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RHOODIE, E. Inventory of documents
No full textCOVERAGE: 1968Secretary of Information (1 October 1972-1978); Editor of TO THE POINT since 1971; Publication: The third Afric
SUIDWESTER Inventory of documents
No full textCOVERAGE 1945-1986; 10.60 metreCopies of the Suidwester, a newspaper in Windhoek SWA
FRONEMAN, Gabriël Francois van Lingen Inventory of documents
No full textCOVERAGE 1939-1974; 1016 Files; 24,22 Metres.
AUDIO CASSETTES IN ARCA COLLECTION = 2Private papers of G.F.van L. Froneman, National Party MPC Frankfort [1943-1953], MP Frankfort-Heilbron [1953-1958], Heilbron [1958-1969], Administrator of the Free State [1969-1974
BROEKSMA, Albertonie Herman Inventory of documents
No full textCOVERAGE 1960-1961, 1967; 2 Files; 0.11 metrePrivate papers of A.H. Broeksma, 1932 Law advisor to General Hertzog; Attorney-General Cape Province[1939-1946
Determining pull-out strength for screws engaging posterior cortex, compared to screws placed into the tibia metaphysis for medial malleolus ankle fractures. A comparative cadaver model
No full textAim: Failure of fixation of an ankle fracture is common in bone of poor quality. Improving the strength of fixation could lead to better results.
The aim of this study is to evaluate if the pullout strength of a medial malleolus screw can be increased if it is inserted in such a way that the screw engages the posterior metaphyseal cortex of the tibia.
Method: Comparative study on 13 cadavers, fixing a medial malleolus osteotomy with a 4.0mm partial threaded cancellous screw. The right ankle of each cadaver was fixed with a screw engaging the posterior metaphysical cortex, the left ankle was fixed with a screw only engaging the trabecular metaphyseal bone. Axial traction was applied to the screw until failure of fixation occurred. Failure being defined as 2mm distraction over the fracture site. Axial traction was applied with a traction scale calibrated in kilograms.
Results: In all ankle osteotomies an anatomic reduction was achieved. The mean strength was 87.66N for metaphysical purchase screws, compared to 208.88N for cortical Purchase screws. (p-value 0.002). For screws inserted not engaging the posterior cortex of the tibia, the lowest recorded pullout strength was 15.69N. The maximum recorded pullout strength, for a screw not engaging the cortex, was 181.42N. For screws engaging the posterior tibia cortex the minimum recorded pullout strength was 72.57N and the maximum recorded 414.82N.
Conclusion: The results show a significant improvement in the pullout strength of medial malleolus screws inserted to engage the posterior tibia cortex
Prevalence and severity of whiplash associated disorders in mixed martial arts athletes
No full textMixed martial arts (MMA) is a full-contact combat sport that has become increasingly popular, even though having been described as violent. There is a growing concern about the risk of head trauma and acceleration injuries in this contact sport. Second to general neck and head injuries, concussion has been noted to be a prevalent injury in martial arts.
The symptoms of concussion and whiplash can often not be distinguished from each other. The biomechanics of whiplash and concussion injuries are similar and both incidents occur concomitantly. The prevalence of whiplash associated disorders (WAD) has not been established in MMA and finding of WAD in other forms of sport is scant. However, due to the nature of MMA, athletes’ head and neck are susceptible to translational forces during training and competition. Therefore, it can be postulated that MMA athletes are at risk of recurrent whiplash.
WAD describe a collection of cognitive and cervical symptoms often persisting for longer than three months after a whiplash incident. Predicting the course of recovery from WAD is challenging and improvement of symptoms may be seen during the acute phase but prove more resistant to treatment as symptoms become chronic. The prevalence and severity of WAD in MMA athletes is unknown.
A quantitative, observational descriptive design was used in this study, with the aim of determining the prevalence and severity of WAD in amateur MMA athletes in Cape Town and Bloemfontein, South Africa. Athletes were conveniently sampled and data were recorded by means of one self-developed questionnaire, three standardised questionnaires, and a clinical assessment. The presence of cervical and cognitive symptoms, related to whiplash and concussion, were reported according to the Rivermead Post Concussion Questionnaire (RPQ). The Neck Disability Index (NDI) was used to establish disability due to cervical symptoms. The nature of pain experienced by athletes was assessed and classified according to Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs pain scale (S-LANSS). A clinical assessment established the presence and grade severity of WAD according to the Quebec Task Force Classification (QTFC). The clinical assessment evaluated the intensity of neck
pain, presence of muscle spasms and point tenderness, impaired cervical range of motion, and neurological findings (decreased sensation, decreased muscle strength, and decreased reflexes).
Seventeen (n=17) amateur MMA participants were included in this study, most of which were male (n=15; 88.2%) and young adults with a median age of 25 years. All of the athletes had been participating in MMA training for at least two years. Participants in this study reported suffering knock-out’s (KO’s) during both training (n= 5; 29.4%) and competition (n=7; 41.2%).
Moderate to severe post-concussion and post-whiplash symptoms, were reported in less than a third (<33%) of participants. Headaches, fatigue, feelings of frustration, and sleep disturbances were, however, frequently reported. According to the NDI, disability due to cervical symptoms was mild in over half of participants (n=11; 64.7%). The presence of neuropathic pain was rated as low and only reported in four participants (n=4; 23.5%).
This study found that 58.8% of athletes presented with neck pain mostly rated as mild. Muscle spasm and point tenderness was prevalent in the majority (n=16; 94.1%) of athletes. All of the participants (n=17; 100%) showed some decrease in their cervical range of motion, however, in most cases, cervical ROM was in the average to good range in all planes of movement. Decreased sensation in dermatomes was reported in three participants (n=3; 17.7%) and decreased muscle strength in myotomes was recorded in four participants (n=4; 23.4%).
In accordance with the classification criteria of the QTFC, WAD was found to be present in ten participants (n=10; 58.8%). Four participants (n=4; 23.5%) presented with WAD II and six participants (n=6; 35.3%) with WAD III.
This study was limited by a small sample size and the findings can likely not be generalised to the MMA athletes in South Africa or the larger population of MMA athletes The findings of this study do support the need for further studies in larger populations of MMA athletes to explore the risk and consequences of the repetitive head trauma in MMA.
Amateur MMA athletes in South Africa are at risk of repetitive head trauma causing concussion and whiplash, and thereby WAD The findings suggest that recurrent head trauma, including concussive and whiplash injuries, may occur during bouts and possibly go unreported or un-noticed. More than half of the participants in this study were classified as having WAD and this should be a point of concern for clinicians
Time motion analysis of varsity cup soccer
No full textIntroduction: Soccer is an intermittent sport characterised by periods of moderate-intensity running and short high-intensity bursts. Understanding the physical and physiological demands of the sport is essential for constructing sport-specific and position-specific conditioning programmes.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to quantify the physical and physiological demands of different positions in second division soccer. The main focuses calculated were the total distance covered, distance covered in high-intensity, distance covered in different velocity categories, and player load of the different positions in second division soccer and to compare results to higher level leagues.
Methods: GPS data on a total of twenty-four (24) players were collected and a total of thirteen soccer matches were analysed for the study. Therefore, a total of hundred and forty-nine (149) GPS data sets (player games) were analysed. Minimax X4 Catapult GPS units, as well as a Polar HR monitors and chest straps, were used to determine the physical and physiological demands of soccer players. The following variables were recorded: Distances covered, player load, the velocity bands during the match; and heart rate (HR) response.
The various HR and GPS data variables were analysed using a linear mixed model with Playing Position as fixed effect, and the random effects Game, Team, Game x, Team interaction term, and Player. Fitting these random effects allowed for correlation between the observations in question due to multiple observations from the same game, team, and player. Based on this linear mixed model, the mean values of the variable for each playing position were estimated, together with their standard errors. Furthermore, the pairwise mean differences between playing positions were estimated, together with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the mean differences and P-values (p<0.05) associated with the null-hypothesis of zero mean difference between the pair of playing positions in question.
Results: Soccer players in the current study performed at 75% of the maximum HR. The CM had the highest mean HR (161.5 b/min), while the GK had the lowest mean HR (143.3 b/min). The W had the highest mean maximum HR (213m), while the CA had the lowest maximum HR (207.9m).Outfield soccer players in the current study cover between 8241.5m and 10024.9m mean total distance, while the GK covers 4,7km mean total distance. The W covered the highest total distance (10024.9m), closely followed by the CM (9734.9m) and CA (9911.5m). The GK, on the other hand, covered the lowest total distance (4692.4m). The GK covered the highest walking distance (3361.6m) and lowest distance in every other movement classification. The CM covered the highest jogging distance (5009.3m), while the CA covered the highest running distance (936.5m). The W covered the highest sprinting distance (258.4m), closely followed by the CA (175.2m). The CM had the highest total player load (1044.5au), player load per meter (0.107au/m), and player load per minute (11.085au/min), whereas the GK had the lowest player load in all categories.
Conclusions: Based on player load and mean HR, it appears that the CM experiences a greater physiological demand than all the other positions on the field, while the GK experiences the lowest physiological demand. Training the CM, therefore, should focus on improving aerobic capacity to ensure readiness for the in-match rigours of the position. The total distance covered by the W suggests that the W experiences the highest physical demand among all positions. Since the W covers the highest sprinting distance among all positions, training regimens should focus on improving the W’s anaerobic capacity and repeated sprint ability to prepare the W for the high-intensity demands associated with the position. When using these results as an aid in the design of conditioning programmes, coaches and trainers are advised to consider that this study adds to a limited number of studies conducted on South African soccer. Furthermore, the current study was conducted in the second division of South African soccer. As a result, comparisons with studies from other countries should be made with utmost caution, particularly owing to differences in performance standards, as well as climatic and other environmental differences
CILLIé, PJ Inventory of documents
No full textCOVERAGE 1939-1969; 6 Files; 0.20 metrePrivate papers of P.J. Cillié, resident of De Wild
VOLSTEEDT, AK Inventory of documents
No full textCOVERAGE publications; 0.30 metreTeacher and Principal Grey College; Inspector of Educatio