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Avaliações Empíricas de Operantes Verbais e Arranjos de Nudge na Tomada de Decisões Éticas e na Promoção da Justiça Social
No full textEmpirical data can inform evidence-based practices and promote policy change related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Self-awareness of identities and biases, which can involve tacts of own behavior, is a core competence to promote ethical and culturally sensitive practices. Choice architecture studies show that decisions depend on the way the choice is presented. We can examine choice arrangements empirically by controlling the presentation of verbal stimuli and defaults in a choice task. Participants were university students in behavioral science courses and we evaluated the effects of nudge arrangements (i.e., antecedent stimuli in the form of checked/unchecked box, positive and negative frames, and decoy) in a survey that offered options to receive information about DEI. Studies 1 and 2 examined the effects of nudge arrangements on prosocial choice (i.e., opt into receiving information about DEI resources) in 60 and 56 students, respectively. To examine potential covert behavior related to decision making, we also measured the latency to make a choice, recall of choice, and social validity of the choice presentation. From a total of 120 choice opportunities, there were 60 instances of prosocial behavior in Study 1. For Study 2, 42.9% of participants chose to receive information about DEI. For both studies, we can interpret that nudge arrangements, as independent variables, may not have served as salient discriminative stimuli to evoke prosocial choice. A potentially relevant variable that could explain most of the participants’ behavior was the presence of abolishing operations to learn about DEI, which could be explained by negative reinforcement of avoiding information overload.Dados empíricos podem informar práticas baseadas em evidências e promover mudanças políticas relacionadas com a diversidade, a equidade e a inclusão (DEI). A autoconsciência de identidades e vieses, que pode envolver tatos do próprio comportamento, é uma competência essencial para promover práticas éticas e culturalmente sensíveis. Estudos de arquitetura de escolha mostram que as decisões dependem da forma como a escolha é apresentada. Podemos examinar empiricamente os arranjos de escolha, controlando a apresentação de estímulos verbais e padrões em uma tarefa de escolha. Os participantes eram estudantes universitários de cursos de ciências comportamentais e avaliamos os efeitos de arranjos de "nudge" (ou seja, estímulos antecedentes na forma de opção selecionada, autoclíticos positivos e negativos) em uma pesquisa que ofereceu opções para receber informações sobre DEI. Os estudos 1 e 2 examinaram os efeitos dos arranjos de incentivo na escolha pró-social (ou seja, optar por receber informações sobre recursos de DEI) em 60 e 56 alunos, respectivamente. Para examinar o potencial comportamento encoberto relacionado à tomada de decisão, também medimos a latência para fazer uma escolha, o comportamento verbal da escolha passada e a validade social da apresentação da escolha. De um total de 120 oportunidades de escolha, houve 60 casos de comportamento pró-social no Estudo 1. Para o Estudo 2, 42,9% dos participantes optaram por receber informações sobre DEI. Para ambos os estudos, podemos interpretar que os arranjos de nudge, como variáveis independentes, podem não ter servido como estímulos discriminativos salientes para evocar a escolha pró-social. Uma variável potencialmente relevante que poderia explicar a maior parte do comportamento dos participantes foi a presença de operações de abolição para aprender sobre DEI, o que poderia ser explicado pelo reforço negativo de evitar a sobrecarga de informações
A Stepping Stone to Internationalism: The Neutrality Act of 1937
No full textSubmitted to the Department of History of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for departmental honorsHistorians have characterized the 1930s in the United States as an isolationist decade when Americans wanted to avoid involvement in conflict abroad. Congress passed four acts between 1935 and 1939 called the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s. These acts sought to keep the United States from aligning with other nations as conflict escalated throughout the decade. However, Congress added a provision to the Neutrality Act of 1937 that granted President Franklin D. Roosevelt discretionary power over trade commodities. The addition of this new provision went against the isolationist policies in the previous two neutrality acts and marked the beginning of the United States' shift towards internationalism
Network model of skeletal muscle cell signalling predicts differential responses to endurance and resistance exercise training
No full textExercise‐induced muscle adaptations vary based on exercise modality and intensity. We constructed a signalling network model from 87 published studies of human or rodent skeletal muscle cell responses to endurance or resistance exercise in vivo or simulated exercise in vitro. The network comprises 259 signalling interactions between 120 nodes, representing eight membrane receptors and eight canonical signalling pathways regulating 14 transcriptional regulators, 28 target genes and 12 exercise‐induced phenotypes. Using this network, we formulated a logic‐based ordinary differential equation model predicting time‐dependent molecular and phenotypic alterations following acute endurance and resistance exercises. Compared with nine independent studies, the model accurately predicted 18/21 (85%) acute responses to resistance exercise and 12/16 (75%) acute responses to endurance exercise. Detailed sensitivity analysis of differential phenotypic responses to resistance and endurance training showed that, in the model, exercise regulates cell growth and protein synthesis primarily by signalling via mechanistic target of rapamycin, which is activated by Akt and inhibited in endurance exercise by AMP‐activated protein kinase. Endurance exercise preferentially activates inflammation via reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor κB signalling. Furthermore, the expected preferential activation of mitochondrial biogenesis by endurance exercise was counterbalanced in the model by protein kinase C in response to resistance training. This model provides a new tool for investigating cross‐talk between skeletal muscle signalling pathways activated by endurance and resistance exercise, and the mechanisms of interactions such as the interference effects of endurance training on resistance exercise outcomes
ARCH 630: Emerging Ecologies: Architecture + the Rise of Environmentalism (Teaching module and presentation)
No full textThis teaching module and presentation were developed with the support of a Graduate Scholarly Development Award from the KU Department of Architecture.The theme of this module is to discuss the political, cultural, and economic influences on the organic architecture movement and how this early green building movement from the 1960s-2000 continues to inform sustainable design today
Modeling Ion Transport in the Upper Ionosphere of Mars: Exploring the Effect of Crustal Magnetic Fields (Dataset)
No full textThe data in this repository is used in figures in the following paper: Modeling Ion Transport in the Upper Ionosphere of Mars: Exploring the Effect of Crustal Magnetic Fields by A.R. Renzaglia, T.E. Cravens, & O. Hamil.The data in this repository was produced via the model presented in the paper referenced in this readme file. Each folder contains data from a different case presented in the paper. Case 1 is a low altitude closed crustal magnetic field line, Case 2 is a high altitude closed crustal magnetic field line, Case 3 is a high altitude open crustal magnetic field line, and the Non-Crustal case is a case with no influence from the crustal magnetic fields.
For Cases 1, 2, and 3, each folder contains subfolders labeled run1 through run9. Each run is 10,000 seconds of modeled time. The total time for each case is 90,000 seconds, which is slightly longer than one Mars day, so one full day is modeled. Each case starts with time=0 with Mars rotated to 83° past local noon. run1 goes from angle of rotation (with respect to local noon) of 83.08° to 123.69° (late dayside/dusk/early nightside). run2 goes from angle of rotation of 123.69° to 164.30° (early nightside). run3 goes from angle of rotation of 164.30° to 204.91° (nightside through midnight). run4 goes from angle of rotation of 204.91° to 245.52° (late nightside). run5 goes from angle of rotation of 245.52° to 286.14° (late nightside/dawn). run6 goes from angle of rotation of 286.14° to 326.75° (early dayside). run7 goes from angle of rotation of 326.75° to 7.36° (dayside through noon). run8 goes from angle of rotation of 7.36° to 47.97° (mid/late dayside). run8 goes from angle of rotation of 47.97° to 88.58° (late dayside).
In each run# subfolder, there are density and velocity files for each ion species, as well as an electron density file. (ex: o2+_densities.txt)
The first line of each density file has a heading to label the respective species, variable (density), and units (1/m^3). The second line of each file acts as column headers for each column. The remaining lines are model grid points. The first column is index: i; the second column is distance along the field line (units in meters): s[m]; the third column is altitude (units in kilometers): alt[km]; the fourth column is density (units in 1/m^3) for the initial time point of that run: t=XX. Each remaining column is density (units in 1/m^3) at the time point (units in seconds) of the column header. ex: say column #7 is headed by 3000.00. The values listed in this column are the density results at time = 3000.00 seconds.
The first line of each velocity file has a heading to label the respective species, variable (velocity), and units (m/s). The second line of each file acts as column headers for each column. The remaining lines are model grid points. The first column is index: i; the second column is distance along the field line (units in meters): s[m]; the third column is altitude (units in kilometers): alt[km]; the fourth column is velocity (units in m/s) for the initial time point of that run: t=XX. Each remaining column is the velocity (units in m/s) at the time point (units in seconds) of the column header. ex: say column #7 is headed by 3000.00. The values listed in this column are the velocity results at time = 3000.00 seconds.
For the Non-Crustal case, the folder contains one file: densityprofiles_noncrustal.txt. This file contains density results for the non crustal case. The first line of the file acts as column headers. The remaining lines are model grid points. The first column is index: i; the second column is altitude (units in kilometers): Alt. The remaining headers denote the species.NASA Grant NNH10CC04C to the University of Colorado and by subcontract to the University of Kansa
The MAB-5/Hox family transcription factor is important for Caenorhabditis elegans innate immune response to Staphylococcus epidermidis infection
No full textInnate immunity functions as a rapid defense against broad classes of pathogenic agents. While the mechanisms of innate immunity in response to antigen exposure are well-studied, how pathogen exposure activates the innate immune responses and the role of genetic variation in immune activity is currently being investigated. Previously, we showed significant survival differences between the N2 and the CB4856 Caenorhabditis elegans isolates in response to Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. One of those differences was expression of the mab-5 Hox family transcription factor, which was induced in N2, but not CB4856, after infection. In this study, we use survival assays and RNA-sequencing to better understand the role of mab-5 in response to S. epidermidis. We found that mab-5 loss-of-function (LOF) mutants were more susceptible to S. epidermidis infection than N2 or mab-5 gain-of-function (GOF) mutants, but not as susceptible as CB4856 animals. We then conducted transcriptome analysis of infected worms and found considerable differences in gene expression profiles when comparing animals with mab-5 LOF to either N2 or mab-5 GOF. N2 and mab-5 GOF animals showed a significant enrichment in expression of immune genes and C-type lectins, whereas mab-5 LOF mutants did not. Overall, gene expression profiling in mab-5 mutants provided insight into MAB-5 regulation of the transcriptomic response of C. elegans to pathogenic bacteria and helps us to understand mechanisms of innate immune activation and the role that transcriptional regulation plays in organismal health
Philippine herpetology (Amphibia, Reptilia), 20 years on: two decades of progress towards an increasingly collaborative, equitable, and inclusive approach to the study of the archipelago's amphibians and reptiles
No full textA first review of the history, status, and prospects for Philippine herpetology conducted more than two decades ago (2002) summarized the diverse topics studied and highlighted the development and achievements in research up to the year 2000. This study revisits and re-assesses what Philippine herpetology has accomplished, both as a discipline and a community, during the last two decades (2002-2022). A total of 423 herpetological publications was collated, revealing a substantial increase in annual publications, rising from approximately four per year during 2002-2008 to around 28 per year in 2009-2022. Half of the published studies focused on squamate reptiles (lizards 30.5%, snakes 21%) and 28.4% on amphibians, 5.9% on turtles, and 2.6% on crocodiles. The remaining 11.6% of studies focused simultaneously on multiple taxa (i.e., faunal inventories). Diversity and distribution (35.2%) and ecological (26.5%) studies remained popular, while studies on taxonomy (14.9%), phylogenetics and biogeography (11.8%), and conservation (11.6%) all increased. However, geographical gaps persist urging immediate surveys in many understudied regions of the country. Finally, we found a balanced representation between Filipino and foreign first authors (1.0:1.1), yet a substantial gender gap exists between male and female first authors (7.1:1.0). Nonetheless, the steep increase in publications and the diversity of people engaged in Philippine herpetology is a remarkable positive finding compared to the 20 years preceding the last review (1980-2000). Our hope is that the next decades will bring increasingly equitable, internationally collaborative, and broadly inclusive engagement in the study of amphibians and reptiles in the Philippines
Kinship practices at the early bronze age site of Leubingen in Central Germany
No full textWith the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe ~ 2200 BC, a regional and supra-regional hierarchical social organization emerged with few individuals in positions of power (chiefs), set apart by rich graves with extensive burial constructions. However, the social organization and stratification within the majority of people, who represent the non-elite, remain unclear. Here, we present genome-wide data of 46 individuals from the Early Bronze Age burial ground of Leubingen in today's Germany, integrating archaeological, genetic and strontium isotope data to gain new insights into Early Bronze Age societies. We were able to reconstruct five pedigrees which constitute the members of close biological kinship groups (parents and their offspring), and also identify individuals who are not related to individuals buried at the site. Based on combined lines of evidence, we observe that the kinship structure of the burial community was predominantly patrilineal/virilocal involving female exogamy. Further, we detect a difference in the amount of grave goods among the individuals buried at Leubingen based on genetic sex, age at death and locality but see no difference in the types of grave goods
Spatial synchrony cascades across ecosystem boundaries and up food webs via resource subsidies
No full textCross-ecosystem subsidies are critical to ecosystem structure and function, especially in recipient ecosystems where they are the primary source of organic matter to the food web. Subsidies are indicative of processes connecting ecosystems and can couple ecological dynamics across system boundaries. However, the degree to which such flows can induce cross-ecosystem cascades of spatial synchrony, the tendency for system fluctuations to be correlated across locations, is not well understood. Synchrony has destabilizing effects on ecosystems, adding to the importance of understanding spatiotemporal patterns of synchrony transmission. In order to understand whether and how spatial synchrony cascades across the marine-terrestrial boundary via resource subsidies, we studied the relationship between giant kelp forests on rocky nearshore reefs and sandy beach ecosystems that receive resource subsidies in the form of kelp wrack (detritus). We found that synchrony cascades from rocky reefs to sandy beaches, with spatiotemporal patterns mediated by fluctuations in live kelp biomass, wave action, and beach width. Moreover, wrack deposition synchronized local abundances of shorebirds that move among beaches seeking to forage on wrack-associated invertebrates, demonstrating that synchrony due to subsidies propagates across trophic levels in the recipient ecosystem. Synchronizing resource subsidies likely play an underappreciated role in the spatiotemporal structure, functioning, and stability of ecosystems
SRC-1 controls growth cone polarity and protrusion with the UNC-6/Netrin receptor UNC-5 in Caenorhabditis elegans
No full textThe Polarity/Protusion model of UNC-6/Netrin function in axon repulsion does not rely on a gradient of UNC-6/Netrin. Instead, the UNC-5 receptor polarizes the VD growth cone such that filopodial protrusions are biased to the dorsal leading edge. UNC-5 then inhibits growth cone protrusion ventrally based upon this polarity, resulting in dorsally-biased protrusion and dorsal migration away from UNC-6/Netrin. While previous studies have shown that UNC-5 inhibits growth cone protrusion by destabilizing actin, preventing microtubule + end entry, and preventing vesicle fusion, the signaling pathways involved are unclear. The SRC-1 tyrosine kinase has been previously shown to physically interact with and phosphorylate UNC-5, and to act with UNC-5 in axon guidance and cell migration. Here, the role of SRC-1 in VD growth cone polarity and protrusion is investigated. A precise deletion of src-1 was generated, and mutants displayed unpolarized growth cones with increased size, similar to unc-5 mutants. Transgenic expression of src-1(+) in VD/DD neurons resulted in smaller growth cones, and rescued growth cone polarity defects of src-1 mutants, indicating cell-autonomous function. Transgenic expression of a putative kinase-dead src-1(D831A) mutant caused a phenotype similar to src-1 loss-of-function, suggesting that this is a dominant negative mutation. The D381A mutation was introduced into the endogenous src-1 gene by genome editing, which also had a dominant-negative effect. Genetic interactions of src-1 and unc-5 suggest they act in the same pathway on growth cone polarity and protrusion, but might have overlapping, parallel functions in other aspects of axon guidance. src-1 function was not required for the effects of activated myr::unc-5, suggesting that SRC-1 might be involved in UNC-5 dimerization and activation by UNC-6, of which myr::unc-5 is independent. In sum, these results show that SRC-1 acts with UNC-5 in growth cone polarity and inhibition of protrusion