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Get PDF奈良先端科学技術大学院大学修士(工学)master thesi
Diversification of Chemical Structures of Methoxylated Flavonoids and Genes Encoding Flavonoid-O-Methyltransferases
No full textThe O-methylation of specialized metabolites in plants is a unique decoration that provides structural and functional diversity of the metabolites with changes in chemical properties and intracellular localizations. The O-methylation of flavonoids, which is a class of plant specialized metabolites, promotes their antimicrobial activities and liposolubility. Flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs), which are responsible for the O-methylation process of the flavonoid aglycone, generally accept a broad range of substrates across flavones, flavonols and lignin precursors, with different substrate preferences. Therefore, the characterization of FOMTs with the physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids is useful for crop improvement and metabolic engineering. In this review, we summarized the chemodiversity and physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids, which were already reported, and we performed a cross-species comparison to illustrate an overview of diversification and conserved catalytic sites of the flavonoid O-methyltransferases.journal articl
Heterozygous loss of Zbtb38 leads to early embryonic lethality via the suppression of Nanog and Sox2 expression
No full textObjectives: Mammalian DNA methyltransferases are essential to re-establish global DNA methylation patterns during implantation, which is critical for transmitting epigenetic information to the next generation. In contrast, the significance of methyl-CpG binding proteins (MBPs) that bind methylated CpG remains almost unknown at this stage. We previously demonstrated that Zbtb38 (also known as CIBZ)?a zinc finger type of MBP?is required for mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell proliferation by positively regulating Nanog expression. However, the physiological function of Zbtb38 in vivo remains unclear.Materials and Methods: This study used the Cre-loxP system to generate conditional Zbtb38 knockout mice. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were studied by immunofluorescence staining. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms.Results: Germline loss of the Zbtb38 single allele resulted in decreased epiblast cell proliferation and increased apoptosis shortly after implantation, leading to early embryonic lethality. Heterozygous loss of Zbtb38 reduced the expression of Nanog, Sox2, and the genes responsible for epiblast proliferation, differentiation, and cell viability. Although this early lethal phenotype, Zbtb38 is dispensable for ES cell establishment and identity.Conclusions: These findings indicate that Zbtb38 is essential for early embryonicdevelopment via the suppression of Nanog and Sox2 expression.journal articl
Pathophysiological functions of self-derived DNA
Get PDFInflammation plays indispensable roles in building the immune responses such as acquired immunity against harmful pathogens. Furthermore, it is essential for maintaining biological homeostasis in ever-changing conditions. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) reside in cell membranes, endosomes or cytoplasm, and function as triggers for inflammatory responses. Binding of pathogen- or self-derived components, such as DNA, to PRRs activates downstream signaling cascades, resulting in the production of a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs). While these series of responses are essential for host defense, the unexpected release of DNA from the nucleus or mitochondria of host cells can lead to autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on DNA-sensing mechanisms via PRRs and the disorders and extraordinary conditions caused by self-derived DNA.review articl
Observation of Size-Dependent Optical Properties Based on Surface and Quantum Effects in Nanocrystals of 5,5′-Bis(4-Biphenylyl)-2,2′-Bithiophene
No full textHerein, 5,5'-bis(4-biphenylyl)-2,2'-bithiophene (BP2T or PPTTPP) nanocrystals are prepared via a modified miniemulsion technique. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction analyses reveal that the BP2T molecules stand almost upright against the crystal basal plane. With decreasing nanocrystal size, the peak energies of photoluminescence (PL) spectra are blue-shifted in the photon energy range from the bulk crystal to the monomer state. Energy-wavevector dispersion plots reproduced using the data of size-dependent PL spectra indicate that the size dependence of optical properties cannot be explained by the conventional quantum confinement effect used in inorganic nanocrystals. The micro-PL and time-resolved PL measurements of the BP2T nanocrystals reveal that the size-dependent optical properties can be attributed to a combined effect based on the surface effects as well as lattice softening, and quantum effects involving specific surface area-dependent site shift effect and exciton confinement. Moreover, amplified spontaneous emission is observed from the nanocrystals ?600-1000 nm in size, which is smaller than the size previously reported for organic systems.journal articl
Carbon Nanotube/Biomolecule Composite Yarn for Wearable Thermoelectric Applications
No full textIn this work, yarn made of a hybrid material of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and artificial biomolecules is created for the wearable thermoelectric (TE) module. Among the limited methods due to the sensitivity of proteins, the co-use of the ionic liquid and polymeric surfactant with the dialysis method is found to be effective for the dispersion of the CNT/biomolecule composite with a low CNT loss rate and high coverage by biomolecules on the CNT. This new method improved the TE performance by decreasing the bundle diameter of the CNT/C-Dps nanocomposite and better tensile strength. The incorporation of a biomolecule, in particular, significantly reduced the thermal conductivity of CNT yarns, demonstrating that the hybrid composite is advantageous for wearable device applications. This method also outperformed the conventional dispersion against the pristine CNT yarn (without protein), demonstrating the application’s generality. Finally, a low-density testing of the TE module using the CNT/biomolecule composite is demonstrated, exhibiting the output power of 4.37 μW m?2 with a thermoelectric voltage of 4.5 mV at a temperature difference of 20 K. The output power density and voltage can be easily increased 500-fold by increasing the density of the yarn and the number of series connections. This study proposes a practical method for producing an environment-friendly CNT/biomolecule hybrid yarn, which has the potential to be useful in future wearable TE applications.journal articl