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Air quality assessment for Lørenskog municipality
Get PDFNILU – Norsk institutt for luftforskning har, i samarbeid med Transportanalyse AS, utarbeidet en tiltaksutredning for bedre luftkvalitet i Lørenskog. Utredningen er gjennomført på oppdrag av Lørenskog kommune. Tiltaksutredningen omfatter en kartlegging av luftkvaliteten i Lørenskog kommune ved trafikkberegninger og utslipps- og spredningsberegninger for PM10, PM2,5 og NO2 for Dagens situasjon 2019 og Referansesituasjonen 2030 med eksisterende og eventuelle nye tiltak. Basert på resultatene fra beregningene og i samarbeid med oppdragsgiver og referansegruppen, er det foreslått en revidert handlings- og beredskapsplan som skal behandles politisk.The air quality assessment for Lørenskog covers mapping of the air quality through traffic, emission and dispersion calculations of PM10, PM2,5 and NO2 for the present situation (2019) and future scenarios (2030) with existing and possible future measures. Based on the calculations and in coordination with Lørenskog municipality and the reference group, a plan for improved local air quality and a management plan for periods with high concentration levels is proposed for political processing.publishedVersio
Identifisering av POP kandidater blant kjemikalier i plast
Get PDFThere is considerable interest in identifying chemicals which have the potential to undergo long-range environmental transport (LRTP), accumulate in remote regions, and represent a possible risk to environmental and human health. In this report, we have screened a list of 1,000 organic chemicals, as well as selected brominated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs), for their potential to be dispersed, transferred to, and accumulated in remote regions. This screening was carried out applying a new set of LRTP metrics, collectively referred to as the emissions fractions approach (EFA), as implemented in a modified version of the OECD POV and LRTP (long-range transport potential) Screening Tool (The Tool).Det er betydelig interesse for å identifisere kjemiske stoffer med potensiale til å transporteres over lange avstander (LRTP) samt akkumulere i uberørte områder, så som i Arktis. Gitt det betydelige antall kjemikalier som produseres globalt og/eller nydannes ved f.eks. forbrenningsprosesser vil måledata alltid være begrenset. Matematiske modeller kan her spille en viktig rolle for å gi en indikasjon hvorvidt et kjemisk stoff har iboende egenskaper som tilsier at det har potensiale til å kunne akkumulere i det fysiske miljø i avsidesliggende områder. I denne rapporten har vi benyttet en modifisert utgave av «The OECD POV and LRTP (long-range transport potential) Screening Tool (The Tool)» hvor vi har implementert et nytt sett av indikatorer for LRTP som beregner spredning, avsetning og akkumulering i avsidesliggende områder. Modellen har blitt anvendt for 1000 kjemiske stoffer samt utvalgte bromerte dioksiner og furaner (PBBD/Fs). Resultatene tilsier at samtlige PBBD/Fs og 75 andre forbindelser kan ha POP-liknende egenskaper. Flere av disse stoffene er velkjente miljøgifter.publishedVersio
A regional modelling study of halogen chemistry within a volcanic plume of Mt Etna's Christmas 2018 eruption
Get PDFVolcanoes are known to be important emitters of atmospheric gases and aerosols, which for certain volcanoes can include halogen gases and in particular HBr. HBr emitted in this way can undergo rapid atmospheric oxidation chemistry (known as the bromine explosion) within the volcanic emission plume, leading to the production of bromine oxide (BrO) and ozone depletion. In this work, we present the results of a modelling study of a volcanic eruption from Mt Etna that occurred around Christmas 2018 and lasted 6 d. The aims of this study are to demonstrate and evaluate the ability of the regional 3D chemistry transport model Modèle de Chimie Atmosphérique de Grande Echelle (MOCAGE) to simulate the volcanic halogen chemistry in this case study, to analyse the variability of the chemical processes during the plume transport, and to quantify its impact on the composition of the troposphere at a regional scale over the Mediterranean basin. The comparison of the tropospheric SO2 and BrO columns from 25 to 30 December 2018 from the MOCAGE simulation with the columns derived from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite measurements shows a very good agreement for the transport of the plume and a good consistency for the concentrations if considering the uncertainties in the flux estimates and the TROPOMI columns. The analysis of the bromine species' partitioning and of the associated chemical reaction rates provides a detailed picture of the simulated bromine chemistry throughout the diurnal cycle and at different stages of the volcanic plume's evolution. The partitioning of the bromine species is modulated by the time evolution of the emissions during the 6 d of the eruption; by the meteorological conditions; and by the distance of the plume from the vent, which is equivalent to the time since the emission. As the plume travels further from the vent, the halogen source gas HBr becomes depleted, BrO production in the plume becomes less efficient, and ozone depletion (proceeding via the Br+O3 reaction followed by the BrO self-reaction) decreases. The depletion of HBr relative to the other prevalent hydracid HCl leads to a shift in the relative concentrations of the Br− and Cl− ions, which in turn leads to reduced production of Br2 relative to BrCl. The MOCAGE simulations show a regional impact of the volcanic eruption on the oxidants OH and O3 with a reduced burden of both gases that is caused by the chemistry in the volcanic plume. This reduction in atmospheric oxidation capacity results in a reduced CH4 burden. Finally, sensitivity tests on the composition of the emissions carried out in this work show that the production of BrO is higher when the volcanic emissions of sulfate aerosols are increased but occurs very slowly when no sulfate and Br radicals are assumed to be in the emissions. Both sensitivity tests highlight a significant impact on the oxidants in the troposphere at the regional scale of these assumptions. All the results of this modelling study, in particular the rapid formation of BrO, which leads to a significant loss of tropospheric ozone, are consistent with previous studies carried out on the modelling of volcanic halogens.publishedVersio
Regionally sourced bioaerosols drive high-temperature ice nucleating particles in the Arctic
Get PDFPrimary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) play an important role in the climate system, facilitating the formation of ice within clouds, consequently PBAP may be important in understanding the rapidly changing Arctic. Within this work, we use single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy to identify and quantify PBAP at an Arctic mountain site, with transmission electronic microscopy analysis supporting the presence of PBAP. We find that PBAP concentrations range between 10−3–10−1 L−1 and peak in summer. Evidences suggest that the terrestrial Arctic biosphere is an important regional source of PBAP, given the high correlation to air temperature, surface albedo, surface vegetation and PBAP tracers. PBAP clearly correlate with high-temperature ice nucleating particles (INP) (>-15 °C), of which a high a fraction (>90%) are proteinaceous in summer, implying biological origin. These findings will contribute to an improved understanding of sources and characteristics of Arctic PBAP and their links to INP.publishedVersio
Fjernmåling av arktiske branner – en litteratur- og datagjennomgang
Get PDFThe main aim of this report is to prepare for the proposed SGA #17 of the Caroline Herschel Framework Partnership Agreement on Copernicus User Uptake Work Programme 2020 named “Arctic peat- and forest-fire information system”. First, we summarize the scientific background of wildfires in the Arctic and the Northern boreal zone and describe observations of long-range transport of forest fire pollution. This is followed by an overview of satellite data and resources available for fire monitoring in these regions. This covers the fire ECVs, as well as smoke plume tracers. Furthermore, we list CAMS and CEMS resources, i.e., GWIS, EFFIS (including the latest country report for Norway), and GFAS, as well as other fire emission inventories. Knowledge gaps and limitations of satellite remote sensing, future missions, Norwegian user uptake and user groups are described.Hovedmålet med rapporten er å forberede det foreslåtte SGA #17 i Caroline Herschel Framework Partnership Agreement on Copernicus User Uptake Work Program 2020 kalt "Arktisk torv- og skogbranninformasjonssystem”. Først oppsummerer vi den vitenskapelige kunnskapsbasen om skogbranner i Arktis og den nordlige boreale sonen og beskriver observasjoner av forurensning fra skogbranner i Arktis. Deretter følger en oversikt over satellittdata og ressurser tilgjengelig for brannovervåking i disse regionene. Dette inkluderer brann-ECV-ene, samt langtransporterte forurensninger. Videre presenterer vi CAMS- og CEMS-ressurser, dvs. GWIS, EFFIS (inkludert rapporten for Norge), og GFAS, samt andre brannutslippsinventarer. Kunnskapshull og begrensninger ved satellittfjernmåling, fremtidige satellittinstrumenter, og norsk brukeropptak og brukergrupper er beskrevet.publishedVersio
Relative impacts of sea ice loss and atmospheric internal variability on winter Arctic to East Asian surface air temperature based on large-ensemble simulations with NorESM2
Get PDFTo quantify the relative contributions of Arctic sea ice and unforced atmospheric internal variability to the “warm Arctic, cold East Asia” (WACE) teleconnection, this study analyses three sets of large-ensemble simulations carried out by the Norwegian Earth System Model with a coupled atmosphere–land surface model, forced by seasonal sea ice conditions from preindustrial, present-day, and future periods. Each ensemble member within the same set uses the same forcing but with small perturbations to the atmospheric initial state. Hence, the difference between the present-day (or future) ensemble mean and the preindustrial ensemble mean provides the ice-loss-induced response, while the difference of the individual members within the present-day (or future) set is the effect of atmospheric internal variability. Results indicate that both present-day and future sea ice loss can force a negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation with a WACE pattern in winter. The magnitude of ice-induced Arctic warming is over four (ten) times larger than the ice-induced East Asian cooling in the present-day (future) experiment; the latter having a magnitude that is about 30% of the observed cooling. Sea ice loss contributes about 60% (80%) to the Arctic winter warming in the present-day (future) experiment. Atmospheric internal variability can also induce a WACE pattern with comparable magnitudes between the Arctic and East Asia. Ice-loss-induced East Asian cooling can easily be masked by atmospheric internal variability effects because random atmospheric internal variability may induce a larger magnitude warming. The observed WACE pattern occurs as a result of both Arctic sea ice loss and atmospheric internal variability, with the former dominating Arctic warming and the latter dominating East Asian cooling.acceptedVersio
Overvåking av ozonlaget og naturlig ultrafiolett stråling. Årsrapport 2022.
Get PDFThis report summarizes the results from the Norwegian monitoring programme on stratospheric ozone and UV radiation measurements. The ozone layer has been measured at three locations since 1979: In Oslo/Kjeller, Tromsø/Andøya and Ny-Ålesund. The UV-measurements started in 1995. The results show that there was a significant decrease in stratospheric ozone above Norway between 1979 and 1997. After that, the ozone layer stabilized at a level ~2% below pre-1980 level. The year 2022 was characterized by annual average total ozone values slightly below “normal”.Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra det norske måleprogrammet for totalozon og UV-stråling. Ozonlaget har blitt målt ved tre stasjoner siden 1979: I Oslo/Kjeller, Tromsø/Andøya og Ny-Ålesund. UV-målinger startet i 1995. Resultatene viser at det var en signifikant ozonreduksjon over Norge i perioden 1979 til 1997. Deretter stanset reduksjonen og ozonverdiene stabiliserte seg på et nivå ~2% lavere enn verdiene før 1980. Året 2022 var karakterisert ved ozonverdier litt under langtidsgjennomsnittet
Revised air quality assessment for Drammen municipality
Get PDFNILU – Norsk institutt for luftforskning har, i samarbeid med Asplan Viak AS, utarbeidet en tiltaksutredning for lokal luftkvalitet i Drammen kommune. Tiltaksutredningen omfatter en kartlegging av luftkvaliteten i Drammen ved trafikkberegninger og utslipps- og spredningsberegninger for svevestøv (PM10 og PM2,5) for Dagens situasjon 2021 og Referansesituasjonen 2030 og for 2030 med tiltak rettet mot svevestøv. Basert på resultatene fra beregningene og i samarbeid med oppdragsgiver, styringsgruppe og referansegruppe, er det foreslått en revidert handlingsplan som skal behandles politisk.The air quality assessment for Drammen covers mapping of the air quality through traffic, emission and dispersion calculations of airborne particulate matter (PM10 and PM2,5) for the Present situation 2021 and future scenarios (2030) with and without measures. Based on the calculations and in coordination with Drammen municipality and the reference group, a plan for improved local air quality is proposed for political processing.publishedVersio
Antarctic sea-ice low resonates in the ecophysiology of humpback whales
Get PDFThe past six years have been marked by some of the most dramatic climatic events observed in the Antarctic region in recent history, commencing with the 2017 sea-ice extreme low. The Humpback Whale Sentinel Programme is a circum-polar biomonitoring program for long term surveillance of the Antarctic sea-ice ecosystem. It has previously signalled the extreme La Niña event of 2010/11, and it was therefore of interest to assess the capacity of existing biomonitoring measures under the program to detect the impacts of 2017 anomalous climatic events. Six ecophysiological markers of population adiposity, diet, and fecundity were targeted, as well as calf and juvenile mortality via stranding records. All indicators, with the exception of bulk stable isotope dietary tracers, indicated a negative trend in 2017, whilst C and N bulk stable isotopes appeared to indicate a lag phase resulting from the anomalous year. The collation of multiple biochemical, chemical, and observational lines of evidence via a single biomonitoring platform provides comprehensive information for evidence-led policy in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region.publishedVersio