1976 research outputs found
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Impact of Strongyloides stercoralis Coinfection on Disease Severity and Treatment Outcomes in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Full text linkThis study investigates how Strongyloides stercoralis (Ss) infection impacts pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) treatment outcomes, disease severity, and bacterial burdens in PTB patients with Ss coinfectio
The importance of inflammatory biomarkers in detecting and managing latent tuberculosis infection
Full text linkInfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) triggers an autoimmune-like response in the host leading to further complications. One of the major concerns in eliminating Tuberculosis (TB) is identifying individuals with Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) who serve as major reservoirs of Mtb making them the important target group for TB eradication. Since no gold standard tests are available for
detecting LTBI, the global burden of LTBI cannot be precisely determined. Since LTBI poses several challenges to worldwide healthcare, managing LTBI must be the key priority to achieve a TB-free status. The inflammatory mediators play a major role in determining the outcome of the Mtb infection and also their levels seem to change according to the disease severity. Identification of inflammatory mediators and utilizing them as diagnostic biomarkers for detecting the various stages of TB disease might help identify the reservoirs of Mtb infection even before they become symptomatic so that preventative treatment can be started early. In summary, this review primarily focuses on exploring different inflammatory markers along the course of the Mtb infection. Identifying LTBI�specific biomarkers helps to identify individuals who are at higher risk of
developing TB and preparing them to adhere to preventive therapy thus minimizing the global burden of T
Association of Altered Baseline Hematological Parameters with Adverse Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes
Full text linkTuberculosis (TB) treatment monitoring is an essential tool for effective TB treatment management. Identifying parameters that predict adverse TB treatment outcomes
could significantly improve clinical management. The association of hematological parameters with poor TB treatment outcomes is not well defined. To study the relationship of hematological parameters with TB treatment outcomes, we examined data from pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients with successful (controls) and unsuccessful (cases) treatment outcomes. We enrolled 68 cases and 133 controls through a nested 1:2 case–control study, matching for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes status, alcohol and smoking. Hematological profiling showed significant difference in the absolute counts of white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes between cases and controls. In addition, increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NL) ratio and monocyte to lymphocyte (ML) ratio were present in cases in comparison to controls. Similarly, decreased hematocrit and red blood cell counts were detected in cases when compared with controls. Univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association of absolute counts of WBC, neutrophils, monocytes, NL and ML ratios with poor treatment outcomes. The altered baseline hematological parameters are clearly associated with the poor TB treatment outcomes, showing potential for clinical prediction to enhance management of at-risk cases
Global age-sex-specific all-cause mortality and life expectancy estimates for 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1950–2023: a demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
No full textComprehensive, comparable, and timely estimates of demographic metrics—including life expectancy and age-specific mortality—are essential for evaluating, understanding, and addressing trends in population health. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of timely and all-cause mortality estimates for being able to respond to changing trends in health outcomes, showing a strong need for demographic analysis tools that can produce all-cause mortality estimates more rapidly with more readily available all-age vital registration (VR) data. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) is an ongoing research effort that quantifies human health by estimating a range of epidemiological quantities of interest across time, age, sex, location, cause, and risk. This study—part of the latest GBD release, GBD 2023—aims to provide new and updated estimates of allcause mortality and life expectancy for 1950 to 2023 using a novel statistical model that accounts for complex correlation structures in demographic data across age and time
Whole‑exome sequencing and molecular dynamics confirm pathogenicity of a novel SLC6A6 mutation in Leber congenital amaurosis
No full textInherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogenous group where the robust
advancement of next-generation sequencing technologies has facilitated genotype-assisted diagnosis. Leber congenital
amaurosis (LCA) is a severe form of inherited retinal dystrophy that causes congenital blindness or near-blindness
with a global prevalence of 3 per 100,000 live births.It is characterized by a loss of vision at birth or within the first few years of life with overlapping phenotypes to many syndromic and non-syndromic IRDs. With India’s rich genetic
heterogeneity, WES is a valuable tool for uncovering novel gene mutations linked to LCA. This genetic diversity
expands our understanding of the disease’s spectrum in the Indian populatio
Association of CYP27B1 promoter gene variants of vitamin D pathway with pulmonary tuberculosis and vitamin D levels
No full textCyp27b1 polymorphisms are stated to be associated with different diseases including tuberculosis (TB). Since the gene variants located in the promoter region may have a significant influence on gene transcription/translation and Cyp27b1 enzyme is involved in critical steps in vitamin D metabolism, we aim to study whether Cyp27b1 gene promoter variants namely -1077 (C/G), -1260 (C/A) and the region immediately 5' to the promoter -1918 (C/T) have any linkage with pulmonary tuberculosis risk/defence and to determine their influence on vitamin D level in normal healthy controls (HCs) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients of the South Indian population. The polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method were used to genotype the genomic DNA after it was extracted using the salting-out approach. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to measure the amount of vitamin D. In the co-dominant model, a significant association was detected with TB liability in the -1077 "GG" genotype [Odds ratio (OR): 2.10(1.18-3.73); p = 0.015]. In addition, a noteworthy linkage was detected with TB protection in the dominant model [GG vs CG + CC, OR: 0.40(0.21-0.75); p = 0.0035]. In the -1918 (C/T) variant, a substantial linkage was detected in the heterozygous -1918 "CT" genotype with TB risk [OR: 1.90 (1.05-3.44); p = 0.046] in co-dominant model, whereas a protective linkage was detected in less recurrent "TT" genotype [OR: 0.42 (0.19-0.94); p = 0.049] with TB. Furthermore, those risky genotypes are substantially linked with more TB risk in males than females. Strong links between -1077 and -1260 variations were revealed by haplotype analysis, and its haplotypes "GC" (-1077G, -1260C) were found to be significantly associated with increased TB risk. Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml) was detected at a higher frequency in PTB patients than HCs in -1077 "GG", -1260 "CA" and -1918 "CT" risky genotypes. This needs to be confirmed by bigger sample sizes in future research
Diagnosis and management of multidrug resistant tuberculosis
No full textUniversal drug susceptibility testing is key for early
diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) and should be offered to all people with bacteriologically confirmed TB; rapid molecular diagnostic tests used as an initial di(eagnostic investigation can simultaneously detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and drug susceptibility early. Treatment of people with multidrug resistant TB or rifampicin resistant TB with shorter oral regimens based on bedaquiline results in improved treatment success with better tolerability
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2023
No full textCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and are among the foremost causes of disability globally. CVD burden has continued to increase in most countries since 1990, with trends driven by changing exposures to harmful risk factors, population growth, and population aging
Tuberculosis and alcohol use; findings from a subnational TB prevalence survey in India
Full text linkPopulation based surveys are crucial in understanding the relation between alcohol usage and tuberculosis epidemiology. Methods: A state-wide population-based large sample size cross-sectional Tuberculosis (TB) survey was conducted in India. Participants from 180 clusters were screened with x-ray and sputum examination. Results: In total 130,932 participants were screened. Among the “alcohol-use” population 115(0.6 %) and among non-alcoholics 129(0.12 %) were diagnosed with microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (MCPTB). The adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of MCPTB in the alcohol-use population was 4.2(3.24–5.45). The adjustedPR(aPR) of MCPTB disease in ‘alcohol-use’ population was significantly associated with increasing age, under nutrition and past history of TB. The aPR for age between 31 and 45 years was 2.85(0.9–8.6); 46–60 years was 6.24(2.3–16.8) and >60 years was 7.77(2.7–21.6). For BMI of 18.50–22.99 was 3.2(1.6–6.2), BMI of
16.50–18.49 was 9.9(4.7–21.1) and BMI of <16.50 was 14.0(6.3–31.5)). For past history of TB was 3.76
(2.2–6.5). The number needed to screen to diagnose one participant with MCPTB in the general population was
537 and in ‘alcohol-use’ group was 168. Conclusion: The prevalence of MCPTB in ‘alcohol-use’ individuals is four times higher when compared to nonalcoholic individuals. Increases in age, undernutrition and past history of PTB were highly associated with MCPTB disease among ‘alcohol-use’ participants
Cost-effectiveness analysis for implementation of smoking cessation strategies at primary health care settings in Tamil Nadu
Full text linkSmoking is a major public health concern in Tamil Nadu, as it is in many parts of the world. It is a leading cause of preventable diseases and deaths, with a significant economic burden on healthcare systems and society as a whole. Recognizing the need to address this issue, the implementation of smoking cessation strategies at primary health care (PHC) settings has gained attention. Conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis in this context can help policymakers and healthcare providers make informed decisions about the allocation of resources for such intervention