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LUFT-CAN: A lightweight unsupervised learning based intrusion detection system with frequency-time analysis for vehicular CAN bus
Get PDFThe Controller Area Network (CAN) bus is critical for data transmission among electronic control units (ECUs) in modern vehicles, necessitating robust intrusion detection systems (IDS) for security. However, existing IDS approaches have several limitations. For example, rule based IDS methods depend on proprietary protocol knowledge, while most machine learning approaches rely on supervised training using outdated or limited datasets, hindering their ability to detect emerging threats. Furthermore, deep learning based IDS models often have high computational complexity, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained vehicular environments. To overcome these challenges, we propose LUFT-CAN, a novel, lightweight, unsupervised IDS that integrates frequency and time domain analysis of CAN traffic. By leveraging spectral characteristics of CAN ID sequences, LUFT-CAN effectively distinguishes between normal and anomalous traffic patterns. A tailored neural network architecture extracts these features, and the system is optimized via quantization-aware training for real-time inference on embedded systems. Experiments performed on datasets collected from modern vehicles, Tesla Model 3 2022 and LeapMotor C10 2024 as well as a public benchmark dataset demonstrate that LUFT-CAN achieves promising F1-scores of 97.1% and 96.7%, significantly outperforming previous approaches. We implemented the proposed IDS on a 2024 LeapMotor C10 test vehicle equipped with a Qualcomm 8295 microcontroller unit(MCU). The model's inference time is 14.27 s per 100,000 frames, demonstrating its effectiveness and efficiency for in-vehicle deployment
A cross-cultural study on the association between societal conditions and the idealization of happiness.
Get PDFAlthough most people aspire to be happy, the extent to which people pursue or idealize experiencing high levels of happiness does differ according to sociocultural context. This study was designed to elucidate which societal and cultural indicators are the most conducive to fostering high levels of happiness idealization. To accomplish this goal, we measured levels of happiness idealization for 11,170 participants residing in 43 different countries. We utilized machine learning (random forests approach) to examine how well an array of 18 different societal and cultural-level indicators were associated with country-level happiness idealization. We found robust and consistent evidence that greater cultural religiosity was associated with reduced idealization of happiness across four different types of happiness, including life satisfaction and interdependent happiness. These findings demonstrated that how much happiness is pursued varies considerably according to sociocultural context and highlights the role of cultural religiosity in shaping how people think about high levels of happiness
Patient choice in depression: are we failing to implement NICE guidelines?
Get PDFIn 2022, the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) introduced “patient choice” as a major new principle in the guideline “Depression in adults: treatment and management.” In 2024, NICE launched a “patient decision aid” to provide practical support for this principle. We explore data on the treatment of depression from the United Kingdom's National Health Service before and after the guideline was published to consider whether patient choice has been enabled by these developments. The types of treatment most commonly delivered prior to the new guideline (Guided Self-Help books, Counseling for Depression, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and antidepressant prescriptions) are now more common than before. This suggests that the inclusion of patient choice in the guidelines has not yet translated into patients making a wider range of choices. We consider how patient choice came to be prioritized over patient experience in the guideline development process; whether the patient decision aid is likely to support patient choice and shared decision making; and whether there may be underlying ideological barriers which mean a more straightforward emphasis on patient experience would be a more logical route to enhancing patient choice
Improving multi-hop question answering with prompting explicit and implicit knowledge aligned human reading comprehension
Get PDFAbstract
Language models (LMs) utilize chain-of-thought (CoT) to imitate human reasoning and inference processes, achieving notable success in multi-hop question answering (QA). Despite this, a disparity remains between the reasoning capabilities of LMs and humans when addressing complex challenges. Psychological research highlights the crucial interplay between explicit content in texts and prior human knowledge during reading. However, current studies have inadequately addressed the relationship between input texts and the pre-training-derived knowledge of LMs from the standpoint of human cognition. In this paper, we propose a Prompting Explicit and Implicit knowledge (PEI) framework, which employs CoT prompt-based learning to bridge explicit and implicit knowledge, aligning with human reading comprehension for multi-hop QA. PEI leverages CoT prompts to elicit implicit knowledge from LMs within the input context, while integrating question type information to boost model performance. Moreover, we propose two training paradigms for PEI, and extend our framework on biomedical domain QA to further explore the fusion and relation of explicit and implicit biomedical knowledge via employing biomedical LMs in the Knowledge Prompter to invoke biomedical implicit knowledge and analyze the consistency of the domain knowledge fusion. The experimental results indicate that our proposed PEI performs comparably to the state-of-the-art on HotpotQA, and surpasses baselines on 2WikiMultihopQA and MuSiQue. Additionally, our method achieves a significant improvement compared to baselines on MEDHOP. Ablation studies further validate the efficacy of PEI framework in bridging and integrating explicit and implicit knowledge.</jats:p
Revolutionising Vehicular Security: Lightweight Handover Authentication in RIS-Aided VANETs
Get PDFVehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) form the foundational communication framework of intelligent transportation systems, facilitating low-latency, vehicle-to-everything data exchange for enhanced traffic efficiency and safety. Accordingly, ensuring secure, efficient, and scalable authentication is essential to maintain communication trustworthiness, especially in highly dynamic and dense traffic scenarios. While traditional public key cryptography (PKC)-based solutions offer strong security guarantees, they are computationally intensive and struggle to scale under VANET workloads. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel lightweight handover authentication scheme that integrates pairing-based cryptography with symmetric key primitives to ensure message integrity, anonymity, and unlinkability. The proposed solution is deployed within a real-world Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-assisted commu- nication environment, enhancing the robustness and feasibility of the authentication process during handover. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted, comparing the computational and communication overhead of the proposed scheme with existing cryptographic protocols. Results demonstrate the superior scalability and efficiency of the proposed approach, making it well-suited for next-generation VANET applications
How Thresholds Matter: On the Bounds and Demands of Justice
Get PDFTwo important tasks for theorists of justice are to determine the bounds of justice, which explain why some claims are matters of justice and others are not, and to determine the demands of justice, which settle conflicts that fall within those bounds. In this paper, we clarify the distinction between bounds and demands, revealing two striking things. First, while thresholds have typically been understood to be demands of justice, their use as such is confusing and arguably implausible. Second, thresholds appear to be better understood as demarcating the bounds of justice, if a suitable explanation for their use can be found. We explore three explanations for why thresholds can demarcate bounds and assess the prospects for seeing thresholds in this new and different role. These are satiability of the value of goods, satiability of justice, and conceptual engineering
Genomic characterization of three unclassified rhabdoviruses from mosquitoes in Malaysia and Central Africa
Get PDF• Characterisation of three new species of insect-related rhabdoviruses based on coding-complete genome sequences. • Identification of numerous putative genes in addition to the five canonical genes associated with rhabdoviruses. • Demonstration that Porton virus (PORV) and Bangoran virus (BGNV) represent new species within the genus Hapavirus. • Demonstration that Boteke virus (BOTV) is a new species in the genus Sunrhavirus. • Improved knowledge of the genetic diversity of rhabdoviruses, particularly those that are potential arboviruses
The memory matrix: towards a psychoanalytic understanding for a spectrum of dissociative forgetting
Get PDFThis paper draws upon psychoanalytic work with children and young adults to describe how the role of dissociation may have more importance in informing the clinical encounter than previously thought. Psychiatric definitions for dissociative disorders only account for the more established and potentially extreme end of what this paper proposes is a clinical spectrum. With reference to clinical work, this paper leverages theory, underpinned by Freud’s original thoughts on forgetting and dissociative defences, to consider a more unified and interconnected approach. A new model of dissociation is proposed, which unifies the prosaic aspects of forgetting/forgetfulness, the better-known dissociative disorders, and a new category of ‘micro-dissociations’, within which some presentations which are not currently considered to be dissociative in nature may fall. This will include, in some cases, the inattentive symptoms of ADHD, and the interference of memory in some aspects of anxiety and OCD. The paper considers forgetting and inattention seen in sessions with patients which justify this category of ‘micro-dissociations’ as a potentially more useful explanation of symptomatology
Basic Psychological Needs Under Constrained Autonomy: A Substantive–Methodological Reflection and Analysis of School Leaders’ Needs from a Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Get PDFSchool leaders face intensifying demands, creating a leadership crisis. We apply Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to examine how leaders’ basic psychological needs operate under constrained autonomy—formal authority amid persistent external controls. Using survey data from 1950 Australian school leaders, we offer a substantive–methodological reflection that (a) extends validation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) with novel methods and (b) demonstrates SDT’s relevance to demanding leadership roles. We validate the BPNSFS two-facet structure—three needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) crossed with two valences (satisfaction, frustration)—across two waves via a 3 × 2 multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) design with time as method. We then link this structure to a nomological network of 64 workplace variables spanning job demands, resources, well-being, and burnout. Our substantive–methodological synergy supports four propositions: Satisfaction and frustration are separable and differentially predict well-being and ill-being. Active need thwarting and frustration, especially of autonomy, relates more strongly to ill-being than merely insufficient satisfaction. Demands map more strongly to frustration, while resources align more strongly with satisfaction, consistent with the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model and SDT’s dual process model. Content-specific patterns emerge—autonomy relates to voice and justice, competence to efficacy, and relatedness to collegial support. Across bivariate and multivariate (orthogonal-contrast) tests, autonomy frustration predicts burnout and intent to leave, whereas autonomy satisfaction predicts professional commitment and well-being—evidence of a constrained-autonomy paradox in which leaders have formal authority but limited practical discretion—extending SDT through methodological synergy in service of theoretical development
Cruel companionship: How AI companions exploit loneliness and commodify intimacy
Get PDFThis article theorises how a new generation of artificial intelligence (AI) companion products can commodify intimacy through emotionally manipulative design and racialised and gendered aesthetics. Inspired by Lauren Berlant’s framework of cruel optimism, we develop the notion of ‘cruel companionship’ to describe the affective dynamics at play in AI companions, where users can form deep attachments that promise intimacy and connection, yet structurally foreclose the possibility of genuinely reciprocal relationships that respect users’ autonomy. These dynamics are further underpinned by AI companions’ racialised and gendered identities, which can draw on longstanding stereotypes of servitude and docility. By analysing AI companions through the lens of political economy and cultural studies, this article shows how these products reproduce exploitative platform hierarchies and repackage racial and gendered stereotypes in digital form