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„Annaberg-Buchholz: Denkgänge über unter Tage“ – Zu Leben und Werk des Künstlers Carlfriedrich Claus
No full textAnke Paula Böttcher befasst sich in ihrem Artikel mit dem Leben und ausgewählten Werken des Künstlers Carlfriedrich Claus
Internetnutzung während und nach einer Freiheitsstrafe: Zu den Praktiken und Motiven der Nutzung und des Verzichts bei Straftätern: On the practices and motives of use and disclaim among offenders
No full textIn der vorliegenden Studie werden die Internetnutzung und Nichtnutzung bei Straftätern analysiert. Ziel ist es herauszufinden, welche Praktiken und Motive einer legalen und illegalen Nutzung oder einem Verzicht während der Freiheitsstrafe zugrunde liegen und inwiefern sich diese auf die Zeit nach der Entlassung auswirken. Dazu wurden qualitative Interviews mit entlassenen Häftlingen durchgeführt. Es zeigt sich, dass sich unterschiedliche Nutzertypen und verschiedene Nutzungspraktiken im Strafvollzug ausformen. Zu diesen zählen die Minimal-Onliner, die Gelegenheits- und Intensivnutzer. Zudem die zeitliche, räumliche und soziale Dimension der Nutzung. Darüber hinaus treiben die Insassen ähnliche Motive an wie die Individuen in Freiheit. Ferner stellt ein Freiheitsentzug zwar einen gravierenden Einschnitt in die Biografie, aber nicht in das anschließende Nutzungsverhalten dar.:1 Einleitung
2 Grundlagen des Strafvollzugs
3 Internet im Strafvollzug
4 Theoretischer Hintergrund
5 Stand der Forschung
6 Methode
7 Ergebnisse
8 Diskussion
9 Fazit und AusblickIn the present study the internet use and non-use by offenders is analyzed. The aim is to find out which practices and motives underlie legal and illegal use or nonuse during imprisonment and to what extent these practices and motives affect the time after release. To this end, qualitative interviews were conducted with released prisoners. It was shown that different user types and different practices of use take shape in the prison system. These include the minimal users, occasional users and intensive users. Moreover, the temporal, spatial and social dimensions of use. Furthermore, the inmates pursue similar motives as the individuals in freedom. In addition, although deprivation of liberty represents a serious cut in the biography, it does not affect subsequent use behavior.:1 Einleitung
2 Grundlagen des Strafvollzugs
3 Internet im Strafvollzug
4 Theoretischer Hintergrund
5 Stand der Forschung
6 Methode
7 Ergebnisse
8 Diskussion
9 Fazit und Ausblic
Towards Smart Motile Autonomous Robotic Tubular Systems (S.M.A.R.T.S)
No full textThe development of synthetic life once envisioned by Feynman and Flynn many decades ago has stimulated significant research in materials science, biology, neuroscience, robotics, and computer science. The cross-disciplinary effort and advanced technologies in soft miniature robotics have addressed some of the significant challenges of actuation, sensing, and subsystem integration. An ideal Soft motile miniaturised robot (SMMRs) has innovative applications on a small scale, for instance, drug delivery to environmental remediation. Such a system demands smart integration of micro/nano components such as engines, actuators, sensors, controllers, and power supplies, making it possible to implement complex missions controlled wirelessly. Such an autonomous SMMR spans over multiple science and technology disciplines and requires innovative microsystem design and materials. Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been made towards mastering one of such a SMMR's essential components: micro-engine. Chemical fuels and magnetic fields have been employed to power the micro-engines. However, it was realized seven years ago in work of TU-Chemnitz Professorship of Material Systems in Nanoelectronics and institute of investigative Nanosciences Leibniz IFW Dresden including Chemnitz side. Write explicitly that it is essential to combine the micro-engine with other functional microelectronic components to create an individually addressable smart and motile microsystem.
This PhD work summarises the progress in designing and developing a novel flexible and motile soft micro autonomous robotic tubular systems (SMARTS) different from the well-studied single-tube catalytic micro-engines and other reported micromotors. Our systems incorporate polymeric nanomembranes fabricated by photolithography and rolled-up nanotechnology, which provide twin-tube structures and a spacious platform between the engines used to integrate onboard electronics. Energy can be wirelessly transferred to the catalytic tubular engine, allowing control over the SMARTS direction. Furthermore, to have more functionality onboard, a micro-robotic arm was integrated with remote triggering ability by inductive heating. To make the entire system smart, it is necessary to develop an onboard processor. However, the use of conventional Si technology is technically challenging due to the high thermal processes. We developed complex integrated circuits (IC) using novel single crystal-like organic and ZnO-based transistors to overcome this issue.
Furthermore, a novel fabrication methodology that combines with six primary components of an autonomous system, namely motion, structure, onboard energy, processor, actuators, and sensors to developing novel SMARTSs, is being pursued and discussed.:List of acronyms 8
Chapter 1. Introduction 12
1.1 Motivation 14
1.2 Objectives 17
1.3 Thesis structure 18
Chapter 2. Building blocks of micro synthetic life 19
2.1 Soft structure 20
2.1.1 Polymorphic adaptability 20
2.1.2 Dynamic reconfigurability 20
2.1.3 Continuous motion 21
2.2 Locomotion 21
2.2.1 Aquatic 22
2.2.2 State-of-the-art aquatic SMMR 24
2.2.3 State-of-the-art terrestrial SMMR 25
2.2.4 State-of-the-art aerial SMMR 27
2.3 Onboard sensing 28
2.3.1 State-of-the-art 3D and flexible sensors systems 28
2.4 Onboard actuation 30
2.4.1 State-of-the-art actuators 30
2.5 Embedded onboard intelligence 32
2.5.1 State-of-the-art flexible integrated circuits 32
2.6 Onboard energy 33
2.6.1 State-of-the-art micro energy storage 34
2.6.2 State-of-the-art onboard energy harvesting SMMR 35
Chapter 3. Technology overview 38
3.1 Structure 38
3.1.1 Self-assembled “swiss-roll” architectures 40
3.1.2 Polymeric “swiss-roll” architectures 41
3.2 Motion: micro tubes as propulsion engines 44
3.2.1 Chemical engines 44
3.3 Embedded onboard intelligence 46
3.3.1 Thin film transistor 46
3.3.2 Basic characteristics of MOSFETs 48
3.4 Growth dynamics of organic single crystal films 51
3.4.1 Thin films growth dynamics 52
3.5 Powering SMARTSs 55
3.5.1 Onboard energy storage 56
3.5.2 Wireless power delivery 59
3.6 Integrable micro-arm 63
3.6.1 Stimuli-responsive actuator 63
3.6.2 Remote activation 64
Chapter 4. Fabrication and characterization 65
4.1 Thin film fabrication technology 65
4.1.1 Photolithography 65
4.1.2 E-beam deposition 68
4.1.3 Sputtering 69
4.1.4 Physical vapour deposition 70
4.1.5 Atomic layer deposition 71
4.1.6 Ion beam etching 72
4.2 Characterization methods 73
4.2.1 Atomic force microscopy 73
4.2.2 Scanning electron microscopy 74
4.2.3 Cyclic voltammetry 75
4.2.4 Galvanic charge discharge 77
4.2.5 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 78
Chapter 5. Development of soft micro autonomous robotic tubular systems (SMARTS) 81
5.1 Soft, flexible and robust polymeric platform 82
5.2 Locomotion of SMARTS 84
5.2.1 Assembly of polymeric tubular jet engines 84
5.2.2 Catalytic self-propulsion of soft motile microsystem 85
5.2.3 Propulsion power generated by the catalyst reaction 87
5.3 Onboard energy for SMARTS 89
5.3.1 Onboard wireless energy 90
5.3.2 Onboard ‘zero-pitch’ micro receiver coil 90
5.3.3 Evaluation of the micro receiver coil 91
5.4 Onboard energy storage 92
5.4.1 Fabrication of nano-biosupercapacitors 93
5.4.2 Electrochemical performance of “Swiss-roll” nBSC 97
5.4.3 Self-discharge performance and Bio enhancement: 98
5.4.4 Electrochemical and structural life time performance 100
5.4.5 Performance under physiologically conditions 101
5.4.6 Electrolyte temperature and flow dependent performance 102
5.4.7 Performance under hemodynamic conditions 105
5.4.8 Biocompatibility of nBSCs 105
5.5 Wireless powering and autarkic operation of SMARTS 108
5.5.1 Remote activation of an onboard IR-LED 108
5.5.2 Wireless locomotion of SMARTS 109
5.5.3 Effect of magnetic moment on SMARTS locomotion 111
5.5.4 Full 2D wireless locomotion control of SMARTS 112
5.5.5 Self-powered monolithic pH sensor system 114
5.6 Onboard remote actuation 119
5.6.1 Fabrication of integrable micro-arm 120
5.6.2 Remote actuation of integrable micro-arm 122
5.7 Flexibility of SMARTS 122
5.8 Onboard integrated electronics 123
5.9 Onboard organic electronics 124
5.9.1 Growth of BTBT-T6 as active semiconductor material 125
5.9.2 Confined Growth of BTBT-T6 to form Single-Crystal-Like Domain 128
5.9.3 Fabrication of OFET based on Single-Crystal-Like BTBT-T6 129
5.9.4 Carrier injection optimization 132
5.9.5 Performance of single-crystal-like BTBT-T6-OFET 133
5.10 Onboard flexible metal oxide electronics 136
5.10.1 Fabrication flexible ZnO TFT 138
5.10.2 Performance of ZnO TFT 139
5.10.3 Flexible integrated circuits 140
5.10.4 Logic gates 140
Chapter 6. Summary 142
Chapter 7. Conclusion and outlook 144
References 147
List of Figures & tables 173
Versicherung 177
Acknowledgement 178
Research achievements 180
Research highlight 183
Cover pages 184
Theses 188
Curriculum-vitae 19
Some numerical techniques for approximating semilinear parabolic (stochastic) partial differential equations
Get PDFPartial differential equations (PDEs) and stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) are powerful tools in modeling real-world phenomena in many fields
such as geo-engineering. For instance processes such as oil or gas recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs and mining heat from geothermal reservoirs can be modeled
by PDEs or SPDEs. An important task is to understand the behavior of such phenomena. This can be achieved through explicit solutions of equations. Since
explicit solutions of many PDEs and SPDEs are rarely known, developing numerical schemes is a good alternative to provide approximations of these explicit solutions.
The study of numerical solutions of PDEs and SPDEs is therefore an active research area and has attracted a lot of attentions since at least two decades. The aims of this dissertation is to develop numerical schemes to approximate semilinear parabolic PDEs and SPDEs in space and in time. The approximation in space is done via the standard Galerkin finite element method and the approximation in time, which is the core of our work is done via various numerical integrators. This dissertation consists of two general parts.
The first part of this thesis deals with autonomous PDEs and SPDEs. Here, our main interest is on semilinear PDEs and SPDEs where the nonlinear part is stronger
than the linear part also called (stochastic) reactive dominated transport equations, or stiff problems. For such problems, many numerical techniques in the current
scientific literature lose their good stability properties. We develop a new explicit exponential integrator (called exponential Rosenbrock-type method) and a new
semi-implicit method (called linear implicit Rosenbrock-type method), appropriate for such PDEs and SPDEs. We analyze the strong convergence of our novel fully
discrete schemes towards the mild solution of the (S)PDE and obtain convergence orders similar to existing ones in the literature.
The second part of this thesis focuses on numerical approximations of semilinear non-autonomous parabolic PDEs and SPDEs. Such equations are more realistic than the autonomous ones and find applications in many fields such as fluid mechanics, quantum field theory, electromagnetism, etc. Numerics of non-autonomous semilinear parabolic PDEs and SPDEs are far from being well understood in the literature. We fill that gap in this thesis by developing a new exponential integrator (called Magnus-type method) and the semi-implicit method for such problems and provide their strong convergence towards the mild solution. Moreover, for both autonomous and non-autonomous SPDEs driven by additive noise, we achieve optimal convergence order in time 1 or approximately 1. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate our theoretical findings in both autonomous and non-autonomous cases
Combining Frugal Innovation, Inclusive Business, and Scrum for Addressing Low-income Contexts with Sustainability Considerations
No full textSustainability and the penetration of new markets beyond developed industries are two topics that are gaining increasing attention both in research and in business practice. As Western industries are becoming saturated, companies are looking for further business alternatives and are focusing on North-South opportunities, among others. Therefore, bottom-of-the-pyramid markets are often mentioned as promising mass markets. However, market access remains a challenge, as bottom-of-the-pyramid contexts are characterized by low incomes, resource constraints, and infrastructural barriers. In addition, sustainable practices are a challenge. Since the introduction of the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations, which apply to all countries, companies are required to address aspects of sustainability in their business practices. However, they have to cope with conflicting dimensions inherent to sustainability such as improving economic and social aspects, which are usually accompanied by higher resource demands and environmental degradation.
Previous literature started to address these issues by focusing on innovative approaches such as frugal innovation, social innovation, or resource-constrained innovation. In the last decade, research on frugal innovations has particularly focused on how to address the challenges of low-income and resource-constrained contexts, often with aspects of sustainability in mind. However, to address these low-income contexts, having a suitable innovation is not enough; businesses must actually reach the target group, such as by overcoming accessibility issues in rural areas. Initial research has examined the value chains of frugal innovations and ways to engage the consumer, which also leads to social improvements. Building on this research, this dissertation combines four themes – frugal innovation, sustainability, inclusive business, and Scrum – to illustrate how innovations can address the needs of target groups in bottom-of-the-pyramid contexts and how these innovations can be implemented by engaging target customers.
The first paper illustrates the links between frugal innovation and sustainability based on a new sustainability evaluation framework. All cases considered contribute to sustainability, with social improvements being most notable. New employment and income opportunities are key social improvements. They reflect inclusive business approaches, which are the focus of the second paper. The case examples of the second paper show how frugal innovation can be implemented in accordance with inclusive business, which leads to customer involvement and thus mutually supports frugal innovation. The Inclusive Business Link Model for Frugal Innovation was built to show connections of frugal innovation and inclusive business and to provide application possibilities. A key finding was that for the cases considered a high level of customer integration can be achieved through frugal innovations with modular designs and is supported by knowledge transfer and partnerships. To address knowledge transfer and partnerships in particular, the last paper applies Scrum as an agile approach at the execution level for inclusive business. In developing the conceptual model Inclusive Business Scrum Approach, inclusive business is considered as the 'what' and Scrum as the 'how' in engaging low-income consumers.
With regard to all three papers and the four included topics, this dissertation achieves several outcomes and contributes to a broader view of how low-income consumers can be addressed. First, each paper illustrates benefits of combining the concepts that could be valuable when addressing the bottom-of-the-pyramid context. Thereby, the papers build on each other and include previous results. Second, aspects of social sustainability are addressed mainly by combining frugal innovation and inclusive business. Third, each paper develops a model or framework intending to support practical applicability. Finally, an outline is provided for how combining frugal innovation, inclusive business, and Scrum positively could impact partnerships, knowledge transfer, and the empowerment of the target group, which could culminate in an approach that addresses challenges experienced when entering the Bottom of the Pyramid that also considers sustainability. The new management options developed begin at a general level and end at an execution level and thus contribute to holistic perspectives on innovations, approaches, and implementation options for organizations intending to address the Bottom of the Pyramid.:Abstract 1
Table of Contents 3
List of Abbreviations 6
List of Tables 7
List of Figures 8
1 Introduction 9
2 Theoretical background 15
2.1 Defining sustainability 15
2.2 The BoP as target group 18
2.3 Frugal innovation 20
2.4 Inclusive business 22
2.5 The agile approach Scrum 25
2.6 Contribution of the investigations and the current relevance of topics 28
3 Methodology 30
4 Papers 32
4.1 Publication 1: Introducing a Sustainability Evaluation Framework based on the Sustainable Development Goals applied to Four Cases of South African Frugal Innovation 32
4.1.1 Introduction 33
4.1.2 Theoretical background and research context 34
4.1.3 Methodology 38
4.1.4 Developing an evaluation framework 40
4.1.5 Limitations 44
4.1.6 Introducing the frugal cases 44
4.1.7 Findings 45
4.1.8 Discussion 48
4.1.9 Conclusion 49
4.2 Publication 2: How Frugal Innovation and Inclusive Business Are Linked to Tackle Low-income Markets 51
4.2.1 Introduction 51
4.2.2 Literature review 55
4.2.3 Methods 62
4.2.4 Results 66
4.2.5 Cross case analysis 75
4.2.6 Inclusive business integration stair model 77
4.2.7 Development of propositions 82
4.2.8 Discussion 84
4.2.9 Research implications 86
4.2.10 Managerial implications 87
4.2.11 Concluding remarks and future research 88
4.3 Publication 3: Boosting Inclusive Businesses’ Opportunities Through the Adoption of Scrum: an Execution Strategy to Enter Low-end Markets 91
4.3.1 Introduction 92
4.3.2 Theoretical background 94
4.3.3 Conceptual model: Inclusive Business Scrum Approach 99
4.3.4 Challenges 106
4.3.5 Summary of key facts and propositions 108
4.3.6 Conclusion 111
4.3.7 Research implications 112
4.3.8 Managerial implications 113
4.3.9 Limitations and future research ideas 114
5 Discussion 116
5.1 Social sustainability 117
5.2 Partnerships 118
5.3 Knowledge transfer 118
5.4 Empowering the target group 119
5.5 Context challenges 119
6 Critical considerations and additional thoughts 121
6.1 Definition and contributions of frugal innovation 121
6.2 Sustainability of initiatives at the BoP and inclusive business 122
6.3 Aspects of leadership theories in Scrum 124
7 Methodological limitations 126
8 Research implications and future research ideas 128
9 Managerial implications 131
10 Conclusion 133
11 References 135
11.1 List of interviews 171
11.2 Further references used in Publication 2, anonymized form 17
Fortuna und Magister Paulus Niavis (vor 1460–1517)
Get PDFAndrea Kramarczyk gibt einen Überblick über das Wirken und Werk des Autors Paulus Niavis
Speculation driven overreaction and momentum effects in cryptocurrency and commodity markets
No full textThe present thesis is focused on speculative behavior of investors in financial markets. More precisely, the thesis consists of five papers and takes a closer look at two speculation driven financial market anomalies, the overreaction hypothesis and the momentum effect, and considers them in two financial markets, cryptocurrency and commodity markets
Untersuchungen zur Herstellung von Werkzeugelementen für das Presshärten mittels Laser Beam Melting
Get PDFIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Herstellung von Werkzeugen für das Presshärten mit Hilfe des additiven Fertigungsverfahrens Laser Beam Melting (LBM) untersucht. Dazu werden zunächst unterschiedliche Werkzeugstähle experimentell auf die Eignung zur Verarbeitung im LBM-Verfahren untersucht. Für einen dieser Werkzeugstähle werden anschließend die genauen Prozessparameter bei unterschiedlichen Vorwärmtemperaturen ermittelt. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass dieser Werkzeugstahl sowohl ohne, als auch mit Vorheizung des Prozesses verarbeitet werden kann. Die mechanischen Kennwerte der Vergleichsprobe aus geschmiedetem und vergütetem Material werden hinsichtlich der Bruchdehnung und Zähigkeit nicht erreicht. Eine höhere Vorwärmtemperatur hat jedoch einen positiven Einfluss auf die mechanischen Kennwerte. In einem modellhaften Verschleißversuch wird gezeigt, dass bei einer Vorwärmung der Bauplattform auf 500 °C sowie entsprechender Wärmebehandlung das Verschleißverhalten von geschmiedetem Material erreicht werden können.:1 Einführung
2 Technologische Grundlagen
3 Stand der Wissenschaft und Forschung
4 Voruntersuchung
5 Konzeption der Arbeit
6 Anlagentechnik
7 LBM von Werkzeugstählen
8 Werkstoffanalyse
9 Verschleißuntersuchungen
10 Zusammenfassung
11 Ausblick
Literaturverzeichni
Textiles Retrofit - Leitfaden für die Digitalisierung textiler KMU
Get PDFDie deutsche Textilindustrie, vorwiegend geprägt durch kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU), ist wichtiger Innovationstreiber in unterschiedlichsten Forschungsfeldern wie Fahrzeugbau, Medizin und Architektur. Um dem zunehmenden globalen Wettbewerbsdruck standzuhalten, stellt die Digitalisierung einen wesentlichen Schlüsselfaktor dar. Für KMU ist dieser digitale Wandlungsprozess aufgrund historisch gewachsener Produktionssysteme und fehlendem Know-how eine besondere Herausforderung. In diesem Konferenzbeitrag wird der im Rahmen des aktuell laufenden Projektes retroTEX der Technischen Universität Chemnitz und des Sächsischen Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. erarbeitete Retrofit-Leitfaden zur Unterstützung von Digitalisierungsvorhaben in textilen KMU vorgestellt. Im Fokus dieses Beitrages steht der strukturelle und inhaltliche Aufbau des Leitfadens. Das im Projekt entwickelte Reifegradmodell, das die textilspezifischen Voraussetzungen und Zielstellungen eines Retrofit berücksichtigt, bildet dabei einen wesentlichen Bestandteil. Dieses Reifegradmodell wird im Beitrag für den repräsentativen Anwendungsfall der digitalen Auftragsüberwachung beschrieben. Ausgehend von den Erkenntnissen aus der Erarbeitung des Handlungsleitfadens werden weitere Forschungsansätze aufgezeigt
Ionic Defects in Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Get PDFSolarzellen aus organisch-anorganischen hybriden Perowskithalbleitern gelten als mögliche Schlüsseltechnologie zur Erzeugung günstiger und umweltfreundlicher elektrischer Energie und somit als Meilenstein für die Energiewende. Um die weltweit stetig wachsende Nachfrage an elektrischer Energie zu decken, bedarf es Solarzellentechnologien, welche gleichzeitig eine hohe Effizienz nahe dem Shockley-Queisser-Limit als auch eine hinreichend gute Stabilität aufweisen. Während die Effizienz von Solarzellen auf Basis von Perowskithalbleitern in dem letzten Jahrzehnt eine bemerkenswerte Entwicklung erfahren hat, lassen sich die wesentlichen physikalischen Mechanismen dieser Technologie noch nicht vollständig erklären. Die elektronisch-ionische Mischleitfähigkeit ist eine dieser Eigenschaften, welche die Effizienz und besonders die Stabilität der Perowskit-Solarzelle beeinflusst. Zentrales Thema dieser Arbeit ist daher die Untersuchung von mobilen ionischen Defekten und deren Einfluss auf Solarzellenparametern. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Migrationsraten ionischer Defekte in Perowskit breiten Verteilungen unterliegen. Durch die Anwendung eines neu entwickelten Regularisationsalgorithmus für inverse Laplace-Transformationen und verschiedener Messmoden für transiente Störstellenspektroskopie kann somit geklärt werden, warum sich berichtete ionische Defektparameter aus der Literatur für gleiche Defekte stark unterscheiden können. Dieses grundlegende Verständnis kann angewendet werden, um den Einfluss von kleinen stöchiometrischen Variationen auf die Defektlandschaft zu untersuchen und das Zusammenspiel zwischen elektronischen und ionischen Eigenschaften besser zu verstehen. Der Einsatz der Meyer-Neldel Regel ermöglicht ferner eine Kategorisierung ionischer Defekte in Perowskithalbleitern. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass elektrische und optische Methoden wie intensitätsmodulierte Spektroskopie geeignet sind, um Informationen über mobile Ionen in hybriden Perowskiten zu erhalten. Zusätzlich wird das elektronische Rekombinationsverhalten näher untersucht.Solar cells made of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite semiconductors are considered as a possible key technology for the conversion of cheap and environmentally
friendly electrical energy and thus as a milestone for the turnaround in energy policy. In order to meet the steadily growing global demand for electrical energy, solar cell tech-
nologies are required that are both highly efficient, i.e. close to the Shockley–Queisser limit, and sufficiently stable. While the efficiency of solar cells based on perovskite semi-
conductors has undergone a remarkable development in the last decade, the essential physical mechanisms of this technology cannot yet be fully explained. The electronic-
ionic mixed conductivity is one of these properties, which influences the efficiency and especially the stability of the perovskite solar cell. The central topic of this thesis
is therefore the investigation of mobile ionic defects and their influence on solar cell parameters. It is shown that the migration rates of ionic defects in perovskites are
attributed to wide distributions. By application of a newly developed regularisation algorithm for inverse Laplace transform and different measurement modes for deep-level
transient spectroscopy, it can thus be clarified why reported ionic defect parameters from the literature for the same defects can differ significantly. This basic understanding can
be used to study the influence of small stoichiometric variations on the defect landscape and to better understand the interaction between electronic and ionic properties. Us-
ing the Meyer–Neldel rule also allows the characterisation of ionic defects in perovskite semiconductors. The last part of this thesis shows that electrical and optical methods
such as intensity-modulated spectroscopy are suitable for obtaining information about mobile ions in hybrid perovskites. In addition, the electronic recombination behaviour
is examined more closely