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Initial Investigation of Behavioral Changes of Obfuscated Programs Caused by Code Optimization
No full textCode obfuscation is a software protection technique against malicious analysis and tampering attacks. Since code obfuscation modifies the representation and structure of code in complex ways, many obfuscating transformations cause performance overhead, such as a decrease in execution speed. To improve execution speed while obfuscating code, code optimization is sometimes combined with code obfuscation. However, it is reported that applying optimization to obfuscated code may break the original program behavior. In this research, the behavioral changes of obfuscated programs by code optimization is investigated by analyzing the logic and coverage information before and after optimization. The results show that most of the obfuscated programs preserved the same behavior before and after optimization, while some obfuscated programs were broken by optimization. Also, a comparison of coverage information before and after optimization revealed that optimization removes some of redundant code fragments introduced by obfuscation.conference pape
Automated System to Capture Patient Symptoms From Multitype Japanese Clinical Texts: Retrospective Study
No full textBackground: Natural language processing (NLP) techniques can be used to analyze large amounts of electronic health record texts, which encompasses various types of patient information such as quality of life, effectiveness of treatments, and adverse drug event (ADE) signals. As different aspects of a patient’s status are stored in different types of documents, we propose an NLP system capable of processing 6 types of documents: physician progress notes, discharge summaries, radiology reports, radioisotope reports, nursing records, and pharmacist progress notes. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the system’s performance in detecting ADEs by evaluating the results from multitype texts. The main objective is to detect adverse events accurately using an NLP system. Methods: We used data written in Japanese from 2289 patients with breast cancer, including medication data, physician progress notes, discharge summaries, radiology reports, radioisotope reports, nursing records, and pharmacist progress notes. Our system performs 3 processes: named entity recognition, normalization of symptoms, and aggregation of multiple types of documents from multiple patients. Among all patients with breast cancer, 103 and 112 with peripheral neuropathy (PN) received paclitaxel or docetaxel, respectively. We evaluate the utility of using multiple types of documents by correlation coefficient and regression analysis to compare their performance with each single type of document. All evaluations of detection rates with our system are performed 30 days after drug administration. Results: Our system underestimates by 13.3 percentage points (74.0%$221260.7%), as the incidence of paclitaxel-induced PN was 60.7%, compared with 74.0% in the previous research based on manual extraction. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the manual extraction and system results was 0.87 Although the pharmacist progress notes had the highest detection rate among each type of document, the rate did not match the performance using all documents. The estimated median duration of PN with paclitaxel was 92 days, whereas the previously reported median duration of PN with paclitaxel was 727 days. The number of events detected in each document was highest in the physician’s progress notes, followed by the pharmacist’s and nursing records. Conclusions: Considering the inherent cost that requires constant monitoring of the patient’s condition, such as the treatment of PN, our system has a significant advantage in that it can immediately estimate the treatment duration without fine-tuning a new NLP model. Leveraging multitype documents is better than using single-type documents to improve detection performance. Although the onset time estimation was relatively accurate, the duration might have been influenced by the length of the data follow-up period. The results suggest that our method using various types of data can detect more ADEs from clinical documents.journal articl
Spectroscopic Analysis of Electrical Phenomena and Oxygen Vacancy Generation for Self-Aligned Fully Solution-Processed Oxide Thin-Film Transistors
No full textThis work unveils critical insights through spectroscopic analysis highlighting electrical phenomena and oxygen vacancy generation in self-aligned fully solution-processed oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs). Ar inductively coupled plasma treatment was conducted to fabricate an amorphous indium zinc oxide (a-InZnO) TFT in a self-aligned process. Results showed that the Ar plasma-activated a-InZnO regions became conductive, which means that a homogeneous layer can act as both channel and electrode in the device. Several techniques were employed to probe specific aspects of the source2013channel interface in the fully solution-processed TFTs. X-ray absorption near-edge structure and Extended X-ray absorption fine structure were conducted to investigate the existence of oxygen vacancies, which is the main driving factor in inducing a conductive region. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to explain the oxygen refilling mechanism. Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy was conducted to analyze the valence band maximum and work function. Integration of these results facilitated the construction of the energy band diagram at the interface, wherein a Schottky barrier height of $223C0.37 eV was observed. By leveraging these techniques, insights into the electronic properties and performance of next-generation transistors are gained, enabling their future widespread adoption.journal articl
Sustainable Coating Materials: Exploring the Influence of Adjuvants on Kaolinite Suspension with Insights from Five Local Mining Clays
Get PDFHerein, we presented a comprehensive case study on the kaolin suspension derived from mining powder, with a specific emphasis on its mineral constituents within the size range of 22013PPG-PEG, PAA, and PSAMA had a notable effect on delaying the suspension of sedimentation by the actual sediment weight as well as enhancing the uniformity of clay coating by the reflection efficiency of coating materials in PPFD units. To enhance sustainability in coating materials, it was essential to elucidate the optimal amounts of adjuvants and the pH levels as they are closely related to the efficacy of tree-coated spraying and soil conditions.journal articl
Defense-related callose synthase PMR4 promotes root hair callose deposition and adaptation to phosphate deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana
No full textPlants acquire phosphorus (P) primarily as inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil. Under Pi deficiency, plants induce an array of physiological and morphological responses, termed phosphate starvation response (PSR), thereby increasing Pi acquisition and use efficiency. However, the mechanisms by which plants adapt to Pi deficiency remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that deposition of a β-1,3-glucan polymer called callose is induced in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs under Pi deficiency, in a manner independent of PSR-regulating PHR1/PHL1 transcription factors and LPR1/LPR2 ferroxidases. Genetic studies revealed PMR4 (GSL5) callose synthase being required for the callose deposition in Pi-depleted root hairs. Loss of PMR4 also reduces Pi acquisition in shoots and plant growth under low Pi conditions. The defects are not recovered by simultaneous disruption of SID2, mediating defense-associated salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, excluding SA defense activation from the cause of the observed pmr4 phenotypes. Grafting experiments and characterization of plants expressing PMR4 specifically in root hair cells suggest that a PMR4 pool in the cell type contributes to shoot growth under Pi deficiency. Our findings thus suggest an important role for PMR4 in plant adaptation to Pi deficiency.journal articl
Identification and structural characterization of a PET-oligomer hydrolase with a unique substrate specificity spectrum from Ideonella sakaiensis
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SDN ノ プログラマブル データ プレーン ニ ヨル ネットワーク シュドウガタ ティーシーピー フロー セイギョ チョウワ シュホウ
Get PDFSoftware Defi ned Networking（SDN）技術の一つであるプログラマブルデータプレーンによって ネットワーク内で任意のパケット処理を実装できるようになった．ネットワーク内では，一つの端末 では得られない，競合する通信フローの情報が容易に把握できるため，プログラマブルデータプレーンでその情報を活用 して任意の新しいパケット制御を実現できれば，端末のみでは難しかった競合フローを直接的に意識した通信制御の実現 が期待できる．本研究では，アプリ要求を意識した TCP フローの競合制御に着目する．一般的な TCP では，競合フロー とのスループットの公平性のみを目指すが，実際にはアプリ要求との不一致が生じる．つまり，競合フロー間でスルー プットが公平であっても，一方のアプリ要求には過剰，若しくは不足する，といった非効率な資源利用状態に陥る．この 不一致解消には，アプリ要求と競合関係を理解し，スループットに意図的な傾斜を付ける制御が必要となる．本稿では， プログラマブルデータプレーンとその開発言語の P4 を解説し，上記の制御の実現に向けた初期検討として，競合する 2 フローの TCP スループットを事前に定義したアプリ要求に合わせて調和させる TCP フロー制御調和手法を試作する．articl
ゲンゴ モデル ノ ダイニ ゲンゴ カクトク
No full textニューラル言語モデルの成功を踏まえ，言語モデルの言語獲得について関心が高まっている．既存研究では，主に人間と言語モデルの第一言語獲得に焦点が当てられていたが，本研究では言語モデルの第二言語獲得にスコープを当てた調査を行う．具体的には，人間の第二言語獲得と同様のシナリオでバイリンガル言語モデルを学習し，その言語間転移について言語学的観点から分析する．実験の結果から，第一言語での事前学習は第二言語の言語的汎化を促進し，第一言語となる言語，第二言語学習時の対訳テキストの有無などといった言語間転移の設定が汎化の促進に異なる影響を与えることが示された．これらの知見により，言語モデルの言語間転移について，人間の第二言語獲得との類似点や相違点が多角的に明らかになった．journal articl
Chemically bound hydrophobic modification in hydrogel surface layer using poly(N-vinylamide)s
No full textThe novel hydrophobic surface modification of hydrogel structure, referred to as organohydrogel, was firstly achieved through the utilization of poly(N-vinylamide)s hydrogels, taking advantage of the property of polycation precursor. Following the shrinkage of poly(N-acetamide-co-N-vinylformamide), only the surface moiety was subjected to hydrolysis. Subsequently, a radical initiator was chemically tethered to the amino groups on the hydrogel surface to facilitate atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of hydrophobic monomer, phenylethylacrylate. Hydrophobic layer characteristics were differentiated by varying hydrolysis time (xt) and ATRP time (yt), resulting in the creation of hydrophobic surface-modified gel (HSMgel). All HSMgels resulted in stable swelling ratio (S.R.) regardless of yt. The contact angle of water droplets increased gradually with both increasing xt and yt, from 17.6° to 91.9°, while maintaining a relatively constant S.R. The drying process of hydrophobic surface-modified HSMgels was accelerated, while that of precursor hydrophilic gels was delayed. These unique properties stemmed from the chemical structure of poly(N-vinylamide)s, which led to the formation of a chemically bound hydrophobic layer within the hydrogels.journal articl
The relationship of game genres, in-game purchases, and playing duration with probable gaming disorder in two independent, large-scale online surveys of Japanese adults
No full textBackground and aims: Game genres, availability on smartphones, in-game purchases, and playing duration, have been thought to influence Gaming Disorder (GD). However, little research has comprehensively examined their relationships with GD. Therefore, we examined the relationship between GD, in-game purchases, gaming duration via consoles and smartphones, and genres of smartphone games. Study 1 was based on self-reports, and Study 2 included objective data to clarify these associations. Methods: We conducted two independent online surveys that collected sociodemographic data, game use patterns, and psychopathological assessment data, including GD severity (Study 1: N 5 32,690; Study 2: N 5 3,163). General mental illness scores and objective gaming time were also collected in Study 2. Results: In Study 1, in-game purchases, several gaming genres, and subjective gaming duration were positively associated with probable GD. On the other hand, interactions between card games and loot box charges were negatively related to probable GD. In Study 2, objective gaming times of most game genres were not associated with GD. Although the correlation between subjective and objective gaming duration was moderate, their correlations with GD differed. Discussion and conclusion: These results suggest the complexity of relationships between GD and in-game purchases, genres, and gaming duration. Results of this study suggest the importance of proper assessment of GD reflecting actual functional impairment in social life. Future studies should improve and update evaluation of assessments for gaming.journal articl