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General risk liability under the Turkish code of obligations and its implications in insurance law: Is it a "Frankenstein's monster"?
No full textRisk liability is the strongest of all types of non-contractual liabilities. It is a strict liabilitywhere demonstrating that there is no causality is the only way to be exempted. Therefore, risk liabilitycan never be considered without insurance. This type of liability is usually regulated for specific typesof risks. So, there is always a typical risk defined for a particular operational activity which may causeunavoidable frequent or severe damage, regardless of how much due care is taken.In 2012, Turkish Code of Obligations has introduced a new general clause on risk liabilitywhich is applicable to all kinds of dangerous activities without defining the specific type of risk (art.71). According to this provision, liability could be established if it is demonstrated that an activity ofan enterprise causes an inevitable and significant danger. The said provision is stipulated as follows:“When damage occurs from the activity of an enterprise presenting a significantrisk, the owner of such enterprise and, if any, the operator are severally liable for suchdamage.Considering the nature of the enterprise or materials, tools or powers used in theactivity, if one concludes that an enterprise is likely to cause frequent or severe damageeven if all due care expected from a specialist in such activities is exercised, suchenterprise is deemed to present a significant risk. Particularly, if a special risk liabilityis envisaged in any other law for enterprises presenting the similar risks, such anenterprise is also considered to present a significant risk.Special provisions governing liability for a specific risk are reserved.Even if such activity of an enterprise presenting a significant risk is permitted bythe legal order, those who are injured may claim to balance out the damage caused bythe activity of such enterprise at an appropriate price.”This clause was originally inspired from the article 50 of the Swiss Draft Project for theReform and Unification of Tort Law (Widmer-Wessner Draft Project) but ended up as the“Frankenstein’s monster” as it has not considered this Draft Project in its entirety. At the end, thisprovision has widened the liability of owners and operators of enterprises which presents a significantrisk. But to what extend?The highly debated answer to this question is of utmost importance to set the boundaries ofinsurance. In order to answer this question, one must firstly evaluate the criteria used for assessingthe risk and also the meaning of its vague final paragraph. Accordingly, this paper aims to understandthe rationale for this provision, to evaluate the legal debates regarding the conditions and scope ofliability under this provision and its implications on both tort law and insurance law. Furthermore,this paper intends to discuss the possible role of a general risk clause in our times of climate crisis.So, in a nutshell, the ultimate question of this paper is whether this provision is the “Frankenstein’smonster” or a gateway for climate liability?ŞubatŞuba
An overview on green buildings criteria and rating systems
No full textYeĢil binaların inĢaatı ve tasarımı bugünlerde önemli bir nokta haline gelmiĢtir. Giderek artan sayıda tasarımcı, inĢaatçı, mimar ve ayrıca bina sahibi yeĢil bina uygulamalarıyla ilgilenmektedir. Sanayi devriminin bir sonucu olarak, hızlı kentleĢme ve altyapı süreci, kaynakların hızlı tüketilmesi ve küresel nüfus artıĢı artmaktadır. Bu nedenlerden dolayı her yıl daha fazla enerji tüketilmekte; binalar ise en çok enerji tüketen ürünlerden biridir. Bu nedenle, binaların çevreye olumsuz etkilerine çözüm getirmek için yeĢil binalarda tasarım ve uzmanlaĢma giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır.
Bu nedenlerden dolayı, bu bitirme projesinin temel amacı, temel kriterleri ile derecelendirme sistemleri arasındaki bazı bağlantıların altını çizerek yeĢil binalar kavramına genel bir bakıĢ sağlamaktır. Bu hedefe ulaĢmak için, bu bitirme projesi, binaların performansını değerlendirmek için kullanılabilecek dünya çapında kullanılan bazı yeĢil bina derecelendirme sistemlerini araĢtırılmıĢtır. Bunun yanında bazı temel hususlar; Bu tür binaların diğer geleneksel binalara göre verimliliğini göstermek için yeĢil binaların maliyeti, satın alınabilirliği ve kalitesi incelenmiĢtir
Water diplomacy frameworks in the Euphrates–Tigris river basin: A theoretical analysis
No full textTransboundary water politics in the Euphrates-Tigris (ET) basin is often marked with political confrontations and power asymmetries among its major riparians, namely Turkey, Syria and Iraq. However, a closer look into the case, by utilizing primary resources, demonstrates that the region also hosts water diplomacy governance mechanisms. Thus, the paper will analyze actors and processes in complex water diplomacy frameworks in the ET basin. Huntjens et al.’s1 Multi-track Water Diplomacy Framework (MWDF) intends to identify the key determinants for shifting water conflict into cooperation in transboundary rivers. It aims at delineating the key factors affecting current efforts by state and non-state actors to cooperate on transboundary water issues. The MWFD facilitates identification of political actors, institutions and processes that influence, and more often than not constrain, the effectiveness of transboundary cooperation. It also helps to diagnose water problems across sectors and administrative boundaries, and at different levels of governance. Thus, in this paper, the evaluation of water diplomacy frameworks in the ET basin is inspired by the MWDF’s conceptual framework, which analyses the interaction between the agent (state and non-state actors) and the structure (institutions) as well as the different outputs, outcomes and impacts as a result of that interaction. On the other hand, Klimes et al.2 defines “water diplomacy as a multi-disciplinary concept that draws on technical, political, and socio-economic knowledge; located at the intersect of science, policyand practice, and including both state and non-state actors.” In line with this broader definition, this paper provides an extensive analysis on water diplomacy actors, which comprises formal actors, such as States i.e. diplomats and technocrats as well as informal or non-state actors, which have an important role in water diplomacy dialogues as representatives of Track II initiatives, such as the NGOs, academia and think tanks
Perceived self-society moral discrepancies concerning fairness predict depression and paranoid ideation
No full textPublished, 25 October 2018 / Issue Date, March 2021This study investigated the psychological correlates of perceiving a discrepancy between one’s own moral beliefs and those of the greater society (a ‘moral discrepancy’). One hundred and one female Turkish students answered questions about their own moral beliefs, their perceptions of the greater society’s moral beliefs, and their mental health. Moral discrepancies were assessed using an adaptation of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Graham et al. 2009), while mental health was assessed using the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (Derogatis 1992). Participants who perceived a discrepancy relating to fairness and reciprocity concerns reported more depressed and paranoid symptoms. It is suggested that moral discrepancies can create a vulnerability to depression and paranoid thinking by fostering a feeling of isolation.WOS:0006210134000152-s2.0-85055956588Social Sciences Citation IndexArticleUluslararası işbirliği ile yapılan - HAYIRMartYÖK - 2020-2
Bİ-Yardimli Dağitik Depolama Ağlannda Ortalama Bant Genişliği Maliyeti ve Depolama Ödunleşimi Average
No full textIn this study, we consider a hierarchically structured base station (BS)-assisted cellular system equipped with a backend distributed data storage in which nodes randomly arrive and depart the cell. We numerically motivate and characterize the fundamental trade-off between the average repair bandwidth cost versus storage space where BS communication cost (higher than that of local) and link capacity constraints exist while the number of failed nodes can vary dynamically. We establish the capacity region that is most relevant to 5G and beyond networks, which are layered by design. We hope that this study shall motivate novel regeneration code constructions that will be able to achieve the presented limits.WOS:0008081007002112-s2.0-85111462612Conference Proceedings Citation Index – ScienceProceedings PaperUluslararası işbirliği ile yapılmayan - HAYIRHaziranYÖK - 2021-2
Bir perakende giyim markasının kapasitesinin hesaplanması
No full textThe purpose of this study is to define and improve the capacity calculation for
clothing store companies. It is important to know how many products need to be sent to the relevant store in order to sell more products, whether more or less products will be sent to the stores, how much the product can sell and how much capacity the stores will have for the relevant products during the season. Planning and producing more products than necessary may also cause insufficient capacity to consume the stocks of that product in the relevant season. For these reasons, a detailed capacity management system is needed. The capacity of certain product groups in the stores in certain seasons can be determined by calculating the capacities of the relevant units in the stores and the relations of these units with the product groups. The relevant system will produce output for both planning and allocation units. At the same time, converting the capacity of products and store display units into a common unit (LCM) will be one of the factors that facilitate our work in capacity calculation. A short version of the LC Waikiki capacity system platform is used to obtain the data. ASP.Net Core Web API, ADO.NET, T-SQL, C # programming were used as program tools. Azure Microsoft SQL Server was used as a database server. Azure App Services has been used to keep the business codes
Gerekçeli karar hakkı
No full textHer yargı kararı, gerekçesinde sorunları tek tek yanıtlayıp çözen, mantıki ve hukuki bütünlük sergileyen bir yapıt olmak zorundadır. Yasalar “kanıtların tartışılmasından, ret ve üstün tutma nedenlerinden” (Eski HYY, m. 388/3, Yeni HYY, benzeri m. 297/c), “hükmün gerekçesinden” ve “gerekçesizliğin” kesin bozma nedeni olduğundan (Anayasa, md.141/3, CYY, m. 34, 230, 232, 289/g) söz etmektedir. Görüldüğü gibi, Anayasa ve yargılama yasaları, kararların ve hatta karşı görüşlerin bile gerekçeli olmalarını buyurmuştur. Gerekçe kamu düzeniyle ilgilidir. Gerekçe, yargı düzeninin olmazsa olmaz nitelikte bir temel sorunudur. Gerekçesiz yargı kararlarının, bireyin kişilik hakkını çiğnemesi yanında; hukuk devleti ve hukukun üstünlüğü kavramları üzerindeki olumsuz etkisi de gözardı edilmemeli. Ayrıca gerekçenin, yargıya ve yargıca karşı güvensizlik inançlarının yaygınlaşmasında etkili bir neden olduğunu da söyleyebiliriz. Gerekçesizliğin doğurduğu bir sakınca da Yargıtay’ın yargı insanlarını yetiştirici (öğretici, pedagojik) ve disiplin özgörevlerini yerine getirememesi yüzünden, yargıçların gelişmelerini de önlemektedir.Mayı
Development of an improved mathematical model for the dynamic response of a sphere located at a viscoelastic medium interface
No full textA comprehensive investigation on the static and dynamic responses of a sphere located at elastic and viscoelastic medium interfaces is performed in this study. First, the mathematical models commonly used for predicting the static displacement of a sphere located at an elastic medium interface are presented and their performances are compared. After that, based on the finite element analyses, an accurate mathematical model to predict the static displacement of a sphere located at an elastic medium interface valid for different Poisson's ratios of the medium and small and large sphere displacements is proposed. Then, an improved mathematical model for the dynamic response of a sphere located at a viscoelastic medium interface is developed. In addition to the Young's modulus of the medium and the radius of the sphere, the model takes into account the density, Poisson's ratio and viscosity of the medium, the mass of the sphere and the radiation damping. The effects of the radiation damping, the Young's modulus, density and viscosity of the medium and the density of the sphere on the dynamic response of the sphere located at a viscoelastic medium interface are explored. The developed model can be used to understand the dynamic responses of spherical objects located at viscoelastic medium interfaces in practical applications. Furthermore, the proposed model is a significant tool for graduate students and researchers in the fields of engineering, materials science and physics to gain insight into the dynamic responses of spheres located at viscoelastic medium interfaces.WOS:0007411307000012-s2.0-85123772446Science Citation Index ExpandedArticleUluslararası işbirliği ile yapılmayan - HAYIRMartYÖK - 2021-22Aralı
Milletlerarası özel hukukta ticari şirketlerde birleşmeler ve devralmalar
No full textBu tez çalışmasında, uluslararası nitelikteki ticari şirketlerin birleşme ve devralma işlemlerinin, sözleşmeler öncesi dönemden başlamak üzere, sözleşmelerin kurulması, tarafların ehliyeti, sözleşmelerin şekli, sözleşmelerin işlemlerine ilişkin olarak kanunlar ihtilafı sorunlarının çözümü, sözleşmelerde irade serbestisinin mümkün olduğu durumlar ile bu tür sözleşmelerden kaynaklanan muhtemel uyuşmazlıkların çözümü için yetki sözleşmesine koyulabilecek uyuşmazlık çözüm yolları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sözleşme konusu işlemlere Türk hukukunun uygulandığı durumlara ilişkin olarak, Türk hukuku çoğunlukla AB Hukuku ile karşılaştırılarak incelenmiştir. Şirket birleşme ve devralma işlemleri farklı yapıya sahip işlemlerdir. Bu sebeple her iki kavram iktisadi ve hukuki olarak tüm boyutları ile ele alınması ve farklılıklarının ortaya konulması gerekmektedir. Çünkü birleşme ve devralma işlemleri her ne kadar hukuki birer işlem niteliğinde olmalarına rağmen, sebeplerinin ve sonuçlarının iktisadi olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Devralma kavramı, TTK.'da birleşmenin gerçekleşmesinin bir türü olarak kullanılmakla birlikte, gerçekte birleşme işleminden farklı olarak, bir şirketin kontrolünü sağlayacak şeklide ele geçirmek olarak anlaşılmalıdır. Birleşme işleminde, devrolunan şirket ya da şirketler devralan veya yeni kurulan şirketin bünyesine tasfiyesiz şekilde son bularak katıldığı halde, şirketin devralınması işleminde ise devralınan hedef şirket varlığını devam ettirmekte ve sadece kontrolünü sağlayan gerçek ya da tüzel şahıslar değişmektedir. Ayrıca birleşme işleminde devrolunan şirketin ortakları, ortaklığın devamlılığı ilkesi gereğince şirket payları karşılığında devralan şirketin ortağı olmakta ve genel kural olarak herhangi bir bedel ödemeleri söz konusu olmamakta, devralma işleminde ise devir karşılığında bir bedel ödenmesi söz konusu olmakta ve ortakların bu bedel karşılığında devrettikleri pay oranında, işlem konusu şirkete ilişkin mülkiyet hakları devir ile birlikte son bulmaktadır. Her iki uluslararası nitelikli sözleşmenin kurulma aşamasından önce, niyet mektubu, due diligence, gizlilik sözleşmesi gibi ortak yönleri bulunmaktadır. Ancak işlemlerin farklı hukuki yapıya ve özneye sahip olmaları sebebiyle, sözleşmenin kurulması, kanunlar ihtilafı kurallarına göre uygulanacak hukukun tespiti ile irade serbestisinin sözleşmeye uygulanabilmesi açısından birbirlerinden oldukça farklı nitelikleri bulunmaktadır. Her iki işlemden kaynaklı uyuşmazlıkların etkili ve pratik çözümü için yetki sözleşmelerine koyulabilecek başta tahkim olmak üzere, uyuşmazlık çözüm yolları da üzerinde özellikle durulması gereken konulardır.In this thesis, international commercial company mergers and acquisitions, starting from the pre-contracts period, the establishment of contracts, the competence of the parties, the form of the contracts, the resolution of the conflict of laws regarding the transactions of the contracts, the situations where the freedom of will is possible in the contracts and the possible disputes arising from such contracts. The dispute resolution ways that can be put in the authorization agreement for resolution have been examined. In addition, regarding the cases where Turkish law is applied to the contractual transactions, Turkish law has been mostly compared with EU Law. Company mergers and acquisitions are transactions with a different structure. For this reason, both concepts should be dealt with in all aspects economically and legally and their differences should be revealed. Because although the merger and acquisition transactions are legal transactions, it is possible to say that their causes and consequences are economic. Although the concept of acquisition is used as a type of merger in the TCC, it should actually be understood as taking control of a company, unlike the merger. In the merger process, the transferred company or companies joined the acquiring or newly established company without liquidation, but in the acquisition of the company, the target company acquired continues its existence and only the real or legal persons that control it change. In addition, the partners of the company transferred in the merger process become the shareholders of the acquiring company in return for the company shares in accordance with the principle of continuity of the partnership and as a general rule there is no payment of any price, in the takeover transaction, a price is paid in return for the transfer and at the rate of the share transferred by the partners in return for this price, Property rights regarding the company subject to the transaction expire with the transfer. Both international qualified contracts have common aspects such as a letter of intent, due diligence, and confidentiality agreement before the establishment stage. But because transactions have different legal structure and subject matter, they have quite different qualities from each other in terms of establishing a contract, determining the law to be applied in accordance with the rules of conflict of laws, and applying the freedom of Will to the contract. For the effective and practical resolution of disputes arising from both transactions, dispute resolution methods, especially arbitration, that can be put into authorization agreements are the issues that need to be emphasized