University of Münster
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Regular inclusions of simple unital C*-algebras
No full textWe prove that an inclusion B ⊂ A of simple unital C*-algebras with a finiteindex conditional expectation is regular if and only if there exists a finite group G that admits a cocycle action (α, σ) on the intermediate C*-subalgebra C generated by B and its centralizer CA(B) such that B is outerly α-invariant and (B ⊂ A) ∼= (B ⊂ C ⋊r (α,σ) G). Prior to this characterization, we prove the existence of two-sided and unitary quasi-bases for the minimal conditional expectation of any such inclusion, and also show that such an inclusion has integer Watatani index and depth at most 2
Severance Payments to Members of Executive Boards without and with Limits
No full textEmpfehlungen zur Beschränkung von Abfindungen an vorzeitig ausscheidende Vorstandsmitglieder werden häufig nicht eingehalten. Solange Vorstandsmitglieder nicht gegen ihren Willen entlassen werden dürfen, ist eine Beschränkung der Abfindungen weder im Interesse der Unternehmen noch effizient. Eine solche Entlassungsmöglichkeit sollte geschaffen werden mit festem Abfindungsanspruch.Recommendations on the limitation of severance payments to board members leaving early are often not followed. As long as board members cannot be dismissed against their will, limiting the severance payments is neither in the interests of the company nor efficient. Such a dismissal option should be created with a fixed entitlement to severance pay
A priori bounds for the dynamic fractional Φ⁴ model in the full subcritical regime
No full textIn dieser Dissertation erhalten wir a-priori-Schranken für das dynamische fraktionale phi4-Modell auf dem dreidimensionalen Torus im vollständig subkritischen Regime unter Verwendung des Rahmens der Regularitätsstrukturen von Hairer. Unter der Annahme von Modellschranken implizieren diese Abschätzungen die globale Existenz von Lösungen sowie die Existenz eines invarianten Maßes. Wir erweitern die von Chandra, Moinat und Weber für den gewöhnlichen Wärmeleitungsoperator entwickelte Methode auf den fraktionalen Wärmeleitungsoperator und behandeln damit ein physikalisch relevanteres Modell. Ein zentrales Element dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung lokalisierter multilevel Schauder-Abschätzungen für den fraktionalen Wärmeleitungsoperator, die in Hairers ursprünglicher Arbeit nicht enthalten sind. Darüber hinaus werden die algebraischen Argumente von Chandra, Moinat und Weber deutlich gestrafft. Wir erhalten außerdem a-priori-Abschätzungen für das fraktionale phi4-Modell in zwei Dimensionen im Da Prato-Debussche-Regime und fügen die notwendigen stochastischen Abschätzungen für diesen Rahmen hinzu.In this thesis we obtain a priori bounds for the dynamic fractional phi4 model on the three dimensional torus in the full subcritical regime using the framework of Hairer's regularity structures. Assuming the model bounds, these estimates imply global existence of solutions and existence of an invariant measure. We extend the method developed for the usual heat operator by Chandra, Moinat and Weber to the fractional heat operator, thereby treating a more physically relevant model. A key ingredient in this work is the development of localised multilevel Schauder estimates for the fractional heat operator which is not covered in Hairer's original work. Furthermore, the algebraic arguments from Chandra, Moinat and Weber are streamlined significantly. We also obtain a priori estimates for the fractional phi4 model on two dimensions in the Da Prato-Debussche regime, and include the necessary stochastic estimates for this setting
Association of hospitalization with structural brain alterations in patients with affective disorders over nine years
No full textRepeated hospitalizations are a characteristic of severe disease courses in patients with affective disorders (PAD). To elucidate how a hospitalization during a nine-year follow-up in PAD affects brain structure, a longitudinal case-control study (mean [SD] follow-up period 8.98 [2.20] years) was conducted using structural neuroimaging. We investigated PAD (N = 38) and healthy controls (N = 37) at two sites (University of Münster, Germany, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland). PAD were divided into two groups based on the experience of in-patient psychiatric treatment during follow-up. Since the Dublin-patients were outpatients at baseline, the re-hospitalization analysis was limited to the Münster site (N = 52). Voxel-based morphometry was employed to examine hippocampus, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and whole-brain gray matter in two models: (1) group (patients/controls)×time (baseline/follow-up) interaction; (2) group (hospitalized patients/not-hospitalized patients/controls)×time interaction. Patients lost significantly more whole-brain gray matter volume of superior temporal gyrus and temporal pole compared to HC (pFWE = 0.008). Patients hospitalized during follow-up lost significantly more insular volume than healthy controls (pFWE = 0.025) and more volume in their hippocampus compared to not-hospitalized patients (pFWE = 0.023), while patients without re-hospitalization did not differ from controls. These effects of hospitalization remained stable in a smaller sample excluding patients with bipolar disorder. PAD show gray matter volume decline in temporo-limbic regions over nine years. A hospitalization during follow-up comes with intensified gray matter volume decline in the insula and hippocampus. Since hospitalizations are a correlate of severity, this finding corroborates and extends the hypothesis that a severe course of disease has detrimental long-term effects on temporo-limbic brain structure in PAD
Efficacy and Low Toxicity of Normo-Fractionated Re-Irradiation with Combined Chemotherapy for Recurrent Glioblastoma—An Analysis of Treatment Response and Failure
No full textBackground: Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Even after maximal safe resection and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, patients normally relapse after a few years or even months. Standard treatment for recurrent glioblastoma is not yet defined, with re-resection, re-irradiation, and systemic therapy playing key roles. Usually, re-irradiation is combined with concurrent chemotherapy, harnessing the radiosensitizing effects of alkylating agents. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 101 patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with re-irradiation was conducted, evaluating the survival impact of concurrent chemotherapy regimens, as well as prior resection. Patients were subcategorized according to concurrent chemotherapy (temozolomide vs. CCNU vs. combination of both vs. none) and details are given regarding treatment toxicity and patterns of relapse after first- and second-line treatment. Results: Patients were treated with normo-fractionated re-irradiation (with prescription dose of ~40 Gy to the PTV), resulting in a moderate cumulative EQD2 (~100 Gy). The mean overall survival was 11.3 months (33.5 months from initial diagnosis) and mean progression free survival was 9.5 months. Prior resection resulted in increased survival (p < 0.001), especially when gross total resection was achieved. Patients who received concurrent chemotherapy had significantly longer survival vs. no chemotherapy (p < 0.01), with the combination of CCNU and TMZ achieving the best results. Overall survival was significantly better in patients who received the CCNU + TMZ combination at any time during treatment (first or second line) vs. monotherapy only. The treatment of larger volumes (mean PTV size = 112.7 cm3) was safe and did not result in worse prognosis or increased demand for corticosteroids. Overall, the incidence of high-grade toxicity or sequential radionecrosis (5%) was reasonably low and treatment was tolerated well. While second-line chemotherapy did not seem to influence patterns of relapse, patients who received TMZ + CCNU as first-line treatment had a tendency towards better local control with more out-field recurrence. Conclusions: Normo-fractionated re-irradiation appears to be safe and is accompanied by good survival outcomes, even when applied to larger treatment volumes. Patients amenable to undergo re-resection and achieving concurrent systemic therapy with alkylating agents had better OS, especially when gross total resection was possible. Based on existing data and experiences reflected in this analysis, we advocate for a multimodal approach to recurrent glioblastoma with maximal safe re-resection and adjuvant second chemoradiation. The combination of TMZ and CCNU for patients with methylated MGMT promoter yielded the best results in the primary and recurrent situation (together with re-RT). Normo-fractionated RT enables the use of more generous margins and is tolerated well
Emotion regulation profiles in Syrian refugees and migrants in Germany: self-efficacy, resilience and well-being comparisons
No full textBackground: Emotion regulation (ER) plays a central role in psychopathology. Understanding person-centred patterns of ER strategies is crucial for prevention and intervention strategies. However, there is a paucity of research on ER profiles and their psychological correlates in forcibly displaced people (FDP).
Objective: This study aimed to identify habitual ER profiles and to examine the predictive role of different psychological variables on these profiles in Syrian FDP in Germany. Method: In a sample of 991 individuals, we conducted a latent profile analysis (LPA) to assess habitual reappraisal and suppression of emotion as ER strategies, as well as self-efficacy, resilience, well-being comparisons, trauma exposure and International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as potential predictors of ER profile membership. Results: LPA identified four distinct ER profiles: high regulators (12.8%), low regulators (20.6%), reappraisal regulators (25.1%) and suppressive regulators (41.5%). In multinomial regression analysis, self-efficacy, resilience, appetitive well-being comparisons and trauma exposure were significantly associated with profile membership, while PTSD and aversive well-being comparisons showed no significant association. High regulators exhibited the highest levels of self-efficacy, resilience and appetitive well-being comparisons, followed by reappraisal, suppressive and low regulators. Additionally, high regulators reported the highest number of traumatic events, followed by suppressive and low regulators. Conclusions: Our results indicate a higher adaptiveness in high regulation ER profiles as opposed to low regulation ER profiles. Clinical implications: Given that most FDP in our sample relied predominantly on one ER strategy, developing interventions that focus on cultivating a broad repertoire of ER strategies may be beneficial
Investing in ETFs - A digital-based modelling task for mathematics lessons
No full textThere is a growing interest in financial education among young people, including many schoolchildren. This is demonstrated in the popularity of YouTube channels such as "Finanzfluss" or "Finanztip" among this target group. At the same time, many school leavers criticise the fact that school does not provide sufficient preparation for personal investment and financial planning. Working on reality-based tasks in mathematics lessons can help to close this gap. For this reason, a digital-based modelling task on the topic of "Investing in ETFs" was developed. The task asks learners to analyse the performance of an ETF using mathematical concepts such as slope triangles, exponential functions and spreadsheets. The task offers the opportunity to address the risks associated with stock market products and to encourage learners to think critically in this context
Künstliche Intelligenz als Feedbackassistenz im sozialwissenschaftlichen Unterricht:Eine fachdidaktisch-qualitative Analyse der Potenziale und Grenzen von ChatGPT als lernwirksame Feedbackassistenz für Lernende der Sekundarstufe I am Beispiel der persuasiven Textproduktion im sozialwissenschaftlichen Unterricht
No full textDie vorliegende Bachelorarbeit analysiert die Potenziale und Grenzen von ChatGPT als Feedbackassistenz im sozialwissenschaftlichen Unterricht. Im Fokus steht die Frage, inwiefern ChatGPT die Kriterien eines lernwirksamen Feedbacks zur Förderung persuasiver Argumentationskompetenzen bei Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundarstufe I erfüllen kann.
Mithilfe der deduktiven Kategorienanwendung der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring wurden KI-Feedback-Antworten auf argumentative Texte von Siebtklässlern aus NRW untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ChatGPT in der Lage ist, formativ-lernwirksames Feedback mit besonderem Fokus auf lernpsychologischen und politikdidaktisch-textsortenspezifischen Aspekten liefern kann, jedoch bei formalen und kognitionspsychologischen Anforderungen an seine Grenzen stößt. Die Arbeit diskutiert anschließend die aus der Analyse resultierenden didaktischen Implikationen sowie die Bedeutung von KI-generiertem Feedback für den sozialwissenschaftlichen Unterricht.This bachelor's thesis analyzes the potential and limitations of ChatGPT as feedback assistance in social science lessons. The focus is on the question of the extent to which ChatGPT can fulfill the criteria of effective feedback for promoting persuasive argumentation skills in lower secondary school students. Using the deductive category application of qualitative content analysis according to Mayring, AI feedback responses to argumentative texts by seventh graders from North Rhine-Westphalia were examined. The results show that ChatGPT is able to provide formative, learning-effective feedback with a particular focus on aspects of learning psychology and political didactics/text type-specific aspects, but reaches its limits when it comes to formal and cognitive psychological requirements. The paper then discusses the didactic implications resulting from the analysis and the significance of AI-generated feedback for social science teaching
Origin of 182W Anomalies in Ocean Island Basalts
No full textOcean island basalts (OIB) show variable 182W deficits that have been attributed to either early differentiation of the mantle or core-mantle interaction. However, 182W variations may also reflect nucleosynthetic isotope heterogeneity inherited from Earth's building material, which would be evident from correlated 182W and 183W anomalies. Some datasets for OIB indeed show hints for such correlated variations, meaning that a nucleosynthetic origin of W isotope anomalies in OIB cannot be excluded. We report high-precision W isotope data for OIB from Samoa and Hawaii, which confirm previously reported 182W deficits for these samples, but also demonstrate that none of these samples have resolvable 183W anomalies. These data therefore rule out a nucleosynthetic origin of the 182W deficits in OIB, which most likely reflect the entrainment of either core material or an overabundance of late-accreted materials within OIB mantle sources. If these processes occurred over Earth's history, they may have also been responsible for shifting the 182W composition of the bulk mantle to its modern-day value. We also report Mo isotope data for some Hawaiian OIB, which reveal no resolved nucleosynthetic Mo isotopic anomalies. This is consistent with inheritance of 182W deficits in OIB from the addition of either core or late-accreted material, but only if these materials have a non-carbonaceous (NC) meteorite-like heritage. As such, these data rule out significant contributions of carbonaceous chondrite (CC)-like materials to either Earth's core or late accretion