. Aflatoxin pollution is a danger to human and animal healthiness. As a result, there is a pressing need to control aflatoxin, particularly in crops like maize, in countries where aflatoxin susceptibility is high, such as Tanzania.Several aflatoxin management solutions are being developed, however, for them to be effective, accurate identification of fungus or aflatoxins contamination on grain surfaces is required. While the majority of the known solutions include growing and identifying the fungusresponsible or using Higher-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPCL), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) to detect aflatoxin early, this review underlines the prospect of employing computer-based techniques to detect aflatoxin early. Because of these options, producers will be able to quickly detect aflatoxin contamination and, as a result, make informed decisions about how to prevent and/or reduce aflatoxin contamination,hence enhancing maize quality and storability
Analysis of effectiveness of channels for information gathering and dissemination: Case of fisheries stakeholders in Mwanza and Mara regions of Tanzania
Get PDFA research article was published by African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development Vol. 14, 2022The fisheries sub-sector in Tanzania is challenged with limited use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for information gathering and dissemination. Fishers obtain fisheries information from extension officers and their fellow fishers through mainly word of mouth in physical meetings. Despite the growth in access and availability of ICT channels on Mobile phones and Internet in recent years, the fisheries sub-sector decision-makers mainly use conventional media (radio, television, personal communications) in gathering and disseminating fisheries information. Understanding the characteristics of communication channels and their effectiveness in fisheries information gathering and dissemination is of great importance. A comprehensive comparison of the six ICT channels (short message services, cellular phone call, television, radio, mobile application, and website) was done in this study using effectiveness probability. The findings from this study indicated that, short message service (SMS) and cellular phone calls are most effective for fishers. Mobile application, cellular phone calls, websites, and SMS are effective for fish traders and fisheries officers. However, the cellular phone call was not cost-effective compared to mobile applications and websites. This study recommends the development of multi-channel (SMS, web-based, and mobile application) fisheries information system to enhance fisheries information gathering and dissemination process to meet realistic information needs of all fisheries stakeholders
Farmers’ participatory breeding of Lablab (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet): A nutritional, food security and climate smart crop in northern Tanzania
Get PDFThis research article was published in Research application summary, 2022Farmer participatory breeding is considered an alternative technique to conventional breeding.
Farmers play a major role in germplasm conservation, maintenance and selection of preferred
traits especially in neglected and under-utilized crops such as Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.
Sweet). The current study focused on examining the farmers’ practices and production constraints
in Northern Tanzania. The study was done in an on-going agro-morphological study in Northern
Tanzania. Thirty-one farmers from Babati, Karatu, Kondoa, Same and Arusha were involved in the
study during the podding stage of lablab accessions. Semi-structured questionnaires and focused
group discussions were conducted to understand the farmers’ socio-demographic characteristics,
practices, production constraints and trait preference. Most of the farmers utilize lablab for various
purposes while also consuming a combination of the crop parts. Most farmers use farmer saved
seeds for subsequent cropping seasons. Most appropriate period to sell their produce is October-
December with majority of farmers selling through middle men. Pests and diseases are the major
impediment in lablab production with aphids prevalent in the field and bruchids during storage.
Trait development in lablab should focus on developing pest and disease resistant varieties to
overcome the burden of pest attacks. Breeding of improved varieties should also be emphasized
to avoid the use of farmer saved seeds. Lablab improvement will pave way for increased use,
consumption and production by the farmers in Tanzania