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2018 Texas High Plains and Panhandle Replicated Agronomic Cotton Evaulation (RACE) Trials

27 slide Power Point presentation includes maps, charts, tables, illustrations.Texas A&M University at Galveston, Nicholls State University, Kortright Corporation, Texas Parks and Wildlif

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Freshwater inflow meeting relative to the Matagorda Bay System;  October 10, 2006

Members of the External Advisory Panel 
 
Peng Gong, UC - Berkeley (geographic information sciences) 
 
Jiquan Chen, University of Toledo (earth/ecology/environmental sciences) 
 
Shunfeng Song, UN - Reno (economics) 
 
Dong Li, Kansas State University (economics) 
 
Melanie Manion, University of Wisconsin - Madison (political science) 
 
T.J. Shi, Duke University (political science) 
 
William Lavely, University of Washington (sociology) 
 
William Parrish, University of Chicago (sociology) 
 
Christopher Smith, University of Albany (geography) 
 
Susan Short, Brown University (sociology) 


Members of the External Advisory Panel

Bean, Brent

Baughman, Todd

Rowland, Matt

1
2000 TEXAS PANHANDLE, ROLLING, AND SOUTH PLAINS
HERBICIDE GUIDE FOR WEED CONTROL IN WHEAT
Brent Bean, Todd Baughman, Matt Rowland - Texas Agricultural Extension Service
This information is not a substitute for herbicide labels.  It is intended to serve as a guide for controlling
weeds in wheat.  Labels change constantly, therefore, consult the product label prior to use.
Broadleaf Weed Control
Trade Name Product Rate/Acre Commentsa
Ally 60 DF                         
Crop rotations: corn 12 months, cotton 14-22
months, sorghum 10 months, other crops 34
months.  Increased weed control achieved when
applied in a tank mix with 2,4-D.
0.1 oz Apply post-emergence after
crop is in the 2-leaf stage, but
before boot stage.  Do not
apply to soils with a pH greater
than 7.9.  May need surfactant.
Also labeled for barley.
Canvas 71 WG
(Harmony + Express + Ally)
Crop rotations: corn 12 months, cotton14-22
months, sorghum 10 months.  Do not graze or
feed forage.  45 day harvest restriction.
1 package/5-10 Acres Apply post-emergence after
crop is in the 2-leaf stage, but
before flag leaf.  Do not apply
to soils with a pH greater than
7.9. Apply w/ a non-ionic
surfactant @ 0.125 - 0.25 %
v/v.
Peak 57 DF
Crop rotations: IR and IMR corn can be planted
without restrictions.  Normal field corn and grain
sorghum 1 month, soybeans and cotton 10
months.
0.38 - 0.5 oz
1 oz max. during the
cropping season
Apply post-emergence to
unstressed wheat after 3-leaf
stage and prior to the 2nd node
being visible during stem
elongation.  Add a crop oil or
non-ionic surfactant.
Harmony Extra 75 DF                  
Crop rotations: any crop may be planted 60
days after application. Do not graze or feed
forage. 45 day harvest restriction.
0.3  - 0.6 oz
1 oz max. during the
cropping season
Apply post-emergence after
crop is in the 2-leaf stage, but
prior to visible flag leaf.
Surfactant may be needed.
Express 75 DF                          
Crop rotations: any crop may be planted 45
days after application. Do not graze or feed
forage.  45 day harvest restriction.
0.17 - 0.3  oz Apply post-emergence after
crop is in 2-leaf stage, but prior
to visible flag leaf. Apply w/
non-ionic surfactant @ 0.06-
0.25 % v/v.
Finesse 75 DF
(Ally + Glean)
Crop rotations: oats & barley - 10 months,
cotton 14-22 months, sorghum 14-25 months;
conduct a field bioassay for all other crops.
0.2 - 0.4 oz May be applied preplant or
preemergence to winter and
spring wheat. Apply post-
emergence after crop is in the
1-leaf stage, but prior to boot.
Do not apply to soils with pH >
7.9. Surfactant may be
needed.
a) Herbicide labels should be reviewed carefully for additional information and changes.
This information is given for educational purposes only.  Reference to commercial products or trade names is made
with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension
service is implied.
2
Broadleaf Weed Control (continued)
Trade Name Product Rate/Acre Commentsa
Glean FC 75 DF
Crop rotations: oat & barley - 10 mos., grain
sorghum - 14-25 mos., cotton - 14 mos.  Conduct
a field bioassay for all other crops.
0.16 - 0.33 oz Apply after crop is in 2 leaf but
before boot stage.  Do not apply
while in boot or early heading. 
Do not apply to soils with pH >
7.9.  Surfactant may be needed.
Rave 59 WDG
(dicamba + Amber)
Crop rotations: corn and soybeans 14 to 36 mo.,
STS beans 11 mo., grain sorghum 14 to 24 mo. 
Conduct a field bioassay for all other crops.
2.0 - 4.0 oz Apply after emergence, up to
pre-boot stage. 
Amber 75 DF
Crop rotations: barley, oat, rye - 6 mos., grain 
sorghum - 14-24 mo., IR corn 4 mo., corn 22 mo.,
STS soybeans 11 mo.  Conduct a field bioassay
for all other crops.
0.28 - 0.56 oz May be applied preplant,
preplant shallow incorporated,
preemergence, or post-
emergence to wheat in the 2-leaf
to boot stage.  A non-ionic
surfactant must be added @
0.25-0.50 % v/v when applied on
emerged weeds.  Do not apply
the enhanced rate to soils with
pH > 7.5
2,4-D 4 Amine
2,4-D 4 Low V Ester
2,4-D 6 Low V Ester
MCPA 4  Amine
MCPA 4 Low V Ester
MCPA may be applied in the fall once wheat has
reached the 3-4  leaf stage.
0.5 - 2.0 pt
0.5 - 2.0 pt
0.3 - 1.3 pt
1.0 - 2.0 pt
0.5 - 1.0 pt
Apply post-emergence to fully
tillered wheat, but before
jointing.  Labeled for barley, rye
and oats, except 2,4-D LV
ester, which is not labeled for
oats.
Buctril 2 EC
Buctril 4 EC
1.5  -2.0 pt
0.75-1.0 pt
Apply post-emergence from crop
emergence to the boot stage. 
Also labeled for barley, oats,
rye, and triticale.
Banvel 4L                                           
Banvel SGF 2L
Clarity 4L
2 - 4 oz
4-8 oz
2-4 oz
Apply post-emergence prior to
jointing.  Labeled for barley and
oats.
a) Herbicide labels should be carefully reviewed for additional information and changes.
This information is given for educational purposes only.  Reference to commercial products or trade names is made
with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension
service is implied.
3
Wild Oat Control
Trade Name Product Rate/Acre Commentsa
Assert  2.5 EC   
Assert 67 SG                       
Crop rotations: Grain sorghum and
cotton 15 months; most other
crops can be planted the following
season. 
1.0 - 1.5 pt
9.7-11.2 oz
Apply from 2-leaf stage to jointing. 
Must use a surfactant.  Do not graze. 
Also labeled for use in barley.  Do not
apply during periods of freeze.  Apply w/
a non-ionic surfactant @ 0.25% v/v. 
Apply to wild oat at 1-4 leaf stage.  DO
NOT GRAZE
Silverado   0.67 EC 1.0 pt
Apply postemergence from 3 leaf to end
of tillering.  Do not apply after wheat
jointing begins.  Apply to wild oat from 2
leaf to 2-tiller stage.
Hoelon 3EC                      2.0 - 2.7 pt Apply postemergence prior to wheat
jointing.  Do not graze.  Do not apply
during freeze. Also labeled for use in
barley. 
Cheat, downy brome, Japanese brome control
Trade Name Product Rate/Acre Commentsa
Maverick
Crop rotations: sorghum 18 mos.,
most other crops 12 mos.  Check
label.
0.67 oz May be applied pre or postemergence.
Apply after 2- leaf stage but prior to
jointing in wheat.  Apply post when
brome is in 2 to 3 leaf stage.  Use non-
ionic surfactant @ 0.5% v/v
postemergence.   
Sencor 4L
Sencor 75 DF
Lexone 75 DF
Crop rotations: corn, soybeans - 4
mos., cotton, barley, wheat - 8
mos., grain sorghum - 12 mos.
Do not use on coarse soils.
1.5-16 oz
1.0-10.66 oz
1.0-8.0 oz
Apply postemergence to wheat prior to
winter dormancy. Read label for rates
based on wheat growth stage, and soil
texture and  organic matter.  Cheat and
bromegrass must be small for
satisfactory control.  Only certain wheat
varieties are labeled. 
Finesse
 (Ally + Glean)
Crop rotations: cotton, grain
sorghum - 22 mos., oats 10 mos.,
barley - 16 mos.
0.5 oz Grass suppression only.  Apply after
planting, but prior to wheat or grass
emergence.  Do not apply to soils with
a pH > 7.9.
Amber 75 DF
Crop rotations: barley, oat, rye -
18 mos., IR corn 4 mos., corn 22
mos., STS soybeans 11 mos.,
grain sorghum - 24 months.
Conduct a field bioassay for all
other crops.
0.56 oz May be applied preplant, preplant
shallow incorporated, or preemergence.
 Use a non-ionic surfactant @ 0.25-
0.5% v/v for emerged weeds.  Will
provide suppression only.  Do not apply
enhanced rate to soils with pH > 7.9.
a) Herbicide labels should be carefully reviewed for additional information and changes.
This information is given for educational purposes only.  Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with
the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension service is implied. 


2000 Texas Panhandle, Rolling, and South Plains Herbicide Guide for Weed Control in Wheat

9 pages; available for download at the link below.No abstract availabl

Cook, Harry N.

San Luis Hotel, Galveston, Texas, June 25, 1996

Provin, Tony

Pitt, J.L.

Forage analysis canhelp you determine
both the nutritive value
and potential toxicity of
forage, as well as the
need for protein and
mineral supplements.
Accurate analysis requires
that forage be sampled
properly so that repre-
sentative samples are
delivered to the testing
laboratory. 
Sampling Bales
The common practice of pulling samples from theends and edges of bales can cause the nutritive
value of forage to be underestimated. Decayed and
low-quality leached forages are often found on the
outer edges of weathered hay bales. Cattle often
reject this hay when they have access to more palat-
able forages in other parts of the bale.
The ideal method of sampling hay bales is to use a
bale probe. A number of probes are available; most
probes cut a 1-inch-diameter core from the bale.
Consult your county Extension agent for informa-
tion on purchasing a bale probe.
Round Bales
Sample cores should be taken midway up the side of
the bale and toward the center of the bale. Sampling
near ends or bottoms of bales may not yield a repre-
sentative sample.
Remove the outer 1⁄2 inch of the bale surface before
sampling so the sample will not be contaminated by
dust and debris from
the field. Next, drill
or core into the bale
12 to 18 inches deep.
Carefully pour the
sample into a con-
tainer. Good sample
containers include
manilla mailing
envelopes, sealable
plastic bags (only if
dry) and small paper
sacks (fertilizer and
feed sacks are not
appropriate sample
containers). Continue sampling four to five other
bales from the same field and cutting. Mix the sam-
ples thoroughly and submit this composite sample
to the laboratory along with the laboratory submit-
tal form. One composite sample should be collected
for every 25 to 30 bales per field and cutting.
E-148
3-12
Sampling Hay Bales and Pastures
for Forage Analysis
T. L. Provin and J. L. Pitt
Extension Soil Chemist, and Extension Program Specialist 
The Texas A&M University System
Square Bales
Take sample cores from the ends of bales toward the
center. 
First, remove the outer 1⁄2 inch of hay. Drill into the
bale 12 to 18 inches deep. Carefully pour the sam-
ple into a container. Continue sampling six to eight
other bales from the same field and cutting. Mix the
samples thoroughly, label the composite sample, and
submit it to the laboratory with the submittal form.
One composite sample should be obtained for every
400 bales per field and cutting.
Field Sampling Pastures
to be Grazed
It is harder to obtain proper forage samples in thefield than from hay bales. You must be aware of
the height at which the hay will be harvested, the
forage height after grazing, and differences in fertil-
ization from one area of the pasture to another. 
Do not make a composite sample from areas of the
field that have received different rates of manure or
fertilizer because this will skew the 
final laboratory analysis. Trouble spots, areas under
different management and fertilization practices,
and areas with different types of grass should be
sampled separately.
To gather a subsample, cut or tear the forage at the
final forage height after grazing. Be careful not to
pull the entire plant out of the ground. Gather sub-
samples from ten to fifteen areas within a given pas-
ture or field (not to exceed 40 acres). Combine all
subsamples and place them in an appropriate paper
sack or envelope (do not use plastic bags, fertilizer
bags or feed sacks, as these containers may skew the
analysis). Label the container with appropriate iden-
tification for the field and sample and submit it
with the laboratory submittal form.
Submitting a Sample
Complete the Forage/Feed/Plant Tissue SampleInformation Form available from your county
Extension agent. The form is also available at the
Soil, Water and Forage Testing Laboratory Web site
(soiltesting.tamu.edu). Enclose payment (do not
send cash) and the completed form in the package
with the samples. If samples are moist put the form
and payment in a plastic bag. Mail the package to:
Extension Soil, Water and Forage Testing
Laboratory, Texas A&M University, 2478-TAMU,
Soil and Crop Sciences Department, College
Station, TX 77843-2478, (979) 845-4816.
The Soil, Water and Forage Testing Laboratory offers a
number of forage testing services to meet most produc-
ers’ needs. These include crude protein, fiber, minerals
and nitrate analysis.
For additional information, please visit: 
soiltesting.tamu.edu. or soilcrop.tamu.edu


Sampling Hay Bales and Pastures for Forage Analysis

Provin, T.L.

Description of Water Analysis Parameters

Kimura, Emi

Trostle, Calvin

2017 Winter Wheat Management Calendar

Miller, Travis D.

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Texas Agricultural Extension Service
The Texas A&M University System
Deep P Placement in Wheat in
the Texas Rolling Plains
Travis D. Miller
Professor and Extension Agronomist
Wheat and other cool season cereal crops respond readily
to applied P fertilizer when deficiencies  exist  in fields
in which they are planted.  In field conditions, however
there are variables which limit this response.  In wheat
production in west Texas, the variable most likely to
prevent response to applied P seems to be a moisture
deficit in the zone enriched by P application and incor-
poration.  In soils which are low in native P, modern
cropping systems, typically minimum till, sweep till or
chisel tillage, no major soil inversion takes place, and
the perennial shallow incorporation of crop residues near
the surface results in P stratification.  This stratification
results in the greatest concentration of P accumulating
near the surface, with concentrations in the top 2 inches
of soil typically having concentrations two to ten times
that found in subsurface strata.  In periods of frequent
rainfall, surface P concentrations are not unfavorable
for the wheat crop.  In the western regions of Texas and
other Great Plains states, however, P concentrated near
the surface is unavailable for a large part of the growing
season because soil water content is too low to sustain
an active root system.  Due to this phenomenon, surface
incorporated P causes  infrequent relief to the deficient
crop, causing erratic crop responses.
As soils wet with rainfall or irrigation, dormant roots
near the surface reactivate and appear to pick up P effi-
ciently.  With ensuing dry weather, these roots appear to
go dormant once more, the supply of  P entering the
crop diminishes, and growth rate slows relative to that
of a crop fertilized with deep banded P.  In numerous
field trials in Texas over the last 10 years deep P place-
ment has been proven to enhance both forage and grain
yields, with the greatest proportional differences between
deep, banded P and surface incorporated P being appar-
ent on dry years.
Forage production to many farmers is a more depend-
able source of income  than grain production due to the
many stresses involved in wheat production.  More than
70 per cent of the Texas wheat crop is grazed in a given
year, whereas  grain is harvested from about 55 percent
of planted acres.  Part of the abandoned (grazed out)
crop acreage results from unfavorable weather condi-
tions for grain production, but the majority results from
a decision based upon the relative economics of grazing
out wheat versus that of grain production.  In several
studies, significant forage yield increases due to deep,
banded P were harvested, but grain yield was not differ-
ent than with surface incorporated P.  This result was
generally observed in weather patterns with  dry fall and
winter weather, but adequate spring moisture.  In weather
patterns where spring moisture was limiting to crop
growth, dramatic and significant increases in grain yield
were measured with deep banded P relative to surface
incorporated treatments or the untreated check.  This
paper will describe some of the P placement  field trials
and their results in the Rolling Plains of Texas.
Texas Agricultural Extension Service • Edward A. Hiler, Interim Director • The Texas A&M University System • College Station, T exas
Educational programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service serve people of all ages regardless of  socioeconomic level, race,
color, sex, religion, handicap or national origin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In each trial, plots were planted early relative to the op-
timum date for grain production in winter wheat.  This
is common in the wheat-stocker cattle production sys-
tem, as early heat units drive the forage production upon
which the stocker cattle component of the system de-
pends.   Fertilizer was applied in all trials except those
at  Abilene  as a fluid ammonium polyphosphate (10-
34-0).   Trials at Abilene compared 11-52-0 (MAP)
banded at the 6 inch depth with an air seeder to the same
rate surface applied  with air boom and incorporated
prior to planting.  The Abilene trials used anhydrous
ammonia as the N source, while UAN was the N source
on the other trials.  The Abilene trial was treated with
80 lbs. N/A, the other sites with 50 lbs N/A.  Other
banded applications were injected on 10 inch centers at
a depth of  8 inches  preplant.  Surface incorporated
treatments were dribbled on the surface and then incor-
porated either with a disc or field cultivator.  Rate of
application was 40 lbs/acre of P
2
O
5
, with the exception
of the Abilene site where the rate was 50 lbs/acre.   Wheat
was sewn on planting dates from mid-September to early
October with a plot drill on 10 inch centers.  Forage was
hand clipped using a small frame; oven dried and
weighed.  Grain yield was determined with a machine
harvest by a Hege plot combine.  Plot design was a Ran-
domized Complete Block with either 3 or 4 replications.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In six trials where valid comparisons  of grain yield were
made between P placement techniques, three yielded
significantly higher with deep placed P, with the yield
average of  deep banded P  being 8.4  and 10.5 bu./acre
greater than the surface incorporated treatment and the
untreated check, respectively (Table 1).  This represents
a yield increase of 57 and 83 percent under very dry
growing conditions.  In two trials, there was no differ-
ence between P placement techniques with respect to
grain yield.  In one trial during a very wet growing sea-
son, wheat fertilized with the surface incorporated P
yielded more than the deep, banded P treatment.  Aver-
aged over six sites, deep banded P resulted in grain yields
of 2.0 and 9.9 bu/ac greater than the surface incorpo-
rated P and untreated check , respectively.  In two sites
(Wichita >95 and Abilene >96) where drought drastically
limited grain yield, no response was obtained to N fer-
tilizer alone or N fertilizer with surface incorporated P,
but significant yield response was obtained with deep,
banded P and N.
In eight trials where valid comparisons of forage pro-
duction were made, five comparisons showed signifi-
cant forage yield increases due to deep, banded P, two
were the same as surface incorporated P, and in one com-
parison, surface incorporated  P yielded more forage
than did deep, banded P (Table 2).    In four of five
comparisons where deep P yielded more than did the
surface incorporated treatment, fall weather was very
dry.  In the three comparisons where deep P did not yield
significantly more than surface incorporated P, fall rain-
fall was above average.  Across site years, deep P re-
sulted in forage yields 444 and 734 lbs dm/acre or 24
and 47 percent more than did surface incorporated P
and the N only check, respectively.  In each of the five
sites where deep, banded P was significantly greater than
the surface incorporated treatment, the N only check had
equal yield to the surface incorporated P treatment.
Yields were 2567, 1717 and 1771 lbs dm/acre, respec-
tively for deep P, surface P and N only check, giving
deep P a 50 and a 45 per cent advantage over surface P
and the N only check under very dry conditions.
Table 1.  Response of Wheat Grain Yield to Fertilizer P
Placement - Texas Rolling Plains
         Grain Yield
1
, Bu/Acre
Deep Surface
Location Year P+N P+N N Only Check
Runnels 1988 31.0a 25.8b 20.8c
Baylor 1984 46.0a 47.0a 35.0b
Baylor 1995 41.4a 39.2a 39.1a 27.9a
Wichita 1995 16.4a 5.1b 4.8b 3.5b
Abilene 1995 34.0b 48.5a 19.5c
Abilene 1996 22.0a 13.2b 12.2b 7.7d
Average 31.8 29.8 21.9
Table 2.  Response of Wheat Forage to Fertilizer P Place-
ment - Texas Rolling Plains
        Forage Yield
1
, Lbs/Acre
Deep Surface
Location Year P+N P+N N Only Check
Runnels 1988 2583a 1595b 1482b
Wichita 1995 2357a 1238b 1257b 1199b
Baylor 1994 2552aa 1248b 1568b
Baylor 1995 4295a 3757b 3615b 3607b
Abilene 1995 3898b 7440a 2200c
Abilene 1997   580a   483a   477a   259b
Young 1997 1050a     749bc   935b   598c
WIchita 1997 1003a   929a   912a
Average 2290 1846 1556
1
Yields in the same row followed by the same letter are not
different according to L.S.D. test at 95% level of confidence.


Deep P Placement in Wheat in the Texas Rolling Plains

Texas A&M University

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