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Comparison of e-highways, battery swapping, and fast charging to power heavy land transportation
Get PDFThis research analyses the comparative viability of three electric transport technologies, e-highways, battery swapping, and fast charging, on the basis of heavy-duty electric freight transport with consideration of their infrastructure needs, operational effectiveness, economic viability, and environmental friendliness. A case study is constructed using a hypothetical example of transporting 300,000 tonnes per annum (t/a) of paper from the Jamsankoski Paper Mill to Finnish ports, a long-haul, high-volume freight movement. The goal is to measure the practical applicability of every technology in the real world, based on energy usage, downtime, and infrastructure required. The findings reveal that e-highways provide the lowest-cost solution for long-distance, high-capacity freight with constant charging of vehicles, minimal downtime, and operating expenses in the long term. Although e-highways involve a high upfront investment in infrastructure, they offer substantial environmental advantages through the minimisation of greenhouse gas emissions and energy-efficient transport. Battery swapping is a rapid vehicle turnaround but involves a high battery inventory and large infrastructure. The system can be scaled up, but it involves scalability problems in battery maintenance and environmental issues regarding battery disposal. Rapid charging is scalable and flexible, but will need to endure repeated shutdowns for recharging, resulting in increased operating costs and possible grid instability, based on the source of power. The study claims that e-highways are the technology most ready for mass roll-out in electric freight transport, most especially on long-distance and high-volume corridors. Battery swapping and fast charging also have attractive alternatives, but e-highways have the most favourable combination of operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. This study offers insightful knowledge of the potential of these technologies to shape the future of electric heavy-duty transport to enable more efficient and sustainable logistics operations
Beyond Anthropomorphism: Social Presence in Human–AI Collaboration Processes
Get PDFArtificial intelligence (AI) systems, evolving from reactive tools to proactive collaborators, reshape team dynamics in today's digital workplaces. Text-based collaboration now frequently involves AI participants that perform tasks traditionally handled by humans, such as creative problem-solving and decision-making. This transition has been linked to changes in group dynamics, particularly in relation to social presence, which appears to shape the patterns of productivity and collaboration. We conducted three empirical studies on human–AI teams to investigate the relationship between social presence and willingness to depend on teammates, team-oriented commitment, and motivation to contribute. Drawing on social presence theory and theory of planned behaviour, our results show that while social presence has a direct association with motivation to contribute, an equally important indirect pathway is associated with human factors like team-oriented commitment and team members' willingness to depend on each other. We show that while social presence is significantly associated with behavioural intentions, greater AI familiarity and understandability are associated with a stronger relationship, raising questions about the sufficiency of relying solely on anthropomorphic features. Our study contributes to the understanding of human–AI collaboration in social presence research, highlighting the importance of considering social and interpersonal processes in hybrid teams. Our findings have managerial implications for organizations looking to adopt AI-based systems for collaboration.Publishers versio
Navigating the transition in municipal solid waste management systems
Get PDFSimilar to other sustainability transitions, the shift from landfilling to more sustainable waste treatment methods in municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a complex process. In an interconnected and rapidly developing world with evolving conditions within and outside MSWM, along with increasing uncertainties, landfill diversion requires robust solutions and a broad systemic perspective. This dissertation addresses these challenges while exploring landfilling alternatives that support climate change mitigation and resource efficiency as sustainability goals. The work examined several aspects of the transition, namely, economic, environmental, transition speed, behavioural and governance, using a combination of methods. In particular, life cycle assessment and life cycle costing were used to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of MSWM transition pathways and the speed of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, including uncertainty decomposition, were applied to assess the robustness of different landfilling alternatives under variable conditions. A system-wide view of the transition is supported by applying the multi-level perspective— a framework commonly used to study sustainability transitions—while examining the factors influencing the MSWM transition. This dissertation also investigated the determinants of waste source-separation behaviours. The findings of the research conducted within this dissertation underscore the need for robust solutions in MSWM transitions, as the best-performing alternatives vary under changing conditions and associated uncertainties. Advanced sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, complemented by uncertainty decomposition, show potential for identifying robust solutions, as demonstrated by their application to the analysis of uncertainties in GHG emission reduction costs. Furthermore, the speed of GHG emission reduction for landfill alternatives is shown to be overridden by the state and uncertainty of other parameters within and beyond the MSWM system. Finally, the analysis of factors influencing the MSWM transition reveals that many barriers lie outside the control of MSWM itself and may require the alignment of agendas with other systems, thus emphasising the importance of considering a broader systemic perspective in navigating current MSWM transitions.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Design of a 27 kW 100 krpm permanent magnet rotor and bearing system
Get PDFHigh-speed machines can provide greater power relative to their size and weight, making them perfect for use in space-constrained and weight-sensitive applications like aerospace and electric vehicles. In this work design of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with a solid circular magnet, compressed by a shrink-fitted titanium alloy sleeve is presented. The rotordynamic assessment, Campbell diagrams, and unbalanced response in line with API 617 standards are used to find critical speeds and address the need for damping. Damping is achieved with ball bearings employing squeeze film dampers (SFDs) that are stabilized by O-rings. The stiffness of these O-rings, affected by frequency, is estimated using finite element analysis and prior dynamic studies. Analysis confirms that the rotor’s unbalance response is adequately damped with this setup.Post-print / Final draf
Aayush Pandey
Get PDFIn this thesis, a meta-analytical review of ISO/IEC 27001 and its ability to decrease the frequency of security breaches in cyberspace are this thesis provides, and the direct consideration of the results of the implementation of the control at the domain level. It compares certified and non-certified organization via statistical analysis of the 40 major data breaches in two important time intervals (2014-2015 and 2019-2024), and reveals three ISO control areas Access Control, Operations Security, and Supplier Relations as the main areas pertinent to prevention of data breaches. It then analyses the applicability of the 2022 ISO/IEC 27001 revising and looks into implementation maturity of the big four professional service firms branches in Finland. The paper suggests the concept of domain-weighted implementation model to transform ISO 27001 into a multi-layered defense against cyber threats process
UN Sustainable Development Goals in LUT courses : Finnish-language bachelor's programmes
No full textTämän kandidaatintyön tavoitteena on selvittää kestävän kehityksen tavoitteiden kattavuutta Lappeenrannan-Lahden teknillisen yliopiston (LUT) opintojaksoilla. Työssä tarkastellaan miten eri kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet esiintyvät LUTin kursseilla ja onko eri koulutusohjelmien kurssien kesken havaittavissa eroja kestävän kehityksen tavoitteiden korostuvuudessa. Työssä keskityttiin suomenkielisten kandidaatinohjelmien yleisopintoihin pois lukien vaihtoehtoiset opinnot ja kieli- ja viestintäopinnot. Tutkimusaineistona hyödynnettiin Sisu-opintojärjestelmän vuoden 2024–2025 opintojaksotietoja. Menetelmänä käytettiin tilastollista analyysia. Tutkimuskysymyksiin vastaamiseksi opintojaksoja tarkasteltiin kolmesta näkökulmasta: kaikki koulutusohjelmat, koulutusalat ja yksittäiset koulutusohjelmat. Tulosten mukaan jokainen kestävän kehityksen tavoite mainittiin vähintään yhdellä opintojaksolla. Lisäksi oli opintojaksokuvauksia, joissa ei määritelty kestävän kehityksen tavoitteita. Eri kurssikuvauksissa korostuvat kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet riippuivat alasta. Kattavimmin kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet esiintyivät yhteiskuntatieteiden koulutusalan kurssikuvauksissa. Kestävän kehityksen tavoitteiden osalta havaittiin yhteneväisyyttä eri koulutusohjelmien välillä ja useimmiten esiintyivät tavoitteet seitsemän, yhdeksän tai kymmenen. Lisäksi havaittiin koulutusohjelmakohtaista korostuvuutta niiden määrittelemättömyydessä. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet esiintyvät kattavasti LUTin opintojaksoilla. Opintojaksoilla korostuvien sekä LUTin strategiallaan ja tutkimuksellaan edistämien kestävän kehityksen tavoitteiden välillä nähdään yhteys. Tulosten valossa LUTin kestävän kehityksen ohjelmassa ja vastuullisraportissa asetetut opintojaksoihin liittyvät tavoitteet eivät vielä toteudu. Tulosten mukaan noin 63,6 %:a opintojaksoista liittyi ainakin yhteen kestävän kehityksen tavoitteiseen, kun LUTin asettama tavoite on 80 %: a.The aim of this bachelor’s thesis is to investigate the coverage of the Sustainable Development Goals in the courses of Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT). The study examines how the different Sustainable Development Goals appear in LUT courses and whether there are noticeable differences in the emphasis on these goals between courses in different degree programs. The study focused on general studies in Finnish bachelor’s programs excluding elective studies and language and communication studies. Course information from the Sisu study system for 2024-2025 was utilized as research material. The method used was statistical analysis. To answer the research questions, the courses were examined from three perspectives: all degree programs, fields of study and individual programs. According to the results, each Sustainable Development Goal was mentioned at least once on one of the courses. In addition, there were course descriptions in which goals were not specified. The Sustainable Development Goals emphasized in different course descriptions depended on the fields of study. The Sustainable Development Goals were most comprehensively covered in the course descriptions of field of social sciences. In the case of Sustainable Development Goals, similarities were found between the different programs, and the mostly featured goals were goals seven, nine or ten. In addition, a degree program specific emphasis was observed in their indeterminateness. Based on the results, the Sustainable Development Goals are comprehensively featured in LUT courses. A connection can be observed between the Sustainable Development Goals emphasized in courses and the Sustainable Development Goals promoted by LUT through strategy and research. In the light of the results, the goals set in the LUT Sustainable development program and Sustainability report are yet to be fulfilled. According to the results, about 63.6% of the courses were connected to at least one of the Sustainable Development Goals as the goal set by LUT is 80 %
EMRC Report: Effects of European sustainability reporting regulation on Finnish companies
Get PDFTämä raportti tarkastelee eurooppalaisen kestävyysraportointisääntelyn vaikutuksia suomalaisiin yrityksiin yleisesti, erityistä painoa annetaan logistiikka-alalle. Raportti perustuu kirjallisuuskatsaukseen (ml. tieteellinen kirjallisuus) sekä sarjaan keskusteluja/haastatteluja suomalaisten sidosryhmien (julkinen sektori, teollisuus, rahoitussektori) kanssa. Tavoitteena oli selvittää mekanismeja, joiden kautta sääntely vaikuttaa yrityksiin, sääntelyn kustannus- ja hyötyvaikutuksia sekä niiden suuruutta, ja mahdollisia ongelmakohtia.
Sidosryhmähaastatteluissa ilmeni, että riittävän raportoinnin muodosta ja laajuudesta vallitsee huomattavaa epävarmuutta, ja että palveluntarjoajien “voimakas markkinointi” on vaikuttanut sidosryhmien käsityksiin sekä paisuttanut käsityksiä raportointivaatimusten laajuudesta. Viranomaisten mukaan yritykset voivat melko itsenäisesti päättää, mitä ja miten raportoivat ja vain raportoinnin puuttuminen nähdään selkeänä rikkomuksena siinä missä teollisuuden edustajien mukaan tilintarkastajat suhtautuvat raportointiin tiukemmin. Tarve selkeyttää vähimmäisvaatimuksia on ilmeinen.
Raportointia pidetään “raskaana” ja osittain epäolennaisena. Tämä näkemys on laajasti jaettu. Suuret yritykset ja rahoitussektorin toimijat selviävät raportoinnin vaatimuksista, mutta pienillä yrityksillä ei ole valmiita resursseja tai osaamista vaatimusten täyttämiseen. Tarve standardisoida raportointia sekä luoda yksinkertaisia työkaluja ja malleja pk-yrityksille tunnistettiin. Yksinkertaistamisen ja kansainvälisen yhteensovittamisen olemassa olevien standardien ja kestävän kehityksen tavoitteiden kanssa nähtiin olevan erittäin tärkeää. Haastatellut teollisuusyritykset eivät kokeneet, että sijoittajat tai asiakkaat painottaisivat kestävyysasioita päätöksenteossaan. Rahoitussektorilla raportoinnin hyötyinä nähtiin suoraan ESG-merkityillä tuotteista saatavat myyntituotot. Teollisuudessa raportointivastuita siirretään toimitusketjuissa myös alihankkijoille. Rahoitussektorin yritykset keräävät tietoa suoraan asiakkailtaan omaa raportointiaan ja päätöksentekoaan (erityisesti luotonantoa) varten. Koska raportointi ei ole standardoitua, suora vertailtavuus yritysten välillä ei toteudu.
Haastattelujen mukaan teollisuusyrityksille sääntelyn kustannukset toteutuvat suurella todennäköisyydellä ja ovat kooltaan melko suuria, kun taas hyödyt toteutuvat matalalla tai keskinkertaisella todennäköisyydellä ja ovat kooltaan pieniä tai keskisuuria. Kustannusten ja hyötyjen välillä on selvä epäsuhta – kustannukset arvioidaan selvästi hyötyjä suuremmiksi. Suurten yritysten kustannukset ovat liikevaihtoon suhteutettuna pienempiä, mutta euromääräisesti suurempia, kun taas pienemmillä yrityksillä suhteelliset kustannukset ovat korkeammat. Hyödyt liittyvät tehokkuuden paranemiseen, jos kerättyä tietoa hyödynnetään liiketoiminnan kehittämisessä – rahoitukseen liittyviä hyötyjä ei pidetä merkittävinä, vaikka ESG-raportoinnin edelläkävijöiden oletetaan saavan hieman parempia rahoitusehtoja siirtymäkaudella (kunnes kaikki raportointivelvolliset yritykset raportoivat). Rahoitusalan yrityksissä kustannukset koetaan korkeiksi, mutta myös selkeä ja merkittävä tulopuoli tunnistetaan. Rahoitusalan yritykset eivät vaikuta vaativan pienimmiltä laina-asiakasyrityksiltään huippuluokan ESG-raportointia. Kustannus-hyötytasapainossa on selvä ero rahoitus- ja ei-rahoitussektorin yritysten välillä.
Kirjallisuudessa kestävyydestä saatavien hyötyjen arvioidaan ylittävän kustannukset, kun taas haastatteluissa vallitseva teollisuusyritysten näkemys on päinvastainen. Haastatteluissa tunnistettuja hyötyjä ovat kilpailuetu asiakaskunnassa, joka painottaa kestävyyttä, sekä parempi kokonaiskuva ja läpinäkyvyys toiminnasta, erityisesti hallinnosta; kirjallisuudessa hyödyt ryhmitellään kilpailuetuun, innovaatio- ja taloudellisiin hyötyihin. Tehokkaasti jo aiemmin toimintaansa optimoineet yritykset hyötyvät vaatimuksista vähemmän, koska optimointi on jo tehty. Sääntelyn tuomat hyödyt liittyvät ilmeisesti yrityksiin, joissa on merkittäviä tehottomuuksia, joiden poistamisessa raportointi voi olla hyödyllistä. Viranomaiset suhtautuivat kustannus-hyötytasapainoon neutraalimmin kuin haastatellut teollisuusyritykset.
Sääntelyn “stop the clock” -tilanne (Green Omnibus) lisää epävarmuutta sidosryhmissä ja on luonut tilanteen, jossa ensimmäisten joukossa toimineet toimijat saattavat olla jopa epäedullisessa asemassa niihin nähden, jotka ovat päättäneet odottaa. Eräs viranomainen kuvasi tilannetta “häpeälliseksi”, ja eräs rahoitussektorin edustaja piti lainsäädännön suunnittelua ja toteutusta “suurena pettymyksenä”. Sääntelyn takaisinveto ja muutokset todennäköisesti kasvattavat näkemystä poliittisen riskin tasosta tulevaan kestävyysraportointiin sekä muuhun EU päätöksentekoon liittyen. Tyytymättömyys sääntelyn suunnittelun ja käyttöönoton laatuun on laajaa. Vastaajien mukaan sidosryhmiä ei kuultu tarpeeksi.
Logistiikka-alalla raportointivaatimukset “valuvat” suurilta asiakkailta pienemmille, ja raportoinnin kustannukset koetaan korkeiksi ja ne syövät (jo valmiiksi ohuita) katteita. Asiakkaat eivät ainakaan vielä ole valmiita maksamaan merkittävästi ylimääräistä kestävyydestä. Alalla on lisäksi muita asiakasvaatimuksiin perustuvia raportointi-/standardijärjestelmiä, ja uusi EU-sääntely lisää raportointitaakkaa ilman vastaavaa hyötyä. Joissain tapauksissa logistiikka-alalla uuden rahoituksen tai jopa vakuutusten saaminen on saattanut estyä, jos kestävyysraportointia ei ole ollut, vaikka raportointi ei olisi lain mukaan pakollista. On mahdollista, että kestävyysraportoinnista (liittyen hyvään hallintoon) olisi tulossa rahoitussektorin vaatimusten kautta lähes pakollinen vaatimus tietyille toimialoille, vaikka lainsäädäntö ei sitä suoraan edellyttäisi.
Caveat emptor: Haastateltujen tahojen määrä on pieni ja tuloksia ei voi käyttää yleispätevänä esityksenä vallitsevasta tilanteesta.This report studies the effects European sustainability regulation has on Finnish companies in general with a secondary focus on the logistics sector. The report is based on a review of literature, including academic literature and a series of discussions / interviews with Finnish stakeholders (public sector, industry, financial sector). The aim is to uncover mechanisms through which the regulation affects companies, the cost- and benefit effects and their size, and what if any problematic issues exist.
Stakeholder interviews revealed that there is considerable uncertainty with regards to the extent and format of what is considered sufficient reporting and that there has been “heavy marketing” by service-providers with regards to the reporting that has influenced the perception of the stakeholders and inflated the perception of the reporting requirements. While the authorities interviewed saw that the companies’ reporting can rather independently determine what and how they report and consider (only) non-reporting as a clear infraction, the industry representatives noted that the reporting auditors seem to take a stricter position on the reporting. There seems to be a need to clarify what is considered minimum required acceptable reporting.
Reporting is seen as “heavy” and partially irrelevant. This view is shared widely. Larger companies and financial sector actors can handle the requirements of the reporting; small companies do not have ready resources or know-how to directly cope. A need to standardize reporting and to create simple working tools and templates for SMEs was identified. The need for simplification and international harmonization with pre-existing standards and sustainability goals was considered highly relevant. According to the interviewed non-financial sector companies, investors or customers are not perceived to emphasize sustainability in their decision making. In the financial sector, benefits of reporting were identified in the form of direct sales of products that have an ESG label. Companies with reporting responsibilities are “rolling over” these responsibilities to their supply chains in the form of reporting requirements, financial sector companies are collecting information directly from their clients for their own reporting and to support decision-making (esp. lending decisions). As the reporting is not standardized, direct comparability between companies is not in place.
According to the interviews the costs of non-financial sector companies related to sustainability regulations typically take place with high probability and are rather large, while the benefits materialize with a low to medium probability and are low to medium size. There is a clear mismatch between the size and incidence of costs and the benefits - the cost side is estimated to clearly outweigh the benefits. Large companies’ costs are lower relative to their turnover, but higher in absolute € terms, while smaller companies face higher relative costs. The benefits are perceived to come from efficiency gains, if the information collected is used in making “better business” – financing-related benefits are not perceived to be considerable, while companies in the forefront of ESG reporting were supposed to benefit in terms of receiving slightly better terms for financing during the period of transition (until all required companies are reporting). In financial companies the costs are perceived high, but a considerable and clear revenue side is identified as well. The financial companies do not seem to require the smallest firms to have excellence in ESG reporting. There is a difference between the perceptions of financial and non-financial sector companies in terms of cost-benefits balance.
In the literature the estimated benefits from sustainability seem to outweigh the costs, while in the stakeholder interviews the industrial companies´ sentiment is predominantly the opposite. In the interviews identified benefits include competitive advantage towards the clientele that puts emphasis on sustainability and a better overall knowledge and transparency of operations, especially governance; in the literature the benefits can be grouped to competitive advantage, innovation, and financial benefits. Efficient waste minimizing companies that optimize their operations gain less from the requirements as there is no push to optimize due to it having been done already, benefits connected to better management of operations pushed by the regulation typically may occur with companies, where considerable inefficiencies exist. The interviewed authorities took a more neutral approach to the costs / benefits balance than the interview non-financial sector companies.
The fact that there is a stop the clock (due to Green Omnibus bill) in place on the regulation is effectively causing increased uncertainty among stakeholders and has created a situation where first movers may even be at a disadvantage vis-à-vis those who have decided to wait. One of the authorities called the situation “shameful” and a financial sector representative considered the planning and execution of the legislation a “great disappointment”. The re-iteration of the regulation will most likely increase the perception of political risk connected to future sustainability reporting and EU decision-making in general. There is considerable discontent regarding the quality of the planning and the roll-out of the sustainability reporting regulation across the board. Respondents feel that stakeholders were not adequately herd in the process.
Specifically for the logistics sector the reporting requirements “trickle down” from large clients and the costs associated with reporting are considered rather high and eat into the (already thin) operating margins, while clients are at least not yet ready to pay substantial extra for sustainability. Importantly there are also other “systems” of reporting / standards required by clients in the sector and the new EU regulation is adding to the burden without commensurate benefit. There are instances in the logistics sector where access to new financing and even insurance can be curbed if sustainability reporting is not in place, although reporting is not legally required. It may be that sustainability (good governance rather than “green”) reporting is becoming a forced requirement via financial sector actors demands for some industry sectors.
Caveat emptor: The population size in the interviews has been small and the results cannot be generalized.Publishers versio
AU-TTT: Vision Test-Time Training model for Facial Action Unit Detection
Get PDFFacial Action Units (AUs) detection is a cornerstone of objective facial expression analysis and a critical focus in affective computing. Despite its importance, AU detection faces significant challenges, such as the high cost of AU annotation and the limited availability of datasets. These constraints often lead to overfitting in existing methods, resulting in substantial performance degradation when applied across diverse datasets. Addressing these issues is essential for improving the reliability and generalizability of AU detection methods. Moreover, many current approaches leverage Transformers for their effectiveness in long-context modeling, but they are hindered by the quadratic complexity of self-attention. Recently, Test-Time Training (TTT) layers have emerged as a promising solution for long-sequence modeling. Additionally, TTT applies self-supervised learning for iterative updates during both training and inference, offering a potential pathway to mitigate the generalization challenges inherent in AU detection tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel vision backbone tailored for AU detection, incorporating bidirectional TTT blocks, named AU-TTT. Our approach introduces TTT Linear to the AU detection task and optimizes image scanning mechanisms for enhanced performance. Additionally, we design an AU-specific Region of Interest (RoI) scanning mechanism to capture fine-grained facial features critical for AU detection. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves competitive performance in both within-domain and cross-domain scenarios.Post-print / Final draf
Managing performance measurement via key success factors for a maintenance service company
No full textTutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää kuinka kunnossapitopalvelua tuottava yritys voi tunnistaa toimintansa kannalta tärkeimmät menestystekijät sidosryhmien tarpeiden kautta ja kuinka nämä voidaan johtaa suorituskyvyn mittaristoon, jotta mittaaminen tukisi johtamista mahdollisimman hyvin sekä selkeyttäisi viestintää yrityksen sisälle. Tutkimus pyrkii vastaamaan seuraaviin kysymyksiin: Miten tunnistetaan kunnossapitoyrityksen menestystekijät? Miten kunnossapitoyrityksen sidosryhmälähtöistä suorituskykyä voidaan mitata? Miten suorituskyvyn mittaamista voidaan hyödyntää johtamisessa ja tavoiteasetannassa? Tutkimus toteutettiin konstruktiivisena menetelmänä perehtymällä aihealueeseen liittyvään kirjallisuuteen, josta johdettiin teoreettinen viitekehys kohdeyritykseen soveltamista varten. Tutkimus jakautuu kolmeen osioon: Suorituskyvyn johtaminen, sidosryhmälähtöinen mittaaminen kunnossapitoyrityksessä ja kohdeyritykseen soveltaminen. Tutkimusta tehdessä kohderajauksena oli kunnossapitopalveluja tuottava pk-yritys.
Tutkimuksen tuloksena luotiin sidosryhmälähtöisen suorituskykymittariston käyttöönottoprosessi, jota sovellettiin kohdeyritykseen. Kohdeyritykseen soveltamisen yhteydessä luotiin suorituskykymittaristo (Pelisuunnitelma), joka yhdistää ylläpito- ja muutosmittarit yhdeksi visuaaliseksi ohjausjärjestelmäksi. Tämä malli perustaa mitattavat tavoitteet sidosryhmiin ja sen tarkoitus on tukea yrityksen strategiaa ja parantaa johtamisen vaikuttavuutta. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että sidosryhmälähtöinen lähestymistapa antaa vaihtoehdon strategialähtöiselle mittaristolle.The purpose of this master’s thesis was to examine how a company providing maintenance services can identify the key success factors to its operations through stakeholder needs, and how these factors can be managed into a performance measurement system so that measurement would support management and enhance internal communication. The study aims to answer the following questions: How can the key success factors of a maintenance company be identified? How can stakeholder-based performance be measured? And how can performance measurement be utilized in management and goal setting? The research was conducted using a constructive research approach by reviewing relevant literature to develop a theoretical framework applicable to the target company. The study is divided into three sections: Performance Management, Stakeholder-Oriented Measurement in Maintenance Companies, and Application to the Target Company. The research focused on a small or medium-sized enterprise providing maintenance services.
As a result of the study, a process for implementing a stakeholder-oriented performance measurement system was developed and applied to the target company. During the application phase, a performance measurement system (“Pelisuunnitelma”) was created, combining upkeep and development indicators into a single visual management system. This model bases measurable targets on stakeholder needs and is designed to support the company’s strategy and enhance the effectiveness of management.
In conclusion, it can be stated that the stakeholder-oriented approach provides an alternative to the traditional strategy-driven performance measurement framework
Role of Electric Train Transportation in the Management of Reactive Power in Electricity Networks
Get PDFThis paper studies for the first time the (capacitive) reactive power production of traction units operating in the Finnish traction network. In addition to the scales of reactive power produced and factors affecting the production, the quantity of the traction units' reactive fees are determined using the transmission system operator's (Fingrid) reactive power guidelines. These studies are carried out by analyzing the units' actual measured energy consumption data using quantitative and statistical methods. The results show that traction units can produce a considerable amount of reactive power, which can lead to extensive reactive fees. The highest discovered annual reactive fees (per unit type) were 189.3-217.5 k€/a. However, there are significant differences between the unit types in the production of reactive power and the reactive fees.Post-print / Final draf