Multimedia ONline ARchiv CHemnitz
Not a member yet
4978 research outputs found
Sort by
The effects of inhibitory plasticity and the emerging network dynamics on processing visual information
No full textTo perceive an object, the visual system must process both spatial information about the object (such as shape and texture) and its temporal behavior (such as its moving direction). Simple cells in the primary visual cortex are selective for simple spatial and temporal object properties such as orientation and direction of motion. Their selectivity is thought to be mainly determined by the driving input from cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus, while inhibition of interneurons only sharpens their selectivity. The formation of this selectivity occurs through synaptic plasticity, as has been shown in many experimental and theoretical studies. However, only a few of these studies have investigated whether plasticity at the synapses to and from the inhibitory interneurons is relevant for the formation of selectivity. This leads to the first open question about the relevance of plasticity at the different synapses, especially inhibitory ones. Since the visual system provides information about objects to higher areas along the sensory processing pathway, that object information must be represented within the system. Therefore, in addition to reproducing various experimental phenomena, an artificial visual system should perform well at object identification. This leads to the second open question about the performance of a biologically motivated artificial visual system in object recognition. Furthermore, the selectivity to a stimulus moving direction is strongly connected to the spatiotemporal processing of simple cells. Models that have investigated direction selectivity usually use a purely mathematical description of the neural dynamics without considering how these dynamics can arise within the network dynamics. This leads to the third question of how spatiotemporal processing can only be made possible by network dynamics. Another frequently discussed network mechanism for the origin of direction selectivity is intercortical inhibition. Several publications have discussed whether intercortical inhibition is necessary for the emergence of direction selectivity or whether it only enhances the selectivity caused by different temporal offsets in the thalamocortical connections. This leads to the fourth question about the influence of intercortical inhibition on simple cell direction selectivity. To answer these questions, a network of spiking neurons was used in this work. For the first question, the network included a population of excitatory and inhibitory cells. The plasticity of the synapses followed two spike-timing-dependent plasticity models so that the excitatory cells formed a spatial selectivity similar to that of simple cells. By activating and deactivating plasticity at different synapses, it could be shown that plasticity at synapses related to feedforward and feedback inhibition improves the variety of orientation selectivity of the excitatory cells and thus the representation of the input stimulus. Once an optimal representation had emerged in the network, different object recognition datasets were presented to answer the second question. Using the same receptive fields for all datasets, we evaluated how universal the neuronal representation is and where the limits of the current network approach lie. To answer the third question, the trained network was extended by a layer of retinal ganglion cells whose receptive field consisted of the typical center-surround antagonism. By applying a delay to the transmission of stimulus information in the surrounding field, temporal dynamics could be observed for cells in the excitatory population. To answer the fourth question, the selectivity of different inhibitory circuits and the temporal offsets in the thalamocortical input currents were manipulated. The results show that directional selectivity occurs because the temporal offset in the thalamocortical connections breaks the symmetry between the excitatory and inhibitory currents for opposing directions. This work highlights the functional role of inhibitory plasticity for the representation of spatial information as well as for the emergence of direction selectivity through tuned inhibition.:List of Figures
Abbreviations
1. General Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Thesis structure
2. Background
2.1 The early visual pathway
2.1.1 The retina
2.1.2 The lateral geniculate nucleus
2.1.3 Primary visual cortex
2.2 Spiking neural networks
2.2.1 Spiking neuron models
2.2.2 Synaptic plasticity
2.2.3 Inhibitory plasticity
2.3 Spiking models of simple cell receptive fields
2.4 Simple cell direction selectivity models
2.4.1 Direction selectivity through a temporal offset from previous areas
2.4.2 Direction selectivity through intercortical inhibition
2.4.3 Direction selectivity through lagged cells and intercortical inhibition
3. How inhibitory plasticity shapes stimulus representation in a spiking neural network
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Network architecture
3.2.2 Network input
3.2.3 Poisson neuron model in LGN
3.2.4 Adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire neurons in V1
3.2.5 Synaptic plasticity
3.2.6 Analysis methods
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Emergence of diversely tuned receptive fields
3.3.2 Emergence of structured feed-forward and recurrent connectivity
3.3.3 Inhibition controls response decorrelation
3.3.4 Inhibitory feedback shapes tuning curves
3.3.5 Spontaneous emergence of contrast-invariant tuning curves
3.3.6 Sparseness is increased by both, inhibition and tuning diversity
3.3.7 Metabolic efficiency benefits from strong feedback inhibition
3.3.8 Input reconstruction benefits from plastic inhibition
3.4 Discussion
3.4.1 Feed-forward and feedback inhibitory plasticity improves orientation diversity and representational efficiency
3.4.2 Emergence of a self-organized balance of excitation and inhibition
3.4.3 Inhibition implements a gain control mechanism and shapes tuning curves
3.4.4 Shift in the E/I balance leads to the spontaneous emergence of contrast invariant tuning curves
3.4.5 Sparseness and metabolic efficiency benefit from E/I balance
3.4.6 Structured connectivity caused by inhibitory and excitatory plasticity
3.4.7 Stable learning despite limitations of simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory plasticity
3.5 Conclusion
4. Measuring the stimulus encoding quality with different object recognition datasets
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods
4.2.1 Rate-based model
4.2.2 Spike-based model
4.2.3 Data preprocessing and performance measurement
4.3 Results
4.3.1 MNIST
4.3.2 Balanced EMNIST
4.3.3 SVHN
4.3.4 CIFAR-10
4.3.5 ETH-80
4.3.6 Caltech 101 - face and motorbike subset
4.3.7 Input representation
4.4 Discussion
5. The emergence of direction selective cells and spatiotemporal receptive fields
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods
5.2.1 Network architecture
5.2.2 Network modifications
5.2.3 Analysis methods
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Surround to center delay leads to spatiotemporal receptive fields
5.3.2 Direction selectivity through lagged LGN cells and intercortical inhibition
5.4 Discussion
5.4.1 Ganglion cell surround delay as the origin of spatiotemporal receptive fields
5.4.2 The origin of surround delay dynamic
5.4.3 Lagged LGN cells lead to more inseparable STRFs
5.4.4 Inhibition together with lagged LGN cells leading to direction selectivity
5.4.5 Orientation and spatial offset as source of asymmetric inhibition
5.4.6 Role of ganglion cell direction selectivity for simple cell selectivity
5.4.7 Predictive models of simple cell direction selectivity
5.4.8 Motion processing in higher cortical areas and future work
5.4.9 Conclusion
6. Discussion and summary
6.1 Inhibitory plasticity on shaping input representation
6.2 Strong inhibition degrading input representation
6.3 Quality of input representation for object recognition
6.4 Role of delays in ganglion cell surround fields for processing information in space and time
6.5 Contribution of inhibition on direction selectivity
6.6 Summary
6.7 Outloo
Do you say /ka:/ or /ka:r/?: What future teachers should learn about English phonetics, phonology and pronunciation
No full textThis article attempts to provide an answer to the question what future teachers of English should ideally learn at university about English phonetics, phonology and pronunciation for the benefit of their future pupils/students. It considers the situation at two German universities and begins with a discussion why pronunciation matters. The article then elaborates on the role of phonetics, phonology and pronunciation in German school curricula, in the European Framework of Reeference and in teacher training programmes, among other things. Finally, various suggestions are presented how to integrate these topics into the linguistic training of future teachers of English
Clause Complexing Systems of Chinese Students’ Academic Writing
No full textDie vorliegende Studie widmet sich einer eingehenden Untersuchung von Satzgefügen (Clause Complex) in der Theorie der systemisch-funktionalen Grammatik (SFG). Dabei werden Satzverbindungen, Wissenszitate, Bedeutungsauslegungen und -vermittlungen sowie die Komplexität von Satzkombinationen beim Verfassen akademischer Texte berücksichtigt. Im Rahmen dieser Studie werden unter anderem die folgenden Unterkategorien untersucht: Expansion und Projektion (Projection), die Taxis von Satzverbindungen, der Bedeutungsausdruck im Text, die Wahl lexikalisch-grammatischer Kategorien, implizite Satzgefügen und die Komplexität von Satzgefügen innerhalb des Textes. Ziel dieser Studie war zunächst die Untersuchung der Anordnung von Nebensätzen in einem Text
durch Studierende, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf Studierende gelegt wird, deren Muttersprache nicht Englisch ist und die sich bemühen, Englisch zu lernen. Ziel ist es, Ideen zu vermitteln. Die zweite Zielsetzung bestand in der Aufstellung und Bestätigung der Hypothese, dass Doktoranden im Hauptfach Englisch in China mehr und bessere Satzgefüge verwenden als Masterstudierende. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Forschung war die Differenzierung der Expansion von der Konjunktion und der Projektion von der Zitierung ihrer Forschungsbereiche, Positionen im entsprechenden theoretischen Rahmen, Anmerkungen und Bezeichnungen, der Betonung der Problemlösung, anwendbarer Aussichten usw. im theoretischen Teil. Ein weiterer Punkt war die Entwicklung eines Analyserahmens, der speziell auf der Grundlage des ursprünglichen SFG-Satzgefüges besser für akademische Diskurse oder das Schreiben von Abschlussarbeiten geeignet ist. Zudem sollten Kategorien im Rahmen durch Integration von Daten aus Forschungsergebnissen quantifiziert werden. Auf dieser Grundlage sollten einige neue Konzepte vorgeschlagen und dann einige neue und damit verbundene Forschungsfragen aufgezeigt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde zudem die These überprüft, dass die Auswahl von Lokution (Locution) aus einem kleinen Korpustest der Doktoranden die der Masterstudenten übersteigt. Darüber hinaus wurden die folgenden Fragen erörtert: Verfügen die Studierenden über die Fähigkeit zur logischen Auswahl projizierender Verben beim Schreiben von Abschlussarbeiten? Und können diese Relationsmarker die Gedanken der Autoren, ihr Verständnis dieser Meinungen und ihre Absichten bei der Projektion und Bedeutungstransformation objektiv darstellen?:CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.1.1 Lexicogrammatical: Taxis and Expansion 3
1.1.2 Structural and Interpersonal: Projection and Projecting Verbs 5
1.1.3 Meaning Realization: The Implicit Language 6
1.1.4 Measuring: The Complexity of Clause Complexes 7
1.1.5 Summary 8
1.2 Purpose of the Study 9
1.3 Research Questions 10
1.4 Significance of the Study 11
1.5 Chapter Overview 15
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 21
2.1 The Literature Review of Academic Writing 21
2.1.1 ESP/EAP/EAW 21
2.1.2 Theoretical Foundations 23
2.1.3 Research Methods of Academic Writing 24
2.1.4 Research Perspectives of Academic Writing 26
2.1.5 Related Research of Academic Writing 41
2.1.6 English for Academic Writing Research on MA Theses versus PhD Dissertations 43
2.1.7 Conjunction vs. Expansion 43
2.1.8 Citation vs. Projection 45
2.1.9 Controversial 51
2.2 Previous Research of the Clause Complex 52
2.2.1 Research of the Clause Complex in China 52
2.2.2 Research of the CC in Other Countries 72
2.2.3 Summary 88
2.3 Conclusion of Previous Research 90
CHAPTER 3 THEORY 93
3.0 Introduction 93
3.1 SFG: Background, Originality, and Comparison 93
3.1.1 SFG as a Theoretical Base 96
3.1.2 Clause & Clause Complex 108
3.1.3 Expansion 115
3.1.4 Projection (without Embedding) 131
3.1.5 Conclusion of SFG 137
3.2 Academic Writing & SFL 138
3.2.1 Combining AW with SFL 139
3.2.2 Seeing AW as a Register 139
3.2.3 The Qualitative Analyzing Framework for the Projection CC (from AP & SFG) 143
3.3 Corpus Linguistics & SFL (Probabilistic) 143
3.3.1 A Brief History of the Intersection of CL & SFL 144
3.3.2 The Connection of CL & SFL 144
3.3.3 Related Research and Methods of CL & SFL 145
3.3.4 Related Key Concepts 146
3.3.5 Disadvantages of SFL in CL Perspective 147
3.3.6 Summary 149
3.4 Theoretical Framework for the Study 149
CHAPTER 4 DATA & METHODS 151
4.1 Data (ChAcE) Description 151
4.2 Research Methods 157
4.2.1 Qualitative & Quantitative Methods 157
4.2.2 Qualitative Methods 160
4.2.3 Quantitative Methods 166
4.2.4 Summary 174
4.3 Chosen Data: CMAC & CPhD 174
4.3.1 Corpus Design 174
4.3.2 Corpora General 175
4.3.3 Corpora Details 175
4.3.4 Summary 192
4.4 Analysis Outline 193
CHAPTER 5 EXPANSION 195
5.1 Expansion Comparison 195
5.1.1 General Distribution of Expansion 195
5.1.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Expansion 197
5.1.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Expansion 202
5.1.4 Expansion Composition 205
5.1.5 Summary of Expansion Comparison 211
5.2 Elaboration (Quantitatively Comparison) 211
5.2.1 General Distribution of Elaboration (Elaboration/Clause Nexuses) 211
5.2.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Elaboration 212
5.2.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Elaboration 218
5.2.4 Summary of Elaboration Comparison 222
5.3 Elaboration (Qualitatively Analysis) 223
5.3.1 General Information of Elaboration 223
5.3.2 Exposition (Paratactic Elaboration) 223
5.3.3 Exemplification (Paratactic Elaboration) 226
5.3.4 Clarification (Paratactic Elaboration) 227
5.3.5 Hypotactic Elaboration 228
5.3.6 Summary of Elaboration Marker Choices 229
5.4 Extension (Quantitatively Comparison) 229
5.4.1 General Distribution of Extension (Extension/Clause Nexuses) 230
5.4.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Extension 231
5.4.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Extension 237
5.4.4 Summary of Extension Comparison 242
5.5 Extension (Qualitatively Analysis) 242
5.5.1 General Information of Extension 242
5.5.2 Addition 242
5.5.3 Variation 247
5.5.4 Alternation 251
5.5.5 Summary of Extension Marker Choices 252
5.6 Enhancement (Quantitatively Comparison) 252
5.6.1 General Distribution of Enhancement (Enhancement/Clause Nexuses) 252
5.6.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Enhancement 253
5.6.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Enhancement 259
5.6.4 Summary of Enhancement Comparison 265
5.7 Enhancement (Qualitatively Analysis) 265
5.7.1 General Information of Enhancement 265
5.7.2 Temporal 265
5.7.3 Spatial 271
5.7.3.1 Same Place 271
5.7.4 Manner 272
5.7.5 Causal 275
5.7.6 Conditional 284
5.7.7 Summary of Enhancement Marker Choices 292
5.8 Conclusion for Expansion Conditions 293
CHAPTER 6 PROJECTION 295
6.0 Introduction 295
6.1 Projection Comparison 295
6.1.1 General Distribution of Projection 295
6.1.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Projection 297
6.1.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Projection 302
6.1.4 Projection Composition 307
6.1.5 Summary of Projection Comparison 310
6.2 Locution (Quantitatively Comparison) 310
6.2.1 General Distribution of Locution (Locution/Clause Nexuses) 311
6.2.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Locution 312
6.2.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Locution 319
6.2.4 Summary of Locution Comparison 324
6.3 Locution (Qualitatively Analysis) 324
6.3.1 General Information of Locution 324
6.3.2 Locution - Proposal 324
6.3.3 Locution - Proposition 329
6.3.4 Summary of Locution Marker Choices 334
6.4 Idea (Quantitatively Comparison) 334
6.4.1 General Distribution of Idea (Idea/Clause Nexuses) 335
6.4.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Idea 336
6.4.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Idea 340
6.4.4 Summary of Idea Comparison 345
6.5 Idea (Qualitatively Analysis) 345
6.5.1 General Information of Idea 345
6.5.2 Idea - Proposal 345
6.5.3 Idea - Proposition 348
6.5.4 Summary of Idea Marker Choices 352
6.6 Conclusion for Projection Conditions 352
CHAPTER 7 DISCUSSIONS 355
7.1 The Big System of Clause Complex in Academic Writing 355
7.1.1 System Comparison 355
7.1.2 Grammatical Comparison 360
7.1.3 Lexical Comparison 367
7.1.4 Realization Analysis 373
7.1.5 Summary of CC System Comparison 373
7.2 Four Kinds within AW & Error Analysis 374
7.2.1 Four Kinds of Additions within Academic Writing 374
7.2.2 The Location of Four Additions 376
7.2.3 The Location of Four Layers in any Category of CC 377
7.2.4 Annotation for Wrong CCs 377
7.2.5 Summary of Four Additions and Error Analysis 382
7.3 Implicit & Explicit Clause Complex 382
7.4 Common Recursion Patterns and Clause Order 382
7.4.1 Common Patterns of Clause Complex (Nesting) 382
7.4.2 Clause Order in a Clause Nexus 382
7.5 The Complexity of the CC or the Clause Complexical Complexity 384
7.5.1 Origins 384
7.5.2 Theoretical Background for the Complexity of the CC 386
7.5.3 Definition of Clause Complexical Complexity 386
7.5.4 Three Formulas with Comparison 387
7.5.5 Formula Application 389
7.5.6 Significance & Limitation 390
7.6 Conclusion for Discussions 390
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 393
8.1 Conclusion 393
8.2 Contributions of the Study 399
8.3 Implications (for Researchers, Translators, and Teachers) 402
8.4 Limitations of the Study 404
8.5 Suggestions (for Theories, Translation, and Teaching) 406
REFERENCES 409
APPENDIX 445In light of the challenges posed by clause connection, knowledge citation, meaning construing and conveyance, and the complexity of clause combination in academic text writing, this study has been
dedicated to an in-depth examination of clause complexes (CCs), with a specific emphasis on the subcategories of expansion and projection, the taxis of clause connections, the expression of meaning
in the text, the choice of lexicogrammatical categories, implicit clause complexes, and the complexity of clause complexes within the text, among other aspects. The study first intends to investigate how clauses are organized in a text by students, especially those whose mother tongue is not English and who endeavor to learn it to convey ideas. The second purpose is to confirm the hypothesis that PhD candidates of English majors in China would use more and better clause complexes than Master students whose different educational levels lead to diverse understandings and applications of grammatical structures such as clause complexes. On account of the similarity and comparability of concepts, “clause complex” in Systemic Functional Grammar and Fuju in traditional Chinese grammar, the denotation and connotation of the two concepts have been discussed in the theoretical part to inquire about their differences. Another aim is to distinguish expansion from conjunction and projection from citation on their research spheres, locations in corresponding theoretical framework, annotation and denotation, emphasis on problem-solving, applicable prospects, etc., in the theoretical part. Besides, the research also inclines to deepen the theoretical foundation by following conventional definitions and the classification of conceptions in SFG categories; to develop an analyzing framework that is more suitable for academic discourse or thesis writing specifically based on the original SFG clause complex system; to quantify categories in the framework by integrating data from researching results; to put forward some new concepts on this basis and then raise some new and related research questions. Except for verifying the statement that doctoral candidates outnumber Master’s students in choosing locutions obtained from a small corpus test, the questions of whether the ability to logically select projecting verbs in thesis writing has been equipped with by students or not and whether these relation markers can objectively present authors’ thoughts, writers’ understanding of those opinions and their intentions in projecting and meaning transforming or not have also been discussed in this dissertation.:CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.1.1 Lexicogrammatical: Taxis and Expansion 3
1.1.2 Structural and Interpersonal: Projection and Projecting Verbs 5
1.1.3 Meaning Realization: The Implicit Language 6
1.1.4 Measuring: The Complexity of Clause Complexes 7
1.1.5 Summary 8
1.2 Purpose of the Study 9
1.3 Research Questions 10
1.4 Significance of the Study 11
1.5 Chapter Overview 15
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 21
2.1 The Literature Review of Academic Writing 21
2.1.1 ESP/EAP/EAW 21
2.1.2 Theoretical Foundations 23
2.1.3 Research Methods of Academic Writing 24
2.1.4 Research Perspectives of Academic Writing 26
2.1.5 Related Research of Academic Writing 41
2.1.6 English for Academic Writing Research on MA Theses versus PhD Dissertations 43
2.1.7 Conjunction vs. Expansion 43
2.1.8 Citation vs. Projection 45
2.1.9 Controversial 51
2.2 Previous Research of the Clause Complex 52
2.2.1 Research of the Clause Complex in China 52
2.2.2 Research of the CC in Other Countries 72
2.2.3 Summary 88
2.3 Conclusion of Previous Research 90
CHAPTER 3 THEORY 93
3.0 Introduction 93
3.1 SFG: Background, Originality, and Comparison 93
3.1.1 SFG as a Theoretical Base 96
3.1.2 Clause & Clause Complex 108
3.1.3 Expansion 115
3.1.4 Projection (without Embedding) 131
3.1.5 Conclusion of SFG 137
3.2 Academic Writing & SFL 138
3.2.1 Combining AW with SFL 139
3.2.2 Seeing AW as a Register 139
3.2.3 The Qualitative Analyzing Framework for the Projection CC (from AP & SFG) 143
3.3 Corpus Linguistics & SFL (Probabilistic) 143
3.3.1 A Brief History of the Intersection of CL & SFL 144
3.3.2 The Connection of CL & SFL 144
3.3.3 Related Research and Methods of CL & SFL 145
3.3.4 Related Key Concepts 146
3.3.5 Disadvantages of SFL in CL Perspective 147
3.3.6 Summary 149
3.4 Theoretical Framework for the Study 149
CHAPTER 4 DATA & METHODS 151
4.1 Data (ChAcE) Description 151
4.2 Research Methods 157
4.2.1 Qualitative & Quantitative Methods 157
4.2.2 Qualitative Methods 160
4.2.3 Quantitative Methods 166
4.2.4 Summary 174
4.3 Chosen Data: CMAC & CPhD 174
4.3.1 Corpus Design 174
4.3.2 Corpora General 175
4.3.3 Corpora Details 175
4.3.4 Summary 192
4.4 Analysis Outline 193
CHAPTER 5 EXPANSION 195
5.1 Expansion Comparison 195
5.1.1 General Distribution of Expansion 195
5.1.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Expansion 197
5.1.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Expansion 202
5.1.4 Expansion Composition 205
5.1.5 Summary of Expansion Comparison 211
5.2 Elaboration (Quantitatively Comparison) 211
5.2.1 General Distribution of Elaboration (Elaboration/Clause Nexuses) 211
5.2.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Elaboration 212
5.2.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Elaboration 218
5.2.4 Summary of Elaboration Comparison 222
5.3 Elaboration (Qualitatively Analysis) 223
5.3.1 General Information of Elaboration 223
5.3.2 Exposition (Paratactic Elaboration) 223
5.3.3 Exemplification (Paratactic Elaboration) 226
5.3.4 Clarification (Paratactic Elaboration) 227
5.3.5 Hypotactic Elaboration 228
5.3.6 Summary of Elaboration Marker Choices 229
5.4 Extension (Quantitatively Comparison) 229
5.4.1 General Distribution of Extension (Extension/Clause Nexuses) 230
5.4.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Extension 231
5.4.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Extension 237
5.4.4 Summary of Extension Comparison 242
5.5 Extension (Qualitatively Analysis) 242
5.5.1 General Information of Extension 242
5.5.2 Addition 242
5.5.3 Variation 247
5.5.4 Alternation 251
5.5.5 Summary of Extension Marker Choices 252
5.6 Enhancement (Quantitatively Comparison) 252
5.6.1 General Distribution of Enhancement (Enhancement/Clause Nexuses) 252
5.6.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Enhancement 253
5.6.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Enhancement 259
5.6.4 Summary of Enhancement Comparison 265
5.7 Enhancement (Qualitatively Analysis) 265
5.7.1 General Information of Enhancement 265
5.7.2 Temporal 265
5.7.3 Spatial 271
5.7.3.1 Same Place 271
5.7.4 Manner 272
5.7.5 Causal 275
5.7.6 Conditional 284
5.7.7 Summary of Enhancement Marker Choices 292
5.8 Conclusion for Expansion Conditions 293
CHAPTER 6 PROJECTION 295
6.0 Introduction 295
6.1 Projection Comparison 295
6.1.1 General Distribution of Projection 295
6.1.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Projection 297
6.1.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Projection 302
6.1.4 Projection Composition 307
6.1.5 Summary of Projection Comparison 310
6.2 Locution (Quantitatively Comparison) 310
6.2.1 General Distribution of Locution (Locution/Clause Nexuses) 311
6.2.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Locution 312
6.2.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Locution 319
6.2.4 Summary of Locution Comparison 324
6.3 Locution (Qualitatively Analysis) 324
6.3.1 General Information of Locution 324
6.3.2 Locution - Proposal 324
6.3.3 Locution - Proposition 329
6.3.4 Summary of Locution Marker Choices 334
6.4 Idea (Quantitatively Comparison) 334
6.4.1 General Distribution of Idea (Idea/Clause Nexuses) 335
6.4.2 The Distribution of Paratactic Idea 336
6.4.3 The Distribution of Hypotactic Idea 340
6.4.4 Summary of Idea Comparison 345
6.5 Idea (Qualitatively Analysis) 345
6.5.1 General Information of Idea 345
6.5.2 Idea - Proposal 345
6.5.3 Idea - Proposition 348
6.5.4 Summary of Idea Marker Choices 352
6.6 Conclusion for Projection Conditions 352
CHAPTER 7 DISCUSSIONS 355
7.1 The Big System of Clause Complex in Academic Writing 355
7.1.1 System Comparison 355
7.1.2 Grammatical Comparison 360
7.1.3 Lexical Comparison 367
7.1.4 Realization Analysis 373
7.1.5 Summary of CC System Comparison 373
7.2 Four Kinds within AW & Error Analysis 374
7.2.1 Four Kinds of Additions within Academic Writing 374
7.2.2 The Location of Four Additions 376
7.2.3 The Location of Four Layers in any Category of CC 377
7.2.4 Annotation for Wrong CCs 377
7.2.5 Summary of Four Additions and Error Analysis 382
7.3 Implicit & Explicit Clause Complex 382
7.4 Common Recursion Patterns and Clause Order 382
7.4.1 Common Patterns of Clause Complex (Nesting) 382
7.4.2 Clause Order in a Clause Nexus 382
7.5 The Complexity of the CC or the Clause Complexical Complexity 384
7.5.1 Origins 384
7.5.2 Theoretical Background for the Complexity of the CC 386
7.5.3 Definition of Clause Complexical Complexity 386
7.5.4 Three Formulas with Comparison 387
7.5.5 Formula Application 389
7.5.6 Significance & Limitation 390
7.6 Conclusion for Discussions 390
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 393
8.1 Conclusion 393
8.2 Contributions of the Study 399
8.3 Implications (for Researchers, Translators, and Teachers) 402
8.4 Limitations of the Study 404
8.5 Suggestions (for Theories, Translation, and Teaching) 406
REFERENCES 409
APPENDIX 44
Software-in-the-Loop Simulation eines Motion-Control-Systems in Virtual-Reality
No full textBei der Entwicklung neuer Interaktionsmethoden für Motion-Control-Systeme stellt die direkte Anbindung an reale Hardware ein erhebliches Sicherheitsrisiko dar. Insbesondere bei der intuitiven Steuerung über Handgesten kann es zu Fehlbewegungen und potenziellen Kollisionen kommen. Um dieses Risiko zu minimieren, wurde im Rahmen dieses Projekts eine Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) Simulation in einer Virtual-Reality-Umgebung realisiert. Die Grundlage bildet eine real existierende Montagezelle, bestehend aus einem dreiachsigen Portal mit Servomotoren, welches durch eine SPS gesteuert wird. Für die sichere Evaluierung der neu entwickelten, gestenbasierten Steuerung wurde ein digitaler Zwilling der Montagezelle in Unity erstellt und mit der realen Steuerungssoftware gekoppelt. So konnte die Korrektheit der Bewegungsumsetzung in einer virtuellen Umgebung vor der Anbindung mit der realen Hardware überprüft und validiert werden. Die vorgestellte Methode erlaubt eine schnelle, sichere und realitätsnahe Entwicklung und Erprobung neuer Bedienkonzepte im Bereich industrieller Automatisierung.When developing new interaction methods for motion control systems, directly connecting them to real hardware poses significant safety risks. This is especially true for intuitive hand-gesture-based control, which can lead to unintended movements and potential collisions. To mitigate these risks, a software-in-the-loop (SiL) simulation was implemented in a virtual reality environment. The system is based on a real assembly cell consisting of a three-axis gantry equipped with servo motors and controlled by a PLC. A digital twin of the assembly cell was created in Unity and coupled with the real control software to safely evaluate the newly developed hand-gesture-based control. This setup made it possible to verify and validate the correctness of the movements in a virtual environment before integrating with the real assembly cell. The proposed method enables fast, safe, and realistic development and testing of novel interaction concepts in the field of industrial automation
Das Service-Ökosystem der Veranstaltungswirtschaft
No full textDie Veranstaltungswirtschaft zählt zu den bedeutendsten und zugleich am wenigsten erforschten Wirtschaftszweigen in Deutschland. Trotz ihrer kulturellen, sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Relevanz fehlt es an systematischen wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen, die ihre komplexen Austauschbeziehungen und Akteursstrukturen adäquat erfassen. Die Corona-Pandemie hat die strukturellen Schwächen und fehlende institutionelle Verankerung der Branche besonders deutlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Dissertation greift dieses Forschungsdefizit auf und verbindet es mit dem theoretischen Ansatz der Service-Dominant Logic (SDL). Ziel der Arbeit ist es, das Service-Ökosystem der Veranstaltungswirtschaft in Deutschland zu analysieren und empirisch zu untersuchen. Dabei stehen insbesondere die Fragen im Fokus, welche Akteure die Branche prägen, welche Ressourcen sie einbringen, wie Wertangebote entstehen und wie institutionelle Einflüsse die Austauschbeziehungen formen. Mittels qualitativer Experteninterviews wird ein konzeptioneller Bezugsrahmen entwickelt, der die Grundlagen für ein vertieftes Verständnis der Wertschöpfungsprozesse in der Veranstaltungswirtschaft liefert. Die Arbeit leistet damit sowohl einen Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung der SDL als Theorie mittlerer Reichweite als auch zur Professionalisierung und wissenschaftlichen Fundierung der Veranstaltungswirtschaft.:Inhaltsverzeichnis
Vorwort II
Inhaltsverzeichnis III
Abbildungsverzeichnis VII
Tabellenverzeichnis VIII
Abkürzungsverzeichnis X
A Einleitung 1
1 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung 1
2 Gang der Untersuchung 5
B Die Veranstaltungswirtschaft 8
1 Definition der Veranstaltungswirtschaft 8
1. 1 Historische Entwicklung und Ursprung 8
1. 2 Begriffsdefinition Veranstaltungswirtschaft 14
2 Akteure 20
3 Veranstaltung und Veranstaltungsarten 25
4 Prozess des Veranstaltungsmanagements 29
5 Fazit und Forschungsdefizit 34
C Service-Dominant Logic und ihre Grundlagen 39
1 Grundlagen der SDL 39
1.1 Historie 39
1. 2 Eckpfeiler und Prämissen 41
3 Akteure, Ressourcen, Service 46
4 Wert-Co-Kreation und Ressourcenintegration 50
5 Service-Ökosysteme 57
6 Institutionen 60
6. 1 Institutionelle Logik und Institutionalisierung 60
6. 2 Institutionelle Säulen 65
7 Forschungsdefizite 73
8 Fazit und Relevanz für die Veranstaltungswirtschaft 76
D Entwicklung eines Bezugsrahmens zur Darstellung des Service-Ökosystems der Veranstaltungswirtschaft 81
E Empirische Untersuchung 88
1 Forschungsdesign 88
2 Datengewinnung und Datenanalyse 93
3 Fallzusammenfassung 97
3. 1 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 1 97
3. 2 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 2 100
3. 3 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 3 103
3. 4 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 4 106
3. 5 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 5 109
3. 6 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 6 112
3. 7 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 7 115
3. 8 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 8 118
3. 9 Fallzusammenfassung Interviewee 9 121
4 Thematische Zusammenfassung 124
4. 1 Veranstaltungswirtschaft und Herausforderungen 124
4. 2 Veranstaltungen, Veranstaltungsarten und -bereiche 127
4. 3 Wertangebot 129
4. 4 Akteure 131
4. 5 Operante Ressourcen 134
4. 5. 1 Zielgruppen 136
4. 5. 2 Veranstaltende Unternehmen 138
4. 5. 3 Professionelle Veranstaltungsplaner 140
4. 5. 4 Zufällige Veranstaltungsplaner 141
4. 5. 5 Agenturen 142
4. 5. 6 Locations und Räume 145
4. 5. 7 Technik, Bühne, Messebau 146
4. 5. 8 Catering 148
4. 5. 9 Service 149
4. 5. 10 Vermittlung und Management 151
4. 5. 11 Herstellende Unternehmen 152
4. 5. 12 Kreative 154
4. 5. 13 Entertainment 156
4. 5. 14 Kritische Würdigung der Clusterübersicht 158
5 Wert-Co-Kreation 160
5. 1 Zusammenarbeit 160
5. 2 Allgemeine Einflussfaktoren 164
5. 3 Prozess der Ressourcenintegration und Wert-Co-Kreation 165
5. 4 Einbindung der Zielgruppe 168
6 Austauschregeln und ihre Wirkung 171
6. 1 Regulative Institutionen 171
6. 1. 1 Effekt Dyade 173
6. 1. 2 Effekt Triade 175
6. 1. 3 Effekt Netzwerk 177
6. 2 Normative Institutionen 180
6. 2. 1 Effekt Dyade 182
6. 2. 2 Effekt Triade 184
6. 2. 3 Effekt Netzwerk 187
6. 3 Kulturell-kognitive Institutionen 190
6. 3. 1 Effekt Dyade 193
6. 3. 2 Effekt Triade 197
6. 3. 3 Effekt Netzwerk 199
F Das Service-Ökosystem der Veranstaltungswirtschaft - Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse zum Bezugsrahmen 203
1 Theoretische Zielstellung 203
1. 1 Forschungsfrage 1 - Akteure im Service-Ökosystem 203
1. 2 Forschungsfrage 2 - Operante Ressourcen 207
1. 3 Forschungsfrage 3 - Wertangebot und Zusammenarbeit 211
1. 3. 1 Wertangebote der Akteure 211
1. 3. 2 Zusammenarbeit der Akteure 215
1. 4 Forschungsfrage 4 - Austauschregeln 222
1. 4. 1 Der Einfluss regulativer Institutionen auf den Service-Austausch 222
1. 4. 2 Der Einfluss normativer Institutionen auf den Service-Austausch 225
1. 4. 3 Der Einfluss kulturell-kognitiver Institutionen auf den Service-Austausch 228
1. 5 Forschungsfrage 5 - Der Einfluss der Institutionen auf die Austauschbeziehungen der Akteure 231
1. 5. 1 Der Einfluss der Institutionen auf die Austauschbeziehungen zweier Akteure 231
1. 5. 2 Der Einfluss der Institutionen auf die Austauschbeziehung dreier Akteure 236
1. 5. 3 Der Einfluss der Institutionen auf den Austausch in komplexen Netzwerken? 242
2 Methodische Zielstellung 251
3 Praktische Zielstellung 255
4 Fazit und zukünftiger Forschungsbedarf 260
Quellenverzeichnis XI
Literaturverzeichnis XI
Internetquellen XLI
Anhang XLII
Hochbelastbare Biegefedern aus Holzwerkstoffen
No full textDas Projekt HoBieFed dient als Grundlage für das Forschungsgebiet hochbelasteter Biegefedern aus Holzwerkstoffen in technischen Anwendungen. Als Einstieg werden die in schwingungstechnischen Anwendungen standardmäßig vorkommenden Biegefedern aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff (kurz: GFK) auf ihr Substitutionspotential hin untersucht. Als Substitutionsmaterialien werden ausgewählte Vertreter von Holzfurnierlagenverbund-werkstoffen (engl. „Wood Veneer Composites“; kurz: WVC) in mehreren Testszenarien auf deren jeweilige technische Eignung hin geprüft. Praxisorientierte Bewertungskriterien und ein breit angelegtes Prüfspektrum ermöglichen eine Beschreibung anwendbarer mathematischer Ansätzen für den Festigkeits- und Funktionsnachweis. Statistische Versuchsauswertungen und detaillierte Schadensfallanalysen führen zu einem genaueren Verständnis für die wirkenden Mechanismen innerhalb der biegebelasteten Holzwerkstoffe. Abschließend wird mittels ökonomischer und ökologischer Analysen an einem Fallbeispiel das Potential im Vergleich zu GFK-Biegefedern herausgearbeitet.:1 Zielstellung 6
1.1 Aufgabenstellung und Ziele 6
1.2 Lösungsweg und Projektablauf 8
1.3 Stand der Technik 9
1.4 Zusammenarbeit mit Partnern 10
2 Projektverlauf und Ergebnisse 10
2.1 Beschreibung der Ausgangssituation 10
2.1.1 Beschreibung Anwendungsfall und Belastungsregime 10
2.1.2 Bewertungskriterien der technischen Leistungsfähigkeit 14
2.2 Material der Proben 14
2.2.1 Übersicht 14
2.2.2 Materialmängel 18
2.2.3 Holzfeuchtigkeit und Dichte 18
2.3 Quasistatische Kurzzeitversuche 19
2.3.1 Vorversuche an Standardwerkstoffen (SK-DPB) 19
2.3.2 Statische Bruchkraft (SBK) 20
2.3.3 Relaxationsversuch 21
2.4 Dynamische Kurzzeitversuche 24
2.4.1 Überblick 24
2.4.2 Vorversuche (DK-KA-SL-WR) 24
2.4.3 Materialdämpfung/ Ausschwingversuche (DK-A) 26
2.4.4 Dynamische Stufenversuche mit schwellender Last (ST-KA-SL-KR) 28
2.4.5 Dynamische Stufenversuche – Wechselbiegung (ST-KA-WB-KR) 31
2.5 Dynamische Langzeitversuche 32
2.5.1 Dauerversuche schwellende Biegelast (DL-KA-SL-KR) 32
2.5.2 Dauerversuche Wechselbiegung (DL-KA-WB-KK) 33
2.6 Ergebnisauswertung und Kennwertermittlung 39
2.6.1 Auswertemethodik der Versuchsdaten 39
2.6.2 Ergebnisse der Materialversuche 42
2.6.3 Gründe für die Abweichung der Kennwerte vom Datenblatt 47
2.6.4 Schadensanalyse und Versagensmechanismen 48
2.6.5 Leichtbaukennwerte 51
2.6.6 Vergleich der Kennwerte mit dem Stand der Technik 52
2.6.7 Vibrationsförderer (Demonstrator) 53
2.6.8 Ökonomische Bewertung 55
2.6.9 Ökologische Bewertung 63
2.6.10 Einschätzung zum Einsatz von Holzwerkstoffen in Biegefedern durch die Anwenderpraxis 67
3 Abgleich Zielstellung, Zusammenfassung und offene Punkte 69
3.1 Abgleich mit der Zielstellung zum Projektstart 69
3.2 Zusammenfassung 70
3.3 Offene Punkte 71
4 Verwertung und Veröffentlichung 72
5 Erkenntnisse von Dritten 73
6 Literaturverzeichnis 73
7 Anhang 75
7.1 Materialien und Materialparameter (Aufbau, Dicke, Feuchte etc.) 75
7.2 Ergebnisse der Materialversuche 7
Smarte Schwingungsdiagnose an Antriebselementen von Straßenbahnen zur Zustandsüberwachung
No full textStraßenbahnen sind eines der wichtigsten urbanen Verkehrsmittel, um den wachsenden öffentlichen Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV) ökologisch, nachhaltig und emissionsfrei zu transformieren. Doch mit verstärkter Auslastung wächst der Wartungsbedarf und das Verlangen nach einer zustandsabhängigen Instandhaltungsstrategie. Die Schwingungsdiagnose ist eine gängige Methode für die Zustandsüberwachung von Maschinen. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie mittels energieeffizienter und smarter Sensorsysteme trotz rauer Betriebsbedingungen eine Zustandsüberwachung der Drehgestelle von Straßenbahnen gelingt. Mittels Datenanalyse werden die relevantesten Einflussfaktoren auf die Diagnose identifiziert und darauf aufbauend ein smartes Messkonzept vorgestellt. Die im Messkonzept einzusetzenden Sensorsysteme besitzen eine hohe energetische Verfügbarkeit, die für die Realisierung einer Energieversorgung basierend auf Vibrations-Energiewandler untersucht wird. Für einen minimalinvasiven Einsatz der Sensorsysteme wird ein Softsensor zur Erfassung der Drehzahl entwickelt, der kurze, verrauschte, multifrequente und aperiodische Schwingungssignale als Eingangsgrößen besitzt. Dieser unterdrückt Rauschen und schätzt die Drehzahl ohne Vorkenntnisse zum Maschinenaufbau. Zur Klassifikation des Drehgestellzustands werden Klassifikationsmodelle entwickelt, die die störenden Schwingungseinflüsse aus dem Rad-Schiene-Kontakt erkennen und Aussagen zur Instandhaltungsbedürftigkeit der Drehgestelle zulassen
Error Detection Algorithm For 3D Multi-Material Printer Using Unsupervised Machine Learning
No full text3D printing technology has revolutionized the manufacturing industry by providing a flexible and efficient approach to constructing complex three-dimensional objects from digital blueprints, layer by layer. Despite the numerous benefits of this technology, such as reducing waste and streamlining production, it also presents unique challenges and potential drawbacks. Errors and inconsistencies can lead to defects, inaccuracies, or failed prints, making it crucial to address these obstacles to enhance the overall quality and reliability of 3D-printed objects.
The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze each layer to identify any potential printing errors. To accomplish this objective, a camera is integrated into the 3D printer, capturing real-time images of each layer created during production. The methodology focuses on unsupervised machine learning, mainly using the K-means Algorithm and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to detect possible errors.
The analysis is conducted in two stages: an initial phase involving a first layer of basic models to ensure accuracy and a subsequent phase analyzing actual printed electric machines. The study indicates that K-means and GMM produce comparable precision, recall, and F-measure results. However, the complexity of model structures and the number of materials used on each layer can affect the algorithm’s accuracy. The error detection algorithm achieves a robust detection rate, ensuring the identification of errors in higher layers of multi-material structures.:1 Introduction
2 Additive Manufacturing Technology
3 Cluster Analysis
4 Methodology
5 Probabilistic Evaluation of Error Detection Algorithm
6 Discussio
Charakterisierung und reduzierte Finite-Elemente-Beschreibung von passiven Systemen zur Kompensation thermischer Fehler in Werkzeugmaschinen
No full textDie Arbeit behandelt einen Ansatz zur Reduzierung thermisch bedingter Verlagerungen in Werkzeugmaschinen, der auf dem Einsatz passiver Komponenten basiert. Im Fokus stehen Wärmeübertrager und Wärmespeicher, die in Werkzeugmaschinen integriert werden, um auftretende Verlustwärmeströme zeitlich und örtlich zu beeinflussen. Mit dem Ziel, eine energieeffiziente Kompensation thermischer Fehler zu ermöglichen, erfolgt die Wärmeumverteilung ohne den Einsatz elektrischer Energie. Mit diesem Vorhaben wird ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung energieeffizienter Kompensationssysteme in Werkzeugmaschinen geleistet. Es werden numerische Hilfsmittel zur Verfügung gestellt, mit denen im Rahmen von thermischen Finite-Elemente-Modellen Möglichkeiten zur Kompensation thermisch bedingter Fehler effizient untersucht und Auslegungskriterien zur Konstruktion entsprechender Komponenten abgeleitet werden können. Es wird die Entwicklung einer Methodik verfolgt, die eine geometrieunabhängige Darstellung von Kompensationskomponenten unter Berücksichtigung der physikalischen Nichtlinearität ermöglicht. Mit Hilfe einer reduzierten Darstellung von thermischen Widerständen und Kapazitäten an Grenzflächen werden auszulegende Komponenten ohne Anpassungen der Referenzgeometrie in Finite-Elemente-Modellen abgebildet. Dadurch wird eine partielle Entkopplung von Auslegungs- und Konstruktionsprozess realisiert. Die Parameter der Komponentenmodelle werden auf der Grundlage experimenteller Versuche ermittelt. Anhand des Vergleichs der vollmodellierten Strukturmodelle mit ihrer reduzierten Form wird eine Bewertung der Modellierungsmethodik auf verschiedenen Komplexitätsstufen vorgenommen.:1 Einleitung
2 Mechanismen der Wärmeübertragung
3 Stand der Forschung
4 Handlungsbedarf und Zielsetzung
5 Analyse zum Einsatz passiver Systeme zur Kompensation thermischer Fehler
6 Effiziente Modellierung passiver Komponenten
7 Parametrierung der Komponentenmodelle
8 Numerische Beispiele
9 Zusammenfassung und AusblickThe present work deals with an approach to reduce thermally induced displacements in machine tools based on the use of passive components. The investigations focus on heat exchangers and heat storage units that are integrated into machine tools to manipulate arising heat loss flows on a spatial and temporal scale. To enable energy-efficient compensation of thermal errors, the redistribution of heat is carried out without any additional electrical energy input. This work contributes to the development of such energy-efficient compensation systems for machine tools. Numerical tools are provided that can be used within finite element models to efficiently investigate systems for the compensation of thermal errors and to extract design guidelines for corresponding components. A methodology is developed to enable the geometry-independent representation of compensation components, taking into account the physical nonlinearities. By employing a reduced modelling method of thermal resistances and capacitances at relevant faces, the components that are to be designed can be modelled without adjusting the reference geometry. This enables a partial separation of the concept and design process. The model parameters are determined by means of experiments. By comparing full-continuum models with the reduced forms, an evaluation of the modelling method across different levels of complexity for stationary and transient thermal analyses is carried out.:1 Einleitung
2 Mechanismen der Wärmeübertragung
3 Stand der Forschung
4 Handlungsbedarf und Zielsetzung
5 Analyse zum Einsatz passiver Systeme zur Kompensation thermischer Fehler
6 Effiziente Modellierung passiver Komponenten
7 Parametrierung der Komponentenmodelle
8 Numerische Beispiele
9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblic
Network Control and Management for TSN-based Future Industrial Automation
No full textThis doctoral dissertation delves into the intricate domain of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) integration within the context of large-scale industrial networks, a crucial facet in the era of Industry 4.0. The overarching motivation for this research stems from the pressing need to address the evolving challenges in modern industrial communication, coupled with the ambition to seamlessly orchestrate the coexistence of wired TSN and wireless 5G technologies. In navigating this complex landscape, the work endeavors to unravel the multifaceted challenges and innovative solutions that not only characterize TSN integration but also set the stage for reshaping the future of industrial communication networks. The systematic progression elucidated in this dissertation is grounded in the foundational motivation to establish efficient, deterministic, and scalable industrial networks. As Industry 4.0 continues its trajectory, the demands for robust communication infrastructures capable of meeting stringent requirements become increasingly evident. The advent of wireless 5G technologies further accentuates the need for a harmonized approach to integrate wired and wireless technologies seamlessly. This holistic integration is crucial to creating a connected industrial ecosystem capable of meeting stringent requirements for reliability, low-latency communication, and adaptability. This work, therefore, is motivated by the imperative to contribute to the realization of a connected industrial ecosystem and to unlock the full potential of TSN, positioning it as a cornerstone technology in the Industry 4.0 landscape. Succinctly summarized, this thesis achieves three goals: Efficient management of large-scale TSN-based networks: Addressing the challenge of orchestrating large-scale TSN-based industrial networks, a novel hierarchical Software Defined Networking (SDN)-based architecture is proposed. This architecture, with its core element, the “TSN Multi-Domain Orchestrator” not only streamlines multi-domain TSN orchestration but also lays the foundation for scalable and secure solutions. The use of CORECONF as a lightweight alternative to traditional network management protocols enhances the efficiency of network management. Real-world scenarios validate the feasibility and performance advantages of the proposed framework, impacting the theoretical understanding and practical implementation of TSN in diverse industrial scenarios. Placement of virtual controllers (vPLCs) in TSN: In response to the proliferation of devices on the shop floor, the work proposes a paradigm shift towards the softwarization and virtualization of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). The instantiation of virtual PLCs (vPLCs) at the network edge emerges as a transformative solution, motivated by the need to reduce compute overload and maintenance time associated with conventional embedded controllers. Algorithms for optimal placement, scheduling, and routing of time-sensitive streams underscore the efficiency gains of this approach. The comparative evaluation of Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and Simulated Annealing (SA)-based meta-heuristics attests to the versatility and efficacy of the proposed strategies, providing a paradigm for addressing challenges posed by the proliferation of devices in the Industry 4.0 landscape. Harmonizing wired TSN and wireless 5G Technologies: Expanding the horizon to encompass the integration of wired TSN and wireless 5G technologies, this dissertation also explores the feasibility and advantages of deploying 5G over TSN-based networks, particularly in the fronthaul segment. Rigorous evaluations of TSN standards, including IEEE 802.1Qbv (scheduled traffic) and IEEE 802.1Qbu (frame preemption), are conducted to ascertain their capability to meet the demanding Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the fronthaul segment. Furthermore, building on this foundation, an integrated network control and management architecture is proposed to facilitate network slicing over TSN-based transport networks. The architecture introduces interfaces and entities to bridge the TSN control plane with the 3GPP mobile network, showcasing a harmonized approach to managing heterogeneous traffic requirements. The synthesized findings contribute not only to the theoretical understanding of TSN integration but also provide practical insights for implementation. The conceptualization of innovative architectures and the development of optimization algorithms resonate across multiple dimensions, impacting the landscape of modern industrial networking. The seamless interweaving of TSN into the fabric of Industry 4.0, accompanied by the harmonization with 5G technologies, presents a transformative trajectory in modern industrial networking. The work accomplished in this dissertation and the findings could serve as a catalyst for future investigations in the ongoing discourse on TSN. The majority of ideas and concepts proposed in this thesis were evaluated under the assumption of industrial network Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), i.e., they assume the respective typical topologies and parameter configurations. Nevertheless, the advantages of introduced designs apply to other domains, e.g., the data-center and campus networks.:Acronyms
1 Introduction
1.1 Evolution of Industrial Networks
1.2 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)
1.2.1 TSN: An Industry 4.0 Enabler
1.3 Challenges & Research Questions
1.4 Outline of Dissertation
2 Control and Management of Large-Scale TSN Networks
2.1 Introduction
2.2 TSN Configuration and Management
2.3 Related Work
2.3.1 SDN-based Management in TSN
2.3.2 Inter-domain Communication
2.4 Multi-Domain TSN Architecture & Signaling
2.4.1 TSN Multi-Domain Orchestrator
2.4.2 Data Models
2.4.3 Signaling Sequence
2.4.4 Network Management Protocols
2.5 Implementation & Experimental Evaluation
2.5.1 Testbed Implementation
2.5.2 Performance Evaluation based on Testbed
2.5.3 Software Emulation Setup
2.5.4 Performance Evaluation based on Software Emulation
2.5.5 Network Management Protocol Comparison
2.6 Chapter Summary and Outlook
3 Joint vPLC Placement, Traffic Routing, and Scheduling Optimization in TSN-
based Cloud Networks
3.1 PLC Virtualization
3.2 Background & Related Work
3.3 Cloud Network Scenario
3.4 Optimization Problem Formulation and Solution Approach
3.4.1 MILP based Placement Optimization
3.4.2 Joint Placement, Routing, and Scheduling Optimization Heuristic
3.5 Experimental Evaluation
3.5.1 Evaluation Scenarios
3.5.2 Evaluation Results: Load Variance, Latency, Runtime
3.5.3 Evaluation Results: Scalability
3.5.4 Evaluation Results: Different Network Topologies
3.5.5 Evaluation Results: Impact of Parameter
3.6 Chapter Summary and Outlook
4 Evaluation of TSN as Transport Network Option for the 5G Fronthaul
4.1 Technology Landscape and Motivation
4.1.1 5G Fronthaul Network
4.2 TSN for 5G Fronthaul Networks
4.2.1 IEEE 802.1CM: TSN Profile for the Fronthaul
4.2.2 Related Work
4.3 Experimental Evaluation
4.3.1 Evaluation Scenarios
4.3.2 Evaluation Results
4.4 Chapter Summary and Outlook
5 Control Plane Integration and Evaluation of TSN Transport for 5G
5.1 5G Network Slicing
5.1.1 5G Architecture
5.1.2 5G Network Slicing including the Transport Network
5.2 The 5G System as TSN bridge
5.3 TSN as Transport Network Option for 5G
5.4 Integration of TSN Control Plane and 5G Network Slicing Management
5.4.1 Integration Solution
5.4.2 Multi-Layer / Multi-Domain Control Plane Architecture Options
5.5 Implementation and Experimental Evaluation
5.5.1 Testbed Implementation Details
5.5.1.1 TSN Switches
5.5.1.2 Disaggregated 5G System based on OpenAirInterface
5.5.1.3 JOX Orchestrator
5.5.1.4 TSN Plugin for JOX
5.5.2 Experimental Evaluation
5.5.2.1 Data Plane Performance
5.5.2.2 Control Plane Performance
5.6 Chapter Summary and Outlook
6 Conclusion and Outlook
Bibliography
List of Figures
List of Table