11613 research outputs found
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COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South Africa: lessons for future pandemics
No full textVaccine hesitancy, long considered a global health threat, poses a major barrier to effective roll-out of COVID-19 vaccination. With less than half (45%) of adult South Africans currently fully vaccinated, we identified factors affecting non-uptake of vaccination and vaccine hesitancy in order to identify key groups to be targeted when embarking upon COVID-19 vaccine promotion campaigns. A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was undertaken among the South African adult population in September 2021. Our research identified race, interactive–critical vaccine literacy, trust in the government’s ability to roll out the COVID-19 vaccination programme, flu vaccination status and risk perception for COVID-19 infection as key factors influencing the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination. Respondents who did not trust in the government’s ability to roll out vaccination were almost 13 times more likely to be vaccine-hesitant compared to those respondents who did trust the government. Reliable, easy-to-understand information regarding the safety of COVID-19 vaccines is needed, but it is also important that vaccination promotion and communication strategies include broader trust-building measures to enhance South Africans’ trust in the government’s ability to roll out vaccination effectively and safely. This may also be the case in other countries where distrust in governments’ ability prevails.Publisher's versio
Impacts of soil information on process-based hydrological modelling in the Upper Goukou Catchment, South Africa
No full textAlthough soils form an integral part of landscape hydrological processes, the importance of soil information in hydrological modelling is often neglected. This study investigated the impact of soil information on streamflow modelling accuracy and hydrological process representation. Two different levels of soil information were compared to long-term streamflow in the upper Goukou catchment (230 km2), South Africa, over a period of 23 years using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+). The land-type soil map (LTSM) dataset was less detailed and derived from the best, readily available soil dataset for South Africa currently. The hydrological soil map (HSM) dataset was more detailed and was created using infield hydropedological soil observations combined with digital soil-mapping techniques. Monthly streamflow simulation was similar for both soil datasets, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and Kling–Gupta efficiency values of 0.57 and 0.59 (HSM) and 0.56 and 0.60 (LTSM), respectively. It is, however, important to assess through which hydrological processes were these streamflow values generated as well as their spatial distribution within the catchment. Upon further assessment, the representation of hydrological processes within the catchment differed greatly between the two datasets, with the HSM more accurately representing the internal hydrological processes, as it was based on infield observations. It was concluded that hydropedological information could be of great value in effective catchment management strategies since it improves representation of internal catchment processes.Publisher's versio
Extracting narratives of nababeep: a Jewellery Manufacturing & Design Centre in the copper fields of Namaqualand
No full textDissertation (M.Arch. (Architecture))--University of the Free State, 2022The story of Nababeep begins as a tale of dissolution Over the years the landscape have been broken up into fragments by mining activity. Confronted by its wounds, the dissertation will investigate ways of extracting beauty from the scarred. By looking at the art of engraving for inspiration, the dissertation will further investigate how the scars of the site can be re interpreted as possibilities of capturing stories. The site suffers from past trauma In order to heal the landscape, it is
believed that design can only emerge from the great depth of its painful, private and collective experiences. The dissertation looks at ways how the ongoing traces and scars of the derelict site can contribute actively to the narrative of the site. In trying to understand the site, the three concepts explore ways of exposing the richness of the site, understanding its fragments and interrogating its remaining witnesses Explorations. Explorations are also done in finding ways of healing its wounds and stitching together a new identity from the scabs of the site. Taking a closer look at the site and its trauma, and uncovering all of its layers, new voices can start to emerge a palimpsest of stories of place. It is ultimately the embedded layers of place that allows the story of place to reveal itself. The devastating imprints of mining will forever shape the town of Nababeep, it is important to form a new relationship between the mine, its scars and the people
Exploring the use of collaborative learning to promote pre-service teachers’ participation in a rural university classroom
No full textThesis (Ph.D.(Higher Education Studies))--University of the Free State, 2022Pre-service teaching education globally is provided to equip students who wish to specialise in the relevant teaching skills and pedagogical knowledge needed to teach and learn effectively. This study aimed to explore collaborative learning strategies to promote pre-service teachers' participation in South African rural university classrooms through article publications. This study is important because universities situated in rural South Africa have been reported to face challenges due to historical, religious, political, and social marginalisation.
This study is qualitative and intended to investigate the challenges that influence pre-service teachers’ less participation, the way out of the challenges, and the threats that could hinder the implementation of the suggested solutions in rural universities. Social constructivism theory and asset-based community development were chosen to theorise while adopting participation research for the design and transformative paradigm to lens the study. Data were collected using structured interviews, focus group discussions and interest in thematic analysis.
The first article, titled: “Challenges of pre-service teachers’ classroom participation in a rurally located university in South Africa,” addresses the challenges responsible for pre-service teachers’ lack of participation in a rural university classroom. The findings based on the above discovered that lack of preparation from both lecturer and students, the use of a teacher-centred approach, difficulty in understanding the English language, teaching workload, large class size, student background and tribalism were the major challenges facing pre-service teachers’ classroom participation in a rurally located university in South Africa.
With a research objective, the second article, titled: “A veritable tool for promoting classroom participation among pre-service teachers in rural universities in South Africa,” explores the strategies that engender collaborative learning among pre-service teachers in rural university classrooms. The study revealed the think-peer-share strategy, group work strategy, micro-teaching strategy, positive feedback and encouragement, learner-centred method, and inquiry method as strategies for improving participation among pre-service teachers in rural universities.
Article three, titled: “Sustaining collaborative learning in a South African rurally located university classroom: Threats and conducive conditions,” examines the conducive conditions that could sustain collaborative learning among pre-service teachers and evaluates the threats that could hinder the implementation of the possible solutions in a rural university classroom. The findings revealed connecting activity to assessment, connecting content to students’ lives, establishing classroom culture and planning as the possible solutions. At the same time, language barriers, unconducive classrooms and the lack of infrastructure were suggested as impeding factors that could hinder the implementation of the proposed solutions in the study.
___________________________________________________________________Voordiens-onderwysersopleiding word wêreldwyd gegee om studente toe te rus wat wil spesialiseer in relevante onderrigvaardighede en pedagogiese kennis wat nodig is om doeltreffend te onderrig en te leer. Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om samewerkende leerstrategieë te ondersoek om voordiens-onderwysers se deelname in Suid-Afrikaanse landelike universiteitsklaskamers te bevorder deur middel van die publikasie van artikels. Hierdie studie is belangrik omdat universiteite wat in landelike Suid-Afrika geleë is, uitdagings ervaar as gevolg van historiese, godsdienstige, politieke en sosiale marginalisering.
Hierdie studie is kwalitatief en bedoel om die uitdagings te ondersoek wat voordiensonderwysers se mindere deelname beïnvloed, die oplossing vir die uitdagings, en die bedreigings wat die implementering van die voorgestelde oplossings in landelike universiteite kan belemmer. Die sosiale konstruktivisme teorie en bate-gebaseerde gemeenskapsontwikkeling is as teorie gekies terwyl deelnamenavorsing aanvaar is vir die ontwerp en transformatiewe paradigma as die studie se lens. Data is ingesamel deur gebruik te maak van gestruktureerde onderhoude, fokusgroepbesprekings en belangstelling in tematiese ontleding. Die eerste artikel, getiteld: “Challenges of pre-service teachers’ classroom participation in a rurally located university in South Africa” (Uitdagings van voordiens-onderwysers se klaskamerdeelname in ’n landelike universiteit in Suid-Afrika), spreek die uitdagings aan wat verantwoordelik is vir voordiens-onderwysers se gebrek aan deelname in ’n landelike universiteitsklaskamer.
Die bevindinge, gebaseer op bogenoemde, het ontdek dat ’n gebrek aan voorbereiding van beide dosent en studente, die gebruik van ’n onderwysergesentreerde benadering, probleme om Engels te verstaan, onderrigwerklading, groot klasse, studente-agtergrond en stambewustheid die groot uitdagings was vir voordiens-onderwysers se klaskamerdeelname aan ’n landelike universiteit in Suid-Afrika. ondersoek Die navorsingsdoelwit van die tweede artikel, getiteld: “A veritable tool for promoting classroom participation among pre-service teachers in rural universities in South Africa” (’n Hulpmiddel vir die bevordering van klaskamerdeelname onder voordiens-onderwysers in landelike universiteite in Suid-Afrika), is om die strategieë te ondersoek wat samewerkende leer onder voordiens-onderwysers in landelike universiteitsklaskamers teweegbring. Die studie het die dink-paar-deel-assessering, groepwerkstrategie, mikro-onderrigstrategie, positiewe terugvoer en aanmoediging, leerdergesentreerde metode en ondersoekmetode aan die lig gebring as strategieë vir die verbetering van deelname onder voordiens-onderwysers in landelike universiteite.
Artikel drie, getiteld: “Sustaining collaborative learning in a South African rurally located university classroom: Threats and conducive conditions” (Behoud van samewerkende leer in ’n Suid-Afrikaanse landelike universiteitsklaskamer: Bedreigings en bevorderlike omstandighede), ondersoek die gunstige toestande wat samewerkende leer onder voordiens-onderwysers kan onderhou en evalueer die bedreigings wat die implementering van die moontlike oplossings in ’n landelike universiteitsklaskamer kan belemmer. Die bevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat moontlike oplossings is om aktiwiteite met assessering te verbind, deur lesinginhoud aan studente se lewens te koppel en klaskamerkultuur en beplanning te vestig. Terselfdertyd is taalhindernisse, ongunstige klaskamers en die gebrek aan infrastruktuur voorgestel as faktore wat die implementering van die voorgestelde oplossings in die studie kan belemmer.
___________________________________________________________________Thuto ya tshebetso e tlang pele ho mosebetsi wa ho ruta lefatshe ka bophara e fumantshwa bakeng sa ho matlafatsa baithuti ba lakatsang ho ipabola ka makgabane a loketseng a ho ruta le tsebo ya mekgwa e hlokehang bakeng sa ho ruta le ho ithuta hantle. Diphuputso tsena di reretswe ho lekola mawala a akaretsang a ho ithuta bakeng sa ho phahamisa seabo sa matitjhere mosebetsing o etswang pele ba ruta diphaposing tsa borutelo tsa diyunivesithi tsa Afrika Borwa tsa mahaeng. Thuto ena e bohlokwa hobane diyunivesithi tse mahaeng Afrika Borwa ho boletswe hore di teana le diqholotso ka lebaka la kgethollo e susumetswang ke nalane, bodumedi, dipolotiki, le maemo setjhabeng. Diphuputso tsena ke tse lekolang boleng mme di ikemiseditse ho fuputsa diqholotso tse susumetsang bonyane ba seabo sa mosebetsi oo matitjhere a o etsang pele ba ruta., tsela ya ho qoba diqholotso tsena, le ditshitiso tse ka thibelang phethahatso ya ditharollo tse hlahisitsweng diyunivesithing tsa mahae. Lewa la mohopolo wa setjhaba le ntshetsopele e thehilweng ho disebediswa tsa setjhaba di kgethetswe ho bopa kakanyo hodima tshebediso ya diphuputso tsa seabo bakeng sa ho rala le ho kutlwisiso ya phetolo ho lekodisisa diphuputso.
Athikele ya pele, eo sehlooho sa yona e leng: “Diqholotso tsa seabo sa matitjhere a so qale ho sebetsa diphaposing tsa ho rutela diyunivesithing tsa mahaeng tsa Afrika Borwa,” e bua ka diqholotso tse bakang hore matitjhere a so ka a qala ho sebetsa, a se be le seabo se sekaalo diyunivesithing tsa mahae. Diphihlello di itshetlehile hodima se fumanweng e le kgaello ya boitlhophiso ya barupelli le baithuti, tshebediso ya mekgwa e ikamahanyang le titjhere feela, bothata ba ho utlwisisa puo ya English, bongata ba mosebetsi wa ho ruta, boholo ba dihlopha tse rutwang, nalane ya moithuti le kgethollo ya morabe, ke tsona diqholotso tse kgolo tse tobileng ho nka karolo ha matitjhere, pele ho tshebetso phaposing ya borutelo yunivesithing e fumanehang mahaeng Afrika Borwa. Ka sepheo sa diphuputso, athikele ya bobedi, eo sehlooho sa yona e leng: “Sesebediswa sa sebele sa ho ntshetsa pele ho nka karolo ha matitjhere a pele ho tshebetso diyunivesithing tsa mahaeng Afrika Borwa”, se hlahloba maano a hlahisang thuto e kopanetsweng hara matitjhere a pele ho tshebetso diyunivesithing tsa mahaeng. Diphuputso di senotse mawala a ho nahana le ho arolelana mehopolo le bomphato, mawala a mosebetsi wa sehlopha, mawala a ho ruta o ipapisitse le dikgatiso tsa dithuto tse fetileng, maikutlo a matle le kgothatso, mokgwa o shebaneng le moithuti, le mokgwa wa dipatlisiso e le mawala a ho ntlafatsa bonkakarolo ba matitjhere pele ho tshebetso diyunivesithing tsa mahaeng.
Athikele ya boraro, sehlooho: “Ho boloka thuto e kopanetsweng ka phaposing ya borutelo ya yunivesithi e mahaeng ya Afrika Borwa: Ditshoso le maemo a loketseng,” e hlahloba maemo a loketseng a ka bolokang thuto e kopanetsweng hara matitjhere pele ho tshebetso mme e lekola ditshitiso tse ka sitisang ho sebediswa ha ditharollo tse ka bang teng ka phaposing ya borutelo ya yunivesithi ya mahaeng. Diphuputso di senotse hore ho hokahanya mosebetsi le tlhahlobo, ho hokahanya dikahare tsa serutwa le bophelo ba baithuti, ho theha moetlo wa ka phaposing ya borutelo ho rala ke ditharollo tse ka sebetsang. Ka nako e tshwanang, ho ile ha hlahiswa maikutlo a hore ditshitiso tsa puo, diphaposi tsa borutelo tse seng maemong a loketseng, le ho haella ha meaho, ke tsona dintho tse ka sitisang ho phethahatswa ha ditharollo tse hlahisitsweng diphuputsong tsena.
___________________________________________________________________Imfundo yokuqeqeshela umsebenzi wokufundisa emhlabeni wonke ihlinzekwa ukuhlomisa abafundi abafisa ukufunda ngokukhethekile amakhono okufundisa afanele nolwazi lokufundisa oludingekayo ukuze kufundwe futhi kufundiswe ngempumelelo. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola amasu okufunda ngokubambisana ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukubamba iqhaza kothisha abasengabafundi abaqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wokufundisa emakilasini amanyuvesi asemakhaya aseNingizimu Afrikha ngokushicilelwa kwama-athikili. Lolu cwaningo lubalulekile ngoba amanyuvesi asemakhaya eNingizimu Afrikha kubikwe ukuthi abhekana nezinselelo ngenxa yokucwaswa ngokomlando, ezenkolo, ezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalo. Lolu cwaningo luyikhwalithethivu futhi luhloselwe ukuphenya izinselelo ezinomthelela ekubambeni iqhaza okuncane kothisha abasengabafundi abaqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wokufundisa, indlela yokunqoba izinselelo, kanye nezinto ezingase zithiye ukuqaliswa kwezixazululo eziphakanyisiwe emanyuvesi asemakhaya. Kusetshenziswe injulalwazi isocial constructivism kanye nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi okusekelwe empahleni njengenjulalwazi yocwaningo, ngesikhathi futhi esebenzisa ucwaningo olubamba iqhaza kanye nepharadayimu eguquguqukayo ukubheka ucwaningo.
Ulwazi luqoqwe ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo ezihleliwe, izingxoxo zamaqoqo acwaningwayo kanye nentshisekelo kuhlaziyo ngokwengqikithi. I-athikili yokuqala, esihloko sithi: “Challenges of pre-service teachers’ classroom participation in a rurally located university in South Africa,” ikhuluma ngezinselelo ezibangela ukuthi othisha abasengabafundi abaqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wokufundisa babambe iqhaza elincane emakilasini enyuvesi yasemakhaya. Imiphumela esekelwe kulokhu okungenhla ithole ukuthi ukungazilungiseleli kothisha nabafundi, ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokufundisa egxile kuthisha, ubunzima bokuqonda ulimi lwesiNgisi, ubuningi bomsebenzi wokufundisa, ubukhulu bekilasi, imumva lomfundi kanye nobuzwe kwakuyizinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nokuthi othisha abasengabafundi abaqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wokufundisa babambe iqhaza elincane emakilasini enyuvesi yasemakhaya yaseNingizimu Afrikha. Ngenjongo yocwaningo, i-athikili yesibili, esihloko sithi: “A veritable tool for promoting classroom participation among pre-service teachers in rural universities in South Africa,” ibheka amasu akhuthaza ukufunda ngokubambisana phakathi kwabafundi abaqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wokufundisa emakilasini amanyuvesi asemakhaya. Lolu cwaningo lwembule isu lokufunda ngokuthi umfundi aqale azicabangele yedwa impendulo ngaphambi kokuxoxa nozakwabo, isu lokusebenza ngamaqembu, isu lokufundisa okuncane, ukunika abafundi impendulo eyakhayo nokubakhuthaza, indlela yokufundisa egxile kubafundi, kanye nezindlela zokubuza njengamasu okuthuthukisa ukubamba iqhaza kothisha abasengabafundi abaqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wokufundisa emakilasini amanyuvesi asemakhaya.
I-athikili yesithathu, esihloko sithi: “Sustaining collaborative learning in a South African rurally located university classroom: Threats and conducive conditions,” ihlola izimo ezivumayo ezingagcina ukufunda ngokubambisana phakathi kothisha abasangamafunda abasaqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wokufundisa futhi ihlola izinto ezingase zithiye ukuqaliswa kwezixazululo ezingabakhona ekilasini lenyuvesi yasemakhaya. Okutholakele kuveze ukuxhumana komsebenzi nokuhlola, ukuxhumanisa okufundwayo nezimpilo zabafundi, ukusungula isiko lekilasi nokuhlela njengezixazululo ezingasetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye kwaphakanyiswa izingqinamba zolimi, amakilasi angekho esimeni esihle kanye nokuntuleka kwengqalasizinda njengezithiyo ezingase zithiye ukuqaliswa kwezixazululo ezihlongozwayo ocwaningweni.
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Review of DFT-simulated and experimental electrochemistry properties of the polypyridyl Row-1 Mn, Fe & Co, and Group-8 Fe, Ru and Os MLCT complexes
No full textRuthenium had up to date been pivotal in electro- and photocatalytic applications involving reduction of CO2 and H2O, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Commercial applications would seek use of earth-abundant metals instead. Towards this goal, it is key to review the synthesis, electrochemical and spectroscopical properties of associated metal-to-ligand charge transfer complexes of row-4 (Mn, Fe & Co) and column-8 (Fe, Ru & Os). The present report is limited to data obtained under exactly similar conditions, providing scientifically valid correlations. Only tris-coordinated bipyridyl and phenanthroline complex derivatives are considered, being representative of catalysts and dyes traditionally used in the above-mentioned fields. The accuracy of theoretical DFT techniques to simulate complex properties is highlighted.Publisher's versio
Geophysical investigations in the Khakhea-Bray Transboundary Aquifer
No full textDissertation (M.Sc.(Geohydrology))--University of the Free State, 2022A limited number of transboundary aquifers (TBAs) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region have been subjected to investigations that will improve the hydrogeological understanding of the shared groundwater resource. The Khakhea-Bray transboundary aquifer, shared between Botswana and South Africa, is one of the TBAs that lacks a conceptual understanding of the groundwater systems. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to filling this research gap by conducting a geophysical investigation in the Khakhea-Bray TBA. The study applied the magnetotelluric approach to understanding the factors influencing groundwater occurrence in the dolomite of the Khakhea-Bray TBA.
An ADMT-300S groundwater detectors of the ADMT series products was used to conduct the geophysical survey. This equipment measures the electric potential difference of the subsurface geology for 300 m below the surface measured at a 5 m depth interval. The magnetotelluric geophysical survey was carried out by targeting existing boreholes with accessible drilling data within the TBA. The survey stations were spaced at 3 to 5 Km intervals in areas with no boreholes. The integrated analysis approach used lithology data and water strike information from seven boreholes. The lithology data provided insight into the subsurface geology of the study area. The water strikes information of boreholes was used to calibrate the geophysical data of the dolomite aquifer system. This was done to identify the electrical properties of the water strike zones within the aquifer system, establishing the factors influencing groundwater occurrence. The geophysical data from survey stations on the same transverse line was processed into electric potential difference cross section models using RockWorks 2021 software. The distance weighting anisotropic method was applied to interpolate the data between the survey stations.
The results show that the weathered-fractured zone is the main factor influencing the groundwater occurrence in the dolomite rock. The weathered-fractured zone was characterized by electric potential difference values varying between 0.02 mV to 0.065 mV. The weathered fractured zones in the dolomite were observed at shallow depths ranging between 7.5 m and 90 m. These dolomite aquifers were confirmed by the water strikes of the existing boreholes that were drilled targeting the dolomite aquifer zones. Another zone exhibiting the electric potential difference values ranging between 0.02 mV and 0.065 mV was observed at depths between 165 m and 300 m. The zone below 165 m showing the electric potential difference values between 0.02 mV and 0.065 mV was regarded as an unconfirmed potential weathered-fractured zone that needs to be validated with lithology and water strike data. Since the weathered-fractured zone was identified as the factor for groundwater occurrence in the dolomite of the study area, this suggests that during groundwater exploration for borehole drilling in the study area, the zones showing electric properties of a weathered-fractured aquifer zone must be targeted to increase the success rate of the borehole.
The developed models showed the subsurface stratigraphy and the potential zones for groundwater occurrence within the transboundary dolomitic aquifer system of Khakhea-Bray TBA. This implies that the MT has the ability to map the aquifers and delineate the subsurface stratigraphic layers in dolomite settings. The models also revealed that the dolomite aquifers are confined, suggesting that these aquifers are less vulnerable to pollution from surface sources. The confined aquifer also suggests that the aquifer is not recharged directly from the top but through preferential flow paths on the dolomite rock surface
Chemical analysis and evaluation of a homemade pest control mixture used by a local farmer from Maloti-A-Phofung municipality of the Afromontane region in the Free State
No full textThe indigenous community of the Afromontane region has developed and adopted strategies for survival to reduce diseases and eliminate ticks and pests on crops at a lower cost. Biopesticides are efficient in eradicating various plant pests, affordable, quickly biodegradable, with multiple mechanisms of action, freely available supplies, and low toxicity to non-target organisms. The phytochemical composition of different plants is thought to be responsible for their various modes of action. Synthetic pesticides are expensive for small-scale farmers in undeveloped regions like the Afromontane region. Investigating agrochemical alternatives will benefit small-scale farmers who cannot access these due to their high cost. This study aims to analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of homemade pest control used by a small-scale farmer in the Afromontane region. The homemade pest control mixture used by local farmers was collected, then sequentially extracted and sonicated using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The extracts were screened for active compounds by phytochemical analysis and characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS. Biological testing was used to examine for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Saponins, phenolic compounds, and terpenes were found in all of the extracts after phytochemical analysis of the samples. Through using FTIR spectroscopy, the functional groups of the extracts were detected while
UV/Vis spectroscopy identified the presence of chromophore at a region of 220-300 nm. LCMS/MS was performed to dereplicate the analyte components with a focus on their collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra. LC-MS/MS and molecular networking enabled annotation of metabolites active in the different extracts of the homemade pesticide. Based on the connectivity of the molecular network, the homemade pest control molecular networking nodes were grouped into five clusters (1–5). Cluster 1 consists of features annotated as flavonoids, cluster 2 corresponds to compounds of the alkaloids and flavonoids, cluster 3 corresponds to amino acids and alkaloids, cluster 4 consists of fatty acids and alkaloids and cluster 5 consists of features annotated as isoflavonoids. The annotated compounds exhibited various characteristics; some were insecticidal, while others showed antimicrobial activities. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the sequential and ultrasonic extracts were examined using microdilution. Among the tested extracts, chloroform sequentially and sonicated extracts, methanol sequentially and sonicated extracts showed the best antibacterial activity with the MIC values of 0.09-0.195 mg/ml. The antibacterial activity for sequential chloroform extract showed the best activity against all the bacterial strains, with MIC values ranging between 0.098-0.39 mg/ml. Most of the extracts tested were ineffective against the fungal strains for antimitotic activity. Only a sonicated methanol extract showed the best antifungal activity. The sonicated methanol extract showed good activity (0.39-0.78 mg/ml) against Candida albicans, C. vulgaris and Trichophyton mucoides. In the case of water extracts, no activity was observed in the gram-negative bacteria and antifungal activity. The growth of Fusarium culmorum was suppressed by the sequence water extract and sonicated hexane extract. The current study's phytochemical and annotated compounds revealed that homemade pest-control bioactive compounds such as saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, isoflavonoids and amino acids have antimicrobial properties against a variety of pathogens. Overall, the findings indicate that the mixture contains phytoconstituents that are effective against plant pathogens and capable of killing insect pests
The influence of distributed leadership on teaching practice supervision in Masvingo Province’s Teacher Education Colleges
No full textThesis (Ph.D.(Education Management))--University of the Free State, 2022Distributed leadership (DL) grew out of turning away from the “great man” concept of educational leadership, in which a single actor was thought necessary to lead in a top-down way in a bureaucratic organisational school structure. Extant literature heralds that the DL has gained currency and advocates more actors in instructional leadership. Teacher leaders in schools in Zimbabwe are selected by the teaching practice departments of the educational institution for teachers to supervise students from teaching colleges. However, their supervision is sometimes not effective to develop the professional competencies of trainee-teachers and to reflect on their teaching because teacher leaders are not trained on how to conduct their professional roles and responsibilities during the supervision. Hence, this study sought to explore the influence of DL on teaching practice supervision in Masvingo Province’s teacher education colleges.
The study is underpinned by symbolic interaction by Herbert Mead (1883), and distributed leadership theory as lens to understand how DL influences teacher leaders on supervising student teachers on teaching practice. The interpretivist research paradigm using the qualitative research approach and a multiple case study research design were employed to explore the influence of DL on teaching practice supervision in teacher education colleges. A sample of eight teacher leaders was purposively selected using the maximum variation technique, for multiple interviews and focus group discussion.
Among the findings that were revealed by this study, it came out that distributed leadership has a positive influence on teaching practice supervision. It was also revealed that to understand and assist in the enhancement of supervision, the supervision scholar (in teacher colleges) must interact with the teacher leaders (in schools that are responsible of supervising students from teacher colleges) on a regular basis, and that interaction should include reflective dialogue on theory, research and practice.
The study concludes that teacher leaders can use the distributed leadership concept because it has a positive influence on teaching practice supervision.One of the recommendations by the researcher, based on the findings, is that school headsmust realise how Dl is likely to influence teaching practice supervision for teacher leaders to fully take the position of leading so that they become confident in supervising the student teachers
Factors influencing the commercialisation of emerging dairy farmers in South Africa: a case study of the Free State Province
No full textThis case study research aimed to identify factors that influence the commercialisation of emerging dairy farmers in the Free State Province, and assess the utility of dairy business hub models to address the identified factors. The study thus sought to answer the following research questions: What are the challenges influencing the commercialisation of emerging dairy farmers in the Free State Province? What are the opportunities for the commercialisation of emerging dairy farmers in the Free State Province? What strategies can be used to assist emerging dairy farmers to become commercial farmers? How can dairy business hub models help to commercialise emerging dairy farmers in the Free State Province?
Semi-structured interviews were used to collect case study data from 15 emerging dairy farmers in the Free State Province. The focus group in this case study included dairy professionals from the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and SA Stud Book. Data were captured into excel and analysed by qualitative and quantitative methodologies, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The quantitative data were analysed using frequency tables and descriptive statistics. Themes were used to code and analyse the qualitative data.
The study identified the main constraints impacting the commercialisation of emerging dairy farmers in the Free State Province as: lack of access to financial support, market limitations, lack of infrastructure, low milk prices and lack of appropriate management skills. The results further showed that there are good prospects for commercialising emerging dairy farmers in the Free State Province. It was found that, provided they are correctly implemented, dairy business hub models can pave the way for the commercialisation of emerging dairy farmers in the Free State Province. The study recommends that the government provides emerging dairy farmers with various forms of support, including structural, financial, and market access assistance to help them commercialise their dairy enterprises. Further research should be conducted on implementing dairy business hub models for emerging dairy farmers in South Africa.Mangosuthu University of Technolog
Understanding factors affecting technology entrepreneurship of university-incubated firms
No full textThesis (Ph.D.(Business Managment))--University of the Free State, 2022Despite the consensus in entrepreneurship literature on the significant contribution of technology business incubation to the realisation of technology entrepreneurship, the range of factors that merge with technology business incubation to shape technology entrepreneurship remains highly contentious. For instance, some studies have placed exclusive emphasis on individual psychological and cognitive factors (e.g., poor business knowledge, limited experience and perceived entrepreneurship capabilities) as explanations for low technology business incubation and poor technology entrepreneurship outcomes. Yet, other studies have concentrated on institutional levels factors such as inadequate incubation support (e.g., the lack of physical capital, social capital and intellectual capital) as critical explanations for suboptimal technology business incubation and technology entrepreneurship outcomes. To further compound the puzzle on key drivers of these business outcomes, other scholars have foregrounded systemic level factors (e.g., national entrepreneurship policy, regional innovation culture, regional SMME funding, the legitimacy of incubators’ mediation of business networks, and system-wide partnerships and collaborations) as contributing to technology business incubation and technology entrepreneurship. The emphasis on the aforesaid different layers of analysis (i.e., individual, institutional and environmental factors) precludes entrepreneurship scholars from developing an integrated picture of these factors to provide a more nuanced and holistic account of factors affecting technology business incubation and technology entrepreneurship.
The scientific gap this study explores, therefore, is the varying, hierarchical but partial explanations for low technology business incubation and suboptimal technology entrepreneurship outcomes (i.e., few commercialised applications, low business growth and financial sustainability), which complicate the creation of synergy from individual, institutional and environmental factors affecting technology business incubation to generate technology entrepreneurship, when these factors are considered individually and selectively. The study draws on a humanist perspective and interpretive phenomenology involving two cases of university-based incubation ecosystem actors drawn from a population of 65 participants to provide a comprehensive account of the diverse factors that coalesce around technology business incubation to influence technology entrepreneurship. The phenomenological study which covered 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews, 2 focus group discussions and an extensive review of documents revealed that, scripts, intuition, physical capital, social capital, intellectual capital, national entrepreneurship policy and regional innovation culture were the main individual, institutional and environmental factors that merge with technology business incubation to influence technology entrepreneurship. Moreover, the study established that, at technology business incubation level, gut feelings were critical in incubation decisions such as investment deals, procurement decisions, concluding sales deals, determining product prices, investigating reasons for cancelling of product purchases and managing partnerships. Regarding the realisation of technology entrepreneurship, gut feelings were instrumental in optimising opportunity exploitation in the innovation ecosystem, especially locating new customers, new investment and funding opportunities, which culminated in increased revenue base, return on investment and profit margins of technology startups. Scripts were instrumental in navigating the entrepreneurial stages, especially ascertaining the value proposition, prototype development, securing client feedback during product tests, launching new technology innovation products and ascertaining perceived risks for products in the market.
Concerning the advancement of technology entrepreneurship, when the lean canvas business model was applied as a script, the script enabled incubatees to develop an innovative lens to the entire technology business development process – optimising the pricing of products, revenue generation and sustainable technology innovation for startups. From a technology entrepreneurship perspective, the provision of physical capital to incubatees provided a central nodal point for incubatees to access new customers, augmenting opportunities for concluding more sales of technology products and services and increasing the revenue base for these tenants. Incubation sponsors’ availing of social capital through the creation of an innovation platform for promoting incubation sponsor-incubatee networking enabled incubatees to hone their innovative ideas, perfect their technology products and solutions leading to more effective commercialisation of their innovations. The provision of human capital training in legal matters, technical and advisory services, grant proposal development, and accessing venture capital catalysed incubatees to develop a more sophisticated view of the venture development process, enabling them to better identify and exploit new scientific and technology innovations, which created avenues for firm expansion and financial growth. From a technology business incubation perspective, national policy shaped the regional innovation development programmes that strengthened the formation of the regional innovation ecosystem, which influenced the localisation of technology innovations at the grassroots. Regional innovation culture enabled knowledge spillovers that unfolded among universities, industry and firms in the incubation ecosystem, allowing business startups to leverage the intellectual property created by or through universities, even though a dearth of technology innovations persisted outside university contexts. Regarding its contribution to technology entrepreneurship, national entrepreneurship policy directed universities to identify academics and students that possess innovative ideas with potential for commercialisation to form technology startups and emphasised the creation a cohort of entrepreneurs who could generate patents, startups and spinouts that create jobs, fuelling economic growth and national wealth creation. The study contributes to theory, model development, methodology, policy and practice. The study contributes to theoretical knowledge on university technology business incubation by illustrating the combination of individual, institutional and environmental factors that merge to shape technology business incubation in ways that contribute to the realisation of technology entrepreneurship.
The study draws on complementarities of institutional theory and resource-based view to demonstrate how incubation rules and norms shape incubatees’ venture development behaviours and how the superiority of resources served as a differentiating factor in incubatees’ decisions to join private technology business incubators or remain in their incumbent university-based incubators. The study employed contextual embeddedness and resource differentiation as concepts that integrate the resource-based view and institutional theory in showing how different incubatees at various stages of their entrepreneurial journeys need distinct types of resources and forms of support to realise technology incubation and technology entreprepreneurship. The study also employed policy diversity and strategic alignment of institutional stakeholders and incubation processes to the resource endowments and situated contexts of these actors to establish entrepreneurial and incubation ecosystems germane to the level of entrepreneurial maturity, resource affordances and capabilities of these stakeholders in that ecosystem. The study developed a conceptual model based on the combination of individual, institutional and environmental factors whose synergy with technology business incubation contributed to the realisation of technology entrepreneurship. Methodologically, the study develops an integrated approach that merged the supply-side approach (technology business incubator perspectives) with demand-side approach (technology business incubatees perspectives) thereby providing a more inclusive, comprehensive perspective on the dynamics of business incubation and technology entrepreneurship. The study makes some policy recommendations concerning the development of resource mobilisation strategy for incubatees well aligned to their preferred funding mechanisms, development of comprehensive policies explaining different funding models, mechanisms, and instruments and their trade-offs. It also recommends the development of a context-embedded approach to modelling and implementing regional innovation ecosystems to improve the effectiveness of innovation ecosystems and developing an ecological policy framework for incubation ecosystems framed around the prioritisation and ranking of incubation factors in terms of their importance, relevance and socio-economic impact.
___________________________________________________________________Ten spyte van die konsensus in entrepreneurskapliteratuur oor die beduidende bydrae van tegnologie-besigheidsinkubasie tot die verwesenliking van tegnologie-entrepreneurskap, bly die reeks faktore wat saamsmelt met tegnologie-besigheidsinkubasie om tegnologie-entrepreneurskap te vorm hoogs omstrede. Sommige studies het byvoorbeeld eksklusief die klem geplaas op individuele sielkundige en kognitiewe faktore (bv. swak besigheidskennis, beperkte ondervinding en waargenome entrepreneurskapvermoëns) as verduidelikings vir lae tegnologie besigheidsinkubasie en swak tegnologie entrepreneurskap uitkomste. Tog het ander studies gekonsentreer op faktore op institusionele vlak, soos onvoldoende inkubasie-ondersteuning (bv. die gebrek aan fisiese kapitaal, sosiale kapitaal en intellektuele kapitaal) as kritieke verklarings vir suboptimale tegnologiebesigheidsinkubasie en tegnologiese entrepreneurskapuitkomste. Om die legkaart oor sleuteldrywers van hierdie besigheidsuitkomste verder te bemoeilik, het ander vakkundiges sistemiese vlak faktore (bv. nasionale entrepreneurskapbeleid, streeksinnovasiekultuur, streeksbefondsing van KMMOs, die legitimiteit van leerskole se bemiddeling van besigheidsnetwerke, en stelselwye vennootskappe) op die voorgrond geplaas, dat dit bydra tot tegnologie-besigheidsinkubasie en tegnologie-entrepreneurskap. Die klem op die voorgenoemde verskillende lae van analise (d.w.s. individuele, institusionele en omgewingsfaktore) verhinder entrepreneurskapstudente om 'n geïntegreerde prentjie van hierdie faktore te ontwikkel om 'n meer genuanseerde en holistiese weergawe van faktore te verskaf wat tegnologie-besigheidsinkubasie en tegnologie-entrepreneurskap beïnvloed. Die wetenskaplike leemte wat hierdie studie ondersoek, is dus die wisselende, hiërargiese maar gedeeltelike verklarings vir lae tegnologie besigheidsinkubasie en suboptimale tegnologie entrepreneurskap uitkomste (d.w.s. min gekommersialiseerde toepassings, lae besigheidsgroei en finansiële volhoubaarheid), wat die skepping van sinergie van individuele, institusionele en omgewingsfaktore bemoeilik om tegnologie-besigheidsinkubasie te beïnvloed om tegnologie-entrepreneurskap te genereer, wanneer hierdie faktore individueel en selektief oorweeg word.
Die studie steun op 'n humanistiese perspektief en interpretatiewe fenomenologie wat twee gevalle van universiteitsgebaseerde inkubasie-ekosisteemakteurs betrek wat uit 'n groep van 65 deelnemers getrek is om 'n omvattende weergawe te verskaf van die diverse faktore wat saamsmelt rondom tegnologiebesigheidsinkubasie om tegnologie-entrepreneurskap te beïnvloed. Die fenomenologiese studie wat 30 in-diepte semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, 2 fokusgroepbesprekings en 'n uitgebreide hersiening van dokumente gedek het, het aan die lig gebring dat skrifte, intuïsie, fisiese kapitaal, sosiale kapitaal, intellektuele kapitaal, nasionale entrepreneurskapbeleid en streeksinnovasiekultuur die belangrikste individuele, institusionele en omgewingsfaktore was wat saamsmelt met tegnologiebesigheidsinkubasie om tegnologiese entrepreneurskap te beïnvloed. Verder het die studie vasgestel dat, op tegnologiese sake-inkubasievlak, instink instrumenteel was in inkubasiebesluite soos beleggingstransaksies, verkrygingsbesluite, die sluiting van verkoopstransaksies, die bepaling van produkpryse, die ondersoek van redes vir die kansellasie van produkaankope en die bestuur van vennootskappe. Wat die verwesenliking van tegnologie-entrepreneurskap betref, was instink instrumenteel in die optimalisering van geleentheidsuitbuiting in die innovasie-ekosisteem, veral die opspoor van nuwe kliënte, nuwe beleggings- en befondsingsgeleenthede, wat bygedra het tot ’n verhoogde inkomstebasis, opbrengs op belegging en winsmarges van nuwe tegnologie-ondernemings. Voorskrifte was instrumenteel in die navigasie van die entrepreneuriese stadiums, veral om die waardeproposisie en prototipe-ontwikkeling te bepaal, asook die terugvoer van kliënte tydens produktoetse te verseker, nuwe tegnologie-innovasieprodukte bekend te stel en waargeneemde risiko's vir produkte in die mark vas te stel.
Met betrekking tot die bevordering van tegnologie-entrepreneurskap, toe die “lean canvas”-besigheidsmodel as 'n voorskrif toegepas is, het die voorskrif inkubate in staat gestel om 'n innoverende lens vir die hele tegnologie-besigheidsontwikkelingsproses te ontwikkel – die prysbepaling van produkte, inkomstegenerering en volhoubare tegnologie-innovasie vir nuwe ondernemings geoptimaliseer het. Vanuit 'n tegnologie-entrepreneurskapperspektief het die voorsiening van fisiese kapitaal aan inkubate 'n sentrale aanknooppunt vir inkubate gebied om toegang tot nuwe kliënte te kry, geleenthede aangevul het om meer transaksies van tegnologiese produkte en dienste te beklink en die inkomstebasis vir hierdie huurders te vergroot. Inkubasieborge se benutting van sosiale kapitaal deur die skepping van 'n innovasieplatform vir die bevordering van netwerke het inkubate in staat gestel om hul innoverende idees te slyp, hul tegnologieprodukte en oplossings te vervolmaak wat lei tot meer effektiewe kommersialisering van hul innovasies. Die verskaffing van mensekapitaalopleiding in regsaangeleenthede, tegniese en adviesdienste, ontwikkeling van toekenningsvoorstelle, en toegang tot waagkapitaal, het inkubate aangemoedig om 'n meer gesofistikeerde siening van die ondernemingsontwikkelingsproses te ontwikkel, wat hulle in staat stel om nuwe wetenskaplike en tegnologiese innovasies beter te identifiseer en te ontgin, wat uitbreidings- en finansiële groeigeleenthede geskep het. Vanuit 'n tegnologie-besigheidsinkubasie-perspektief, het nasionale beleid die streeksinnovasie-ontwikkelingsprogramme gevorm wat die vorming van die streeksinnovasie-ekosisteem versterk het, wat die lokalisering van tegnologie-innovasies by die voetsoolvlak beïnvloed het. Streeksinnovasiekultuur het kennisuitvloeisels moontlik gemaak wat onder universiteite, nywerhede en firmas in die inkubasie-ekosisteem ontvou het, wat sakeondernemings in staat gestel het om die intellektuele eiendom wat deur of via universiteite geskep is, te benut, selfs al het 'n gebrek aan tegnologie-innovasies buite universiteitskontekste voortgeduur. Met betrekking tot sy bydrae tot tegnologie-entrepreneurskap, het nasionale entrepreneurskapbeleid universiteite gelas om akademici en studente te identifiseer wat oor innoverende idees beskik met potensiaal vir kommersialisering om nuwe tegnologie-ondernemings te vorm, en het klem gelê op die skepping van 'n groep entrepreneurs wat patente, beginondernemings en voortspruitende idees kan genereer wat werk skep, wat ekonomiese groei en nasionale welvaartskepping kan aanvuur. Die studie dra by tot teorie, modelontwikkeling, metodologie, beleid en praktyk. Die studie dra by tot teoretiese kennis oor universiteitstegnologiebesigheidsinkubasie deur die kombinasie van individuele, institusionele en omgewingsfaktore te illustreer wat saamsmelt om tegnologiebesigheidsinkubasie te vorm op maniere wat bydra tot die verwesenliking van tegnologiese entrepreneurskap.
Die studie maak gebruik van aanvullings tot die institusionele teorie en hulpbron-gebaseerde siening om te demonstreer hoe inkubasiereëls en -norme inkubatees se ondernemingsontwikkelingsgedrag vorm en hoe die superioriteit van hulpbronne gedien het as 'n onderskeidende faktor in inkubate se besluite om by private tegnologiebesigheidsleerskole aan te sluit of in hul gevestigde universiteitsgebaseerde leerskole te bly. Die studie het kontekstuele inbedding en hulpbrondifferensiasie gebruik as konsepte wat die hulpbrongebaseerde siening en institusionele teorie integreer om te wys hoe verskillende inkubate op verskeie stadiums van hul entrepreneuriese reise verskillende tipes hulpbronne en vorme van ondersteuning nodig het om tegnologie-inkubasie en tegnologie-entrepreneurskap te verwesenlik. Die studie het ook beleidsdiversiteit en strategiese belyning van institusionele belanghebbendes en inkubasieprosesse tot die hulpbrontoekeninge en gesitueerde kontekste van hierdie deelnemers aangewend om entrepreneuriese en inkubasie-ekosisteme te vestig wat gepas is op die vlak van entrepreneuriese volwassenheid, hulpbronbeskikbaarheid en vermoëns van hierdie belanghebbendes in daardie ekosisteem. Die studie het 'n konseptuele model ontwikkel wat gebaseer is op die kombinasie van individuele, institusionele en omgewingsfaktore wie se sinergie met tegnologie-besigheidsinkubasie bygedra het tot die verwesenliking van tegnologie-entrepreneurskap. Metodologies ontwikkel die studie 'n geïntegreerde benadering wat die aanbodkant-benadering (tegnologie-besigheidsinkubatorperspektiewe) saamgesmelt het met die vraagkantbenadering (tegnologie-besigheidsinkubateesperspektiewe) en sodoende 'n meer inklusiewe, omvattende perspektief op die dinamika van besigheidsinkubasie en tegnologie-entrepreneurskap. Die studie maak 'n paar beleidsaanbevelings rakende die ontwikkeling van hulpbronmobiliseringstrategie vir inkubate wat goed in lyn is met hul voorkeurbefondsingsmeganismes, ontwikkeling van omvattende beleidstellings wat verskillende befondsingsmodelle, -meganismes en -instrumente en hul gevolge verduidelik. Dit beveel ook die ontwikkeling van 'n konteks-geïntegreerde benadering tot modellering en implementering van streeksinnovasie-ekosisteme aan om die doeltreffendheid van innovasie-ekosisteme te verbeter en die ontwikkeling van 'n ekologiese beleidsraamwerk vir inkubasie-ekosisteme wat rondom die prioritisering en rangskikking van inkubasiefaktore in terme van hul belangrikheid, relevansie en sosio-ekonomiese impak gerangskik is..
___________________________________________________________________Le ka ntle ho tumellano ya bohle ho dingolwa tsa boithuti ba kgwebo mabapi le seabo sa bohlokwa sa tshireletso ya kgwebo ya theknoloji bakeng sa phihlello ya boithuti ba theknoloji, dintlha tse ngata tse hlahellang malebana le tshireletso ya kgwebo ya theknoloji e sa ntse e le sesosa se seholo sa ngangisano. Ha re tea ka mohlala, tse ding tsa diphuputso di ile tsa hatella haholo tshebetso ya monahano wa motho ka mong esita le dintlha tsa monahano (mohlala, tsebo e fokolang ya kgwebo, boiphihlelo bo haellang le bokgoni bo lebeletsweng ba boithuti ba kgwebo) e le ditlhaloso tsa bofokodi ba tshireletso e tlase ya kgwebo ya theknoloji esita le diphetho tse fokolang tsa boithuti ba kgwebo ka theknoloji. Leha ho le jwalo, diphuputso tse ding di tobokeditse haholo hodima dintlha tsa boemo ba institjushene tse kang tshehetso e fokolang ya tshireletso (mohlala, tlhoko ya disebediswa, setjhaba le bokgoni ba monahano kapa bofokodi ba kelello) e le ditlhaloso tsa bohlokwa bakeng sa tshireletso e sa atlehang ya kgwebo ka theknoloji esita le diphetho tsa thuto ya kgwebo. E le ho eketsa hodima dintlha tsena tsa motheo tsa diphetho tsa kgwebo, baithuti ba bang ba hateletse dintlha tsa boemo ba tshebetso (mohlala, leano la naha la boithuti ba kgwebo, moetlo wa lebatowa wa boitshimollelo, tshehetso ya ditjhelete tsa lebatowa la SMME, tokelo ya bonamodi ba basireletsi ba maranrang a kgwebo, le tshebedisanommoho kapa ditshebeletsano) di na le seabo bakeng sa tshireletso ya kgwebo ka theknoloji le boithuti ba theknoloji. Toboketso ya mekgahlelo ena e boletsweng ka hodimo ya tshekatsheko (e leng, motho ka mong, institjushene le tikoloho) e thibela baithuti ba kgwebo ho theha setshwantsho se hokahaneng sa dintlha tsena e le ho fana ka tlhakisetso e ntjha empa e akaretsang ya dintlha tse amang tshireletso ya kgwebo ka theknoloji esita le boithuti ba kgwebo ka theknoloji.
Sekgeo sa tsebo seo diphuputso tsena di se sibollang, ka tsela e jwalo, ke ho fapana ho latelana ka maemo a bophahamo empa ka ditlhaloso tse sa fellang bakeng sa tshireletso e tlase ya kgwebo le diphetho tse haellang tsa boithuti ba kgwebo ka theknoloji (ke ho re, tshebetso tse mmalwa tsa moruo, kgolo e fokolang ya kgwebo le tshwarello ya tjhelete), e leng tse sitisang kgokahano dintlha tsa motho ka mong, institjushene le tsa tikoloho tse amang tshireletso ya kgwebo ka theknoloji ho hodisa boithuti ba kgwebo ka theknoloji, ha dintlha tsena di tadingwa ka bonngwe le ka ho kgethwa. Diphuputso tsena di sebedisa katamelo ya botho le tjhadimo ya kutlwisiso e amang diketsahalo tse pedi tsa baphethahatsi ba university-based incubation ecosystem tse theilweng ho bankakarolo ba 65 e le ho fana ka tlhahiso e qaqileng ya dint