11613 research outputs found
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New model to capture the conversion of flow from confined to unconfined
No full textThe conversion of flow from confined to unconfined aquifers, while it has attracted the attention of many researchers within and outside of the field of geo-hydrology, although many results and mathematical models have been suggested to replicate such a physical problem, one will inform that, up to now the phenomena has not yet been fully understood. The available literature provides some important mathematical model that can be used to replicate the conversion; however, it is clear that such a model is highly nonlinear as the numerical simulation suggests high value decrease in water level. Such a mathematical model cannot really be used for practical purpose. In this work, a new mathematical model is suggested to minimize high nonlinearity also the mathematical model includes into the mathematical formulation the fading memory effect due to the properties of geological formations. The new model suggested here is a system that consists of partial differential equations, where the first equation presents the flow within the confined aquifer, Theis suggested such a model. The second model is an integro-differential partial differential equation, with a new fading memory term. Due to the complexity of the second equations, we adopted a numerical scheme known as Adams-Bashforth to derive the numerical solution. Using the Von Neumann stability analysis, conditions under which the used numerical scheme is efficient have been established. Numerical simulations have been performed using a mathematical software called Matlab. The mathematical model suggested in this thesis will open doors for new investigation and could be extended to 3-dimensional case, also the model could be extended to the framework of fractional differentiation and integration.University of the Free State Postgraduate Schoo
Poetics in the landscape
No full textClimate change is a global issue and the main challenge regarding this predicament is the human being's lack in ability to protect our natural environments.
This dissertation investigates how to overcome the conventional design process by critically analysing the context's geomorphology and vegetation to encourage a better understanding of the site.
An interpretation centre is proposed to inform the visitors of how the site is formed and how the vegetation functions, to create awareness of nature conservation. Awareness of nature conservation will attempt to equip the visitor with empathy towards the environment in order to protect it better. Once the environmental prosesses are better understood, the visitor can aid in the conservation process.
The geomorphology , fynbos and Cedar tree will be investigated in depth; poetic ideas will be derived and together with architectural theories, a piece of architecture will be developed. A main walkway that leads from the parking to the Stadsaal caves will be constantly exposed to the landscape to encourage a nature-near approach throughout the proposed design. Ideas that are derived from the context will aim to result in a unique structural approach, which metaphorically demonstrates the presence of a cave whilst overlooking the landscape.
The proposed design process will make use of case and precedent studies as well as contextual analysis, where the unique Stadsaal caves that are carved t perfection by natural erosion are observed.
Awareness of the natural processes on site will attempt to create a being of care among the visitors. The function of the interpretation centre will aim to form a symbiotic relationship between the landscape and itself
Comparative perspectives of Africa style democracy
No full textDissertation (M.A.(Governance and Political Transformation))--University of the Free State, 2020Africa is a continent that has for some time since independence progressed towards the new style of leadership. This leadership is inherited from the western style of leadership and as a result the continent democratised. Democracy in Africa has been researched in terms of the trends that took place since then. Issues that contribute to this democracy have been identified. They have been dealt with, but the continent seems not to be transforming, instead we see democracy back sliding in Africa. The study contributes towards the understanding of the African style of democracy, which maybe has to be accepted as one of its own kind that has some elements that have unique features from those of the original school of thought. The research investigates the perspectives of Africa style democracy in 5 African countries in comparison with the Swiss democracy. The research problem was premised on the characteristics of the democracy in this continent. Methodology of this study was a qualitative one using the secondary data that has been collected from various sources such as the catalogues, newspapers, books, journals and reports with the aim of investigating the characteristics of the democracy in Africa. The tenets of democracy being free, fair and regular elections, respect for human rights, freedom of media and checks on government, were used to find characteristics of the style of democracy. The study explored several theories including governance theory, cultural theory, participatory democracy, representative democracy, transformational leadership, great man theory, separation of powers theory, dictatorship theory and direct democracy. It is the conclusion in this study that Africa style democracy is characterised by disrespect for human rights, oppression of freedom of expression, elections manipulation and the supremacy of the executive. The findings of the research reject the “blanket” approach that democracy has to be the same throughout the global village; democracy has to be described and explained the way in which the citizens perceive it. The study concludes that democracy in Africa has got its own characteristics that are unique, comprising of authoritarian characteristics and the western democracy characters. The study therefore associates Africa type of democracy this type of democracy as a “mule type of democracy” and as a result it has to be accepted as it is
Physical activity, lifestyle habits and general health status of recreational sport participating and non-recreational sport participating males in Kimberley, Northern Cape
No full textIntroduction: An individual’s health is based on his or her mental and physical well-being (WHO, 2020a), while general health status may refer to the level of health of an individual as well as the level of health of the general population or an individual (Durstine & Moore, 2003). In line with this, the United Nations (UN) has set 17 sustainable developmental goals for the year 2030 (UN, 2015), which are aimed at encouraging and informing relevant health professionals on how to improve the general health status of the global community (UN, 2015). Goal 3 is specifically aimed at ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all people of all ages, with the main objective being to reduce premature death resulting from non-communicable diseases (i.e. chronic lifestyle diseases (CLD)) (UN, 2015). Good lifestyle habits such as regular physical activity are associated with an improved life expectancy and an improved general health status (Kaptoge et al., 2018). The concept “lifestyle” refers to the way in which an individual lives and copes in his/her physical, psychological, social and economic environments on a day-to-day basis (Trovato, 2012). A healthy lifestyle improves the general health status of an individual by lowering the risk of developing CLD, being or becoming seriously ill or even early mortality (Takashi et al., 2013). Positive lifestyle habits such as regularly eating, and participating in physical activity can improve general health status whereas lifestyle habits such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and unhealthy eating are adverse lifestyle habits and can predispose the individual to CLD and poor general health (Borgan et al., 2015). Physical activity is one of the most important contributors to a good general health status. Physical activity is crucial in improving muscular strength and improving aerobic capacity (Garber et al., 2011). There is a decrease in sport participation after leaving school (Bloemhoff, 2010) which is where physical activity guidelines could become even more helpful. According to the American College of Sports Medicine’s (ACSM) recommendations for physical activity, a minimum of 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercises or 75–150 minutes of vigorous aerobic exercises per week is advised in order to achieve health benefits (Riebe et al., 2018). The more time spent participating in physical activity, the better the health benefits which are achieved. However, Kyu et al. (2016) warn that exceeding the optimal physical activity levels and intensity may cause detrimental effects on the body. In particular, with regard to physical activity prescription, leisure-time physical activity is the most neglected area of physical activity. Recreational sport (as a form of leasuretime physical activity) can lead to increased opportunities to improve health by increasing aerobic capacity and strengthening muscles. It also provides social support and motivation while participating in physical activity which additionally allows for an improved mental state (Moore et al., 2012). Participation in recreational sports creates a sense of belonging, and provides positive and motivating social interaction (Eime et al., 2015). Chen et al. (2017) agreed that recreational sport has physiological and psychological benefits, but found the promotion of recreational sport by health professionals, such as physiotherapists, to be lacking. Recreational cricket is the most structured amateur sport in Kimberley making the inclusion of these players into a research study convenient. Cricket, as a professional or recreational sport, is a technical game and a test of endurance – mentally and physically (Webster, 2017). Physically, cricket improves stamina, endurance (aerobic fitness) and hand-eye coordination as well as perceptual skills. According to Ainsworth et al. (2011), the MET value of cricket was updated to 4.8 METS in 2011 after the previous two versions of the Compendium of Physical Activities listed the MET value as five. Mentally, cricket requires toughness and perseverance as individuals have to endure harsh conditions for long periods at a time, constantly and consistently thinking on their feet to plan and strategies (Filbay et al., 2017). Physiotherapists play an important role in the screening of patients and the prevention of complications from disease by means of health promotion. They also have the knowledge to prescribe exercises and incorporate everyday activities into a treatment programme considering current chronic diseases (O’Donoghue et al., 2012), such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, increased cholesterol levels and obesity (UN, 2015). Physiotherapists are thus in an ideal position to promote healthy lifestyle habits such as physical activity and, in particular, promote recreational physical activity (Lowe et al., 2016) whilst improving the general health status of individuals and communities (Holm et al., 2015) and supporting the global drive towards better health for all. Aim The primary aim of this research study was to investigate the physical activity levels, lifestyle habits and general health status of recreational sport participating and nonrecreational sport participating adult males in Kimberley, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Methods: A quantitative research design was used in this case-control study to compare the general health status, lifestyle habits and physical activity levels of recreational sport participating and non-recreational sport participating participants. Participants willing to partake in this study provided written consent before their participation. Data was collected using four self-administered questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire (compiled by the researcher), and three standardised questionnaires, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Belloc and Breslow seven lifestyle habits questionnaire and the SF-36v2 health survey. Results and discussion: A total of 102 participants were included in this study with 51 participants in the recreational sport participating group and 51 in the non-recreational sport participating group. The recreational sport participating group had an overall higher level of physical activity per week compared with the non-recreational sport participating group. These results are in agreement with literature that found that recreational sport participation was a way of increasing physical activity levels and MET-minutes per week and limiting sedentary behaviour which is often associated with sedentary occupational duties (Owen et al., 2010). The majority of participants in both the recreational sport participating and nonrecreational sport participating group presented with moderately healthy lifestyle habits. Recreational sport participation is found to be associated with healthy lifestyle habits (Eime et al., 2015), however, in this research study the same level of lifestyle habits were found in the sport participating and non-recreational sport participating groups. Both groups had a similar number of participants who smoked, but more participants in the non-recreational sport participating group consumed alcohol. This could be as a result of the social or environmental influences as well as the socioeconomic environment (Keates et al., 2017), such as the occupational environment. The self-perceived general health status of both groups were comparable whereas the recreational sport participating group presented with slightly more participants with an improved mental health status. This could be attributed to the evidence that cricket, in particular, requires and improves mental concentration more than other sport types (Webster & Travill, 2018). However, participating in any recreational sport increases the overall level of physical activity of an individual which is associated with an improved mental and physical health status (Eime et al., 2015). Whilst this improved mental and physical functioning in return leads to an improved general health status of the individual (Eime et al., 2015). Conclusion: Participating in recreational sporting activities can increase the level of physical activity in an individual and promote the benefits associated with higher physical activity levels. It is, however, also important to include healthy lifestyle habits in general to optimise these health benefits and improve the general health status of an individual. Physiotherapists can play an important role in elevating physical activity levels and promote healthy lifestyle choices by education and referral to other members of the interprofessional team. Based on physiotherapists’ knowledge of exercise prescription and general health status, recreational sport should be promoted by physiotherapists to improve physical activity levels and general health status of individuals, and more importantly on community level to reach a larger portion of the population. Participation in recreational sport provides mental and physical health benefits, and could play an important role in health promotion and long term disease prevention, as expected through the UN’s sustainable development goals. This study provides important baseline information on physical activity levels, lifestyle habits and general health status of the 25-35-year-old male population in Kimberley, Northern Cape (by including both recreational sport participating and non-recreational sport participating individuals). This baseline information can now be utilised to inform, especially community interventions by physiotherapists, to support the UN’s drive towards ensuring “healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”
Strategies to strengthen the teaching of second language English in large Grade 8 classes
No full textThis research is motivated by a need to strengthen strategies in teaching of second language English in large grade 8 classes. The majority of schools in Lesotho have high learner enrolment since 2001 as a result of Free Primary Education. This study expands on strengthening and formulating strategies as a vehicle to the challenges encountered by teachers due to teaching English in large classes. It is guided by the Critical Emancipation Research (CER) theory and Participation Action Research as a research methodology. This qualitative research generated data from one high school in the district of Thaba-tseka in Lesotho of a student teacher ratio of 1:70 through the meeting and discussions. The Focus group discussion and Free-attitude interviews were used to gain more evidence and the generated data were analyzed by the use of Critical Discourse Analysis. The findings accruing from the data were used for recommendations pertaining to the best strategies to be used by English teachers in large classes such as peer teaching, effective communication, provision of feedback and collaborative teaching. It is recommended that the government of Lesotho should provide schools with more buildings and increase the number of teachers to achieve learner-teacher ratio. Also create a warm atmosphere, user friendly schools with both teachers and parents having a feeling of ownership to enable the learners to develop skills in English
Experiences of accessing maternal health care services in a rural community of South Africa
No full textAccess to maternal health care is a global concern, especially for developing
countries. South Africa's health system faces numerous challenges and poor access
to maternal health care services (MHS) is a major contributor to maternal deaths
nationwide. Maternal health entails social and medical health care services rendered
to both mother and child during pregnancy, at childbirth and after delivery. Few studies
have been conducted on experiences of women in accessing maternal health care in
rural areas. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring rural women's experiences in
accessing MHS in Rethabiseng within the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. More
specifically, the objectives of the study were to describe knowledge about maternal
health care, to explore women's maternal health care needs, maternal health care
seeking behaviour, the facilitators to accessing MHS, the barriers to accessing MHS
and to suggest recommendations to improve access to maternal health services. The
Social-Ecological Model guided the research, and women's experiences of accessing
MHS were explored on each level from individual, interpersonal, community and
organisational level
Peer support guidelines for nurse educators during curriculum innovation in Lesotho
No full textBackground: The curriculum for the education of nurses and midwives in Lesotho was transformed through the adoption of competency-based education. Competency-based education promotes the capabilities of the students. Transforming the curriculum challenged educators’ skills, necessitating new sets of facilitation and assessment skills to enable appropriate enactment of the student-centred curriculum. Such major changes imposed by the curriculum innovation required commensurate professional development and ongoing support for the educators. The absence of ongoing supportive strategies during a curriculum innovation naturally led to unstructured support among educators. However, unstructured peer support is threatened by chaotic implementation and a possible curriculum drift. Therefore, there is a need for structured peer support through the provision of practice guidelines. Purpose: This study sought to develop guidelines to enhance peer support among nurse educators during a curriculum innovation in Lesotho. Methods: A qualitative approach with multiple data collection methods was used to develop peer support guidelines according to the World Health Organization’s Handbook for Guideline Development. The research was undertaken in three phases. Phase I described the existing peer support strategies through an integrative review. Phase II described the experiences of nurse educators related to unstructured peer support during the implementation of midwifery curriculum innovation through an exploratory descriptive qualitative study. Phase III integrated the findings from phases I and II to develop guidelines for peer support during a curriculum innovation in Lesotho. An international expert panel validated the guidelines through two iterative Delphi rounds. Results: Phase I of the study described the existing peer support strategies through an integrative review. Six themes emerged, namely types of peer support strategies, characteristics of peer supporters, characteristics of an effective peer support strategy, outcomes of effective peer support strategies, challenges of implementing peer support strategies and lessons learnt from the peer support strategies. Phase II of the study described experiences of educators regarding peer support during midwifery curriculum innovation and revealed five themes, namely motivation for educators to participate in peer support, attributes of educators that influence the extent of interaction and uptake of support, unstructured peer support strategies, consequences of peer support among educators and model performance inspires engagement with the new curriculum. The results from the two phases were triangulated and informed the development of the practice guidelines to enhance peer support among nurse educators during curriculum innovation. Five priority areas and seven recommendations were developed. The priority areas were peer supporters, peer support strategies, content/support needs, outcomes of peer support, and monitoring and evaluation of the peer support strategy. External reviewers validated the developed practice guidelines using AGREE II tool and attained an agreement of between 80 and 100% across the items on the tool. Conclusion: Transforming curricula for nursing and midwifery education is inevitable globally. Curriculum changes challenge the capabilities of the implementers and necessitate planned ongoing professional development and support of the implementers of the new curriculum. Such ongoing support strategies may be costly for low- and middle-income countries, such as Lesotho, and could benefit from structured peer support. The absence of such supportive strategies may compromise the fidelity of the implementation of the curriculum change. This study proposes peer support as an affordable intervention to enhance the implementation of a new curriculum, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The effectiveness of such intervention requires the commitment of institutional leaders, experienced and committed peer support providers, a clear modus operandi, tailor-made activities, appropriate resources, and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. The proposed guidelines may enhance peer support during curriculum innovation
Chemical profiling of the street cocktail drug ‘nyaope’ in South Africa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
No full textThesis (Ph.D.(Genetics))--University of the Free State, 2020The street cocktail drug nyaope, commonly found in South Africa, is a mixture of low-grade heroin, cannabis products, antiretroviral drugs and other materials added as bulking agents. This research led to the development of an analytical method for the identification and profiling of the street cocktail drug nyaope, using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. This study determined for the first time the most suitable organic solvent in which the common components of nyaope, namely Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, heroin, caffeine, dextromethorphan, phenacetin and the antiretrovirals efavirenz and nevirapine, which have different chemical characteristics, are stable prior to an analysis of nyaope samples. The main nyaope components, when extracted into tertiary butyl alcohol, exhibited the greatest autosampler stability of up to 72 hours of storage. From these results it can be determined that tertiary butyl alcohol is a suitable solvent for the identification, comparison and profiling of nyaope samples. With regard to analytical method validation, the method gave acceptable repeatability with the %RSD less than 10% for the 10.0 and 1000.0 mg/L concentration levels for the majority of the components. The linear concentration ranges managed linearity with r2 ≥ 0.997. The detection limits varied between 9.90–39.0 pg on column and the limit of quantitation between 30.0–120 pg on column. The method exhibited acceptable recoveries and ruggedness.
The method developed is fit for the purpose of quantitative profiling of the major components of nyaope using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The majority of the components in the street cocktail drug nyaope were shown to be stable up to at least 24 hours when stored in a refrigerator. For profiling purposes, samples need to be extracted within 24 hours of seizure in a solvent in which they are stable, such as tertiary butyl alcohol and analysed within 72 hours. At all times the samples need to be protected from light to prevent the photo-decomposition of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and from moisture to prevent the hydrolysis of diamorphine. The chemical components of simulated nyaope samples as well as actual seized street nyaope samples were successfully identified and quantitatively determined using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The simulated and actual seized street samples were successfully discriminated into original batches using the identified nyaope components and two unsupervised chemometric methods, namely principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, as well as chromatographic profiles. Thus, for the first time, a validated analytical method has been developed for the identification, quantitation and profiling of nyaope using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The method will assist law enforcement agencies in the identification and comparison of nyaope samples and facilitate the prosecution of illicit drug trafficking offences.
___________________________________________________________________Die straatdwelmmengsel “nyaope”, wat algemeen in Suid-Afrika aangetref word, is 'n mengsel van laegraadse heroïen, daggaprodukte, antiretrovirale middels en ander materiaal wat bygevoeg word. Hierdie navorsing het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van 'n analitiese metode om die straatdwelm nyaope met behulp van gaschromatografie en massaspektrometrie te identifiseer en ’n profiel daar te stel. Hierdie studie het vir die eerste keer die mees geskikte organiese oplosmiddel bepaal waarin die algemene komponente van nyaope, naamlik Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, heroïen, kafeïen, dekstrometorfan, fenasetien en die antiretrovirale middels efavirens en nevirapien, wat verskillende chemiese eienskappe het, stabiel is voor die ontleding van nyaope-monsters. Die belangrikste nyaope-komponente, wanneer dit in tersiêre butielalkohol onttrek is, het die grootste outo-monsterstabiliteit van tot 72 uur se berging getoon. Uit hierdie resultate kan bepaal word dat tersiêre butielalkohol 'n geskikte oplosmiddel is vir die identifikasie, vergelyking en profilering van nyaope monsters. Met betrekking tot die validering van ’n analitiese metode, het die metode aanvaarbare herhaalbaarheid gegee met die %RSD minder as 10% vir die 10.0 en 1000.0 mg/L konsentrasievlakke vir die meerderheid van die komponente. Die lineêre konsentrasiereekse bestuur lineariteit met r2 ≥ 0,997. Die opsporingslimiete het gewissel tussen 9.90–39.0 (pg on column) en die limiet van kwantifisering tussen 30.0–120 (pg on column). Die metode het aanvaarbare herstel en robuustheid getoon. Die metode wat ontwikkel is, is geskik vir die doel van kwantitatiewe profilering van die hoofkomponente van nyaope deur gebruik te maak van gaschromatografie-massaspektrometrie.
Die meerderheid van die komponente in die straatdwelmmengsel nyaope het getoon dat dit stabiel is vir tot ten minste 24 uur wanneer dit in 'n yskas gestoor word. Vir profieldoeleindes moet monsters binne 24 uur ná beslaglegging onttrek word en binne 72 uur in ’n oplosmiddel ontleed word waarin hulle stabiel is, soos tersiêre butielalkohol. Die monsters moet te alle tye teen lig beskerm word, om die foto-ontbinding van Δ9-tetrahidrokannabinol te voorkom, asook teen vog, om die hidrolise van diamorfien te voorkom. Die chemiese komponente van gesimuleerde nyaope-monsters sowel as werklike, gekonfiskeerde straatmonsters is suksesvol geïdentifiseer en kwantitatief bepaal met behulp van gaschromatografie – massaspektrometrie. Die gesimuleerde en werklike, gekonfiskeerde straatmonsters is suksesvol verdeel in oorspronklike groepe deur gebruik te maak van die geïdentifiseerde nyaope-komponente en twee ongeverifieerde chemometriese metodes, naamlik hoofkomponent-analise en hiërargiese groepering, sowel as chromatografiese profiele. So, vir die eerste keer is 'n bekragtigde analitiese metode ontwikkel vir die identifikasie, kwantifisering en profilering van nyaope met behulp van gaschromatografie – massaspektrometrie. Die metode sal wetstoepassingsagentskappe help met die identifisering en vergelyking van nyaope-monsters en die vervolging van onwettige dwelmhandelmisdrywe vergemaklik.
___________________________________________________________________Sethethefatsi sa meketeng sa ‘nyaope’ seo hangata se fumanwang mona Afrika Borwa, ke motswako wa herion ya boemo bo tlase, dihlahiswa tsa matekwane (cannabis), dithethefatsi tsa antiretrovaerale le thepa e nngwe e ekeditsweng ka dipokello tse ngata. Diphuputso tsena di ile tsa baka hore ho be le mokgwa ona wa tshekatsheko bakeng sa ho hlwaya le ho bontsha dikateng tsa sethethefatsi sena sa meketeng ya seterata sa ‘nyaope’, ka ho sebedisa gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Diphuputso tsena di ikemiseditse ka lekgetlo la pele ho sebedisa seqhibidihi se loketseng e leng moo ho nang le dikarolo tse tlwaelehileng tsa ‘nyaope’, e leng Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, heroin, caffeine, dextromethorphan, phenacetin esita le antiretrovirals efavirenz hammoho le nevirapine, tse nang le dikarolwana tse fapaneng tsa dikhemikhale, di tsitsitse pele ho tshekatsheko ya disampole tsa ‘nyaope’. Dikarolo tse kgolo tsa ‘nyaope’ ha di ntshetswa ho motswako wa tahi wa tertiary butyl alcohol, di bontshitse botsitso bo boholo ba disampole ka botsona ho fihla nakong ya ho bolokwa ka dihora tse 72. Ho tswa diphethong tsena, ho ka hlokomelwa hore tertiary butyl alcohol ke motswako o tshwanelehang o qhibidihang bakeng sa ho hlwaya, ho bapisa esita le ho totobatsa metswako ya disampole tsa ‘nyaope’. Bakeng sa ho nnetefatsa mokgwa wa tshekatsheko, mokgwa ona o fane ka phetapheto e amohelehang ya sephetho ka hore %RSD ka tlase ho maemo a motswako wa 10% bakeng sa 10.0 le 1000.0 mg/L bakeng sa bongata ba dikarolo. Toboketso ya motswako ka ho otloloha e kgonne ho baballa kotloloho ka r2 ≥ 0.997. Meedi ya tekolo e fapane pakeng tsa 9.90–39.0 pg ho kholomo le moedi wa teko ya bongata pakeng tsa 30.0–120 pg ho kholomo. Mokgwa ona o bontshitse diphumano le hona ho matlafala le ho tiya. Mokgwa ona o fumanweng o entsweng o loketse sepheo sa ho fumana palo ya bongata ba dikarolo tsa motheo tsa ‘nyaope’ ka ho sebedisa sesebediswa sa gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Bongata ba dikarolo tsa sethethefatsi sena sa ‘nyaope’ sa meketeng ya seterata se bontshitswe se tsitsitse ho a fihla bonyane ho dihora tse 24 ha se bolokwa ka hara sehatsetsi. Bakeng sa ho bolokelwa nalane, disampole di lokela ho ntshwa nakong ya dihora tse 24 tsa ho hatellwa ka matla ka hara mokedikedi oo di tsitsitseng le ka ho ona, jwaloka tertiary butyl alcohol ebe di tla sekwasekwa nakong ya dihora tse 72. Ka dinako tsohle disampole di lokela ho sireletswa kganyeng e le ho thibela photo-decomposition of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol le ho mongobo e le ho thibela hydrolysis of diamorphine. Dikarolwana tsa dikhemikhale tsa disampole tse iketseditsweng tsa ‘nyaope’ esita le tsa nnete tsa mekete ya seterata tsa ‘nyaope’ di ile tsa hlwauwa ka katleho le ho tseba bongata ba tsona ka ho sebedisa gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Disampole tsena tsa seterata tsa bonketsisane le tsa nnete di ile tsa arolwa ka katleho ka ho sebedisa dingatana le ho sebedisa dikarolo tse hlwailweng tsa ‘nyaope’ le mekgwa e mmedi e sa tataiswang ka tekolo e le mekgwa ya chemometric, e leng tshekatsheko tse kgolo tsa dikarolwana le ho di hlophisa ka dihlotshwana tsa tsona ho tloha tlase ho isa hodimo, esita le nalane ya chromatographic. Ka hona, ke ka lekgetlo la pele la ho hlwaya, ho tseba bongata ba dikarolo le ho theha nalane ya ‘nyaope’ ka ho sebedisa gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Mokgwa ona o tla thusa basebeletsi ba tsa molao ho hlwaya le ho bapisa disampole tsa ‘nyaope’ le ho tiisa le ho potlakisa ho tshwarwa ha batlodi ba molao ba sebedisang dithethefatsi ka tsela e sa lokang.
___________________________________________________________________Isidakamizwa i-nyaope, evame ukutholakala eNingizimu Afrikha, iyingxube ye-heroin yezinga eliphansi, imikhiqizo yensangu, imishanguzo yokuthithibalisa igciwane lengculazi nezinye izinto ezifakwa njengama-bulking agents. Lolu cwaningo luholele ekuthuthukisweni kwendlela yokuhlaziya yokuhlonza kanye nokwenza iphrofayela yesidakamizwa inyaope etholakala emgwaqeni, kusetshenziswa isisi ichromatography-mass spectrometry. Lolu cwaningo lwathola okokuqala ngqa isincibilikisi esifaneleka kakhulu se-organic lapho izingxenye ezivamile zenyaope, okuyi-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, i-heroin, i-caffeine, i-dextromethorphan, i-phenacetin kanye nezidambisigciwane i-efavirenz kanye ne-nevirapine, ezinezici zamakhemikhali ezihlukene, zizinzile ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kwamasampula enyaope. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zenyaope, lapho zikhishwa ku-tertiary butyl alcohol, zibonise ukuzinza okukhulu kwe-autosampler okungafika emahoreni angu-72 okugcina. Kule miphumela kunganqunywa ukuthi i-tertiary butyl alcohol iyisixazululi esifanelekile sokuhlonza, ukuqhathanisa nokuphrofayila amasampula e-nyaope. Mayelana nokuqinisekisa indlela yokuhlaziya, indlela inikeze ukuphindaphinda okwamukelekayo nge-%RSD ngaphansi kuka-10% kumazinga okugxilisa angu-10.0 no-1000.0 mg/L eningini lezingxenye. Ububanzi bokugxiliswa komugqa buphethwe umugqa ngo-r2 ≥ 0.997. Imikhawulo yokuthola ihluka phakathi kuka-9.90–39.0 pg kukholamu kanye nomkhawulo wenani phakathi kuka-30.0–120 pg kukholomu. Le ndlela ibonise ukululama okwamukelekayo nokumangelengele. Indlela ethuthukisiwe ifanele inhloso yobuningi bemininingwane yezingxenye ezinkulu zenyaope kusetshenziswa isisi ichromatography-mass spectrometry.
Iningi lezingxenye zesidakamizwa sasemgwaqeni inyaope ziboniswe zizinzile okungenani amahora angu-24 uma zigcinwe esiqandisini. Ngezinjongo zokwenza iphrofayela, amasampuli adinga ukukhishwa phakathi namahora angu-24 okubanjwa ku-solvent lapho ezinzile khona, njenge-tertiary butyl alcohol futhi ahlaziywe phakathi namahora angu-72. Ngazo zonke izikhathi amasampula adinga ukuvikelwa ekukhanyeni ukuvimbela ukubola kwesithombe se-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol kanye nomswakama ukuze kuvinjelwe i-hydrolysis ye-diamorphine. Izingxenye zamakhemikhali zamasampula enyaope alingisa kanye namasampula enyaope asemgwaqweni angempela ashaqwe ahlonzwe ngempumelelo futhi anqunywa ngokwenani kusetshenziswa isisi ichromatography - mass spectrometry. Amasampula ashaqwe emigwaqweni nalawo enziweyo ahlukaniswa ngempumelelo aba amaqoqo okuqala kusetshenziswa izingxenye zenyaope ezihlonziwe kanye nezindlela ezimbili ze-chemometric ezingagadiwe, okuwukuhlaziywa kwengxenye eyinhloko kanye nokuqoqwa kwezigaba, kanye namaphrofayili e-chromatographic. Ngakho-ke, ngokokuqala ngqá, indlela yokuhlaziya eqinisekisiwe iye yasungulwa ukuze kuhlonzwe, ukubala kanye nokwenza iphrofayela yenyaope kusetshenziswa isisi ichromatography-mass spectrometry. Indlela le izosiza ama-ejensi nomthetho ekuhlonzeni nasekuqhathaniseni amasampula enyaope futhi yenze kube lula ukushushiswa kwamacala okushushumbisa izidakamizwa.
___________________________________________________________________Anglia Ruskin Universit
Motivational learning strategies to improve learners scholastic performance at selected high schools in Lesotho
No full textThe main aim of this study was to propose motivational learning strategies to improve learners‟ scholastic performance at high school in Lesotho. The study adopted the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) by Deci and Ryan as a theoretical framework. The research methodology used was the qualitative approach. Data were collected from one high school in Lesotho through semi-structured interviews. Ten learners and five teachers were purposively selected to participate in this study. Data were analysed through content analysis. The research findings revealed the challenges experienced by learners at high school in Lesotho, which led to their lack of motivation. They included factors, such as teachers‟ negative behaviour; lack of peer support; and lack of learners‟ belief in their ability and effort capability. The study also proposed motivational learning strategies to improve learners‟ scholastic performance at high school. These included: positive teachers‟ teaching methods; styles and behaviour; up-to-date material at the library; and inviting professional counsellors. The implications based on the findings of this study entailed the changed roles of principal and teachers, learners leadership skills, and a quarterly parents meeting
The food security and quality of life of the households involved in the oyster mushroom project in Maseru, Lesotho
No full textFood insecurity and poor quality of life are among the challenges that have delayed development in developing countries. Lesotho is among the African countries that persistently experiences high food insecurity. The country is also faced with poor quality of life, which is indicated by the high prevalence of communicable and non-communicable diseases, poor access to water and sanitation and low household income levels among others. One of the initiatives that aims to improve the household food security and quality of life of the nation, was the introduction of Oyster mushroom cultivation, a project that is sponsored by an external donor in cooperation with the government of Lesotho. This study sought to describe the food security and quality of life of the households involved in the Oyster mushroom project in Maseru, Lesotho. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the quality of life of the households engaged in the Oyster mushroom project; to assess the income of the households involved in theOyster mushroom project; to describe the household food availability of the households involved in the Oyster mushroom project and to report on the household food access of the households engaged in the Oyster mushroom project.A survey was undertaken among the households (n=33) involved in Oyster mushroom cultivation in Maseru. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics were used to organise and summarize data to enable interpretation. The descriptive statistics involved frequencies, binomial and Chi-square tests, to support the interpretation of the results. The results indicated a high prevalence of diseases and the need for medical help, which suggests poor quality of life since the percentage of households involved in the Oyster mushroom project (HOMP) that received care from health services, without staying overnight, was high (72.7%). None of the HOMP have medical insurance schemes, because most of them have low income levels. Consequently, HOMP (78.8%) spend part of their income on health related items. Arthritis, high blood pressure, influenza and pain were the main reasons most households bought health related items four weeks prior to the survey.The households do not use energy sources that have a negative effect on health and the environment, such as biomass. The households mainly use Liquefied Petroleum
vGas (LPG), electricity and kerosene with more than half (54.2%) using LPG. The responses further indicated that the households experienced a significant lack in quality rather than quantity of available foods. Access to food and money was never experienced as enough, as 15% of the households did not have enough food for three meals every day, although no person had to go a day without food or with only one meal the previous day. Approximately a quarter of the households experienced a severe lack of food. Despite cultivating the mushrooms and having access to it, 69.5% of the households were seasonally food insecure and theirmain income was formal employment, as cultivation was not sufficient. More than half (51.2%) of HOMP have low income levels, one household depends on mushroom production only, the other households get supplementary income from the Oyster mushroom project.Oyster mushrooms are not an indigenous food to Lesotho, therefore acceptance by consumers was limited, resulting in a smaller market than anticipated, and thus the desired increase in income was not seen. Although access and availability was not positively influenced, access to clean water and improved sanitation was better than the majority of the population. For this initiative to be successful, consumers need to be sensitised to the consumption of Oyster mushrooms, stimulating a market for the producers, thereby potentially increasing food security.University of the Free State Postgraduate Schoo