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Exploring the alignment between the policy image of teachers and teachers’ narrative construction of their professional identity
No full textTeachers’ identity construction is central to the teaching profession. Teachers use their professional identity as a framework to develop their ideas about their role in the profession. To be successful in the profession, teachers need to align their professional identity with their understanding of policy expectations. Teachers begin their teaching career with various ideas about the profession. Their personal schooling experiences and teacher education are crucial factors in determining their attitudes towards teaching, and their professional beliefs. However, pre-conceived ideas about the teaching profession are often far removed from reality. In this study I explore the alignment between policy image and teachers’ narrative construction of their professional identities. I contend that research aimed at exploring such an alignment could foreground and elucidate a multifaceted understanding of teacher identity. Framed within a narrative paradigm and informed by a qualitative approach, several findings derived from this study. A literature review enabled a conceptual understanding of concepts that are central to this study, namely identity, identity construction and teacher professional identity. Academic insights and a conceptual understanding of these concepts constitute the backdrop of my research. Various policy documents were analysed to foreground the policy image of South African teachers. An analysis of the Employment of Educators Act 76 (1998), the Code of Professional Ethics in South African Council for Educators Act 31 (2000), the Minimum Requirements for Teacher Education Qualifications (2015), and the Personnel Administrative Measures (2016), enabled the construction of a policy framework for teacher image. Although the analysis of education-related documents foregrounded the policy image of South African teachers, the findings are presented in alignment with the collective roles of teachers as highlighted in the Minimum Requirements for Teacher Education Qualifications (2015). The policy image portrays teachers as specialists of their subjects or phases who can mediate learning, design learning programmes and assess learners. While they have to be leaders, managers and administrators in their classrooms and the broader school context, teachers must also assume a community, citizenship and pastoral role. Teachers have to stay abreast with developments in the profession, and are therefore required to be life-long scholars. Data generated through narrative interviews with ten participants revealed that constant changes influence teachers’ construction and reconstruction of their professional identity. Teachers enter the profession with pre-conceived ideas and are often disillusioned when confronted with complex requirements and pathways in the profession. They have to continually rethink their understanding of the profession as they struggle to comply with policy expectations. Having to take care of the well-being of learners, coupled with an array of roles and responsibilities, teachers often feel overburdened, incompetent and ready to quite. Although teachers are expected to make use of professional development opportunities, the findings revealed that teachers are frustrated by a lack of informative and constructive workshops that address their specific needs. This study foregrounds misalignment between policy expectations and teachers’ experiences of school realities. As a consequence, teachers experience conflict between the policy image portrayed of them on paper, and their roles and responsibilities within the complexity of their daily experiences. Three suggestions are made to mitigate the tension between policy expectations and teachers’ professional identity. Consideration should be given to teachers’ specialised knowledge – ideally, teachers should teach within the scope of their specialised knowledge and skills. School realities must be acknowledged, teachers must be recognised within these challenging realities, and teacher participation in policy-related issues should be encouraged. The strengthening of the partnership between higher education institutions and the Department of Basic Education can assist in preparing future teachers in terms of a realistic balance between policy expectations and challenging school realties
Collaborative school board roles in mitigating dropout among children with physical disabilities in Lesotho primary schools
No full textThe Lesotho Education Act (2010) acknowledges that, ensuring that a child who is physically or mentally handicapped is given special treatment, quality education and care required by his or her condition, cannot be the role and responsibility of regular teachers alone, but also a major responsibility ofschool boards. Notwithstanding the benefits accruing from decentralising power to school boards, Lesotho is faced with the challenge of children with physical disabilities (hereafter CwPDs) who drop out of primary schools before they acquire skills needed for survival. The aim of the study was to explore the collaborative roles of school boards in mitigating dropout among children with physical disabilities in Lesotho primary schools. The Bronfenbrenners’ eco-systemic theory and Telford’s collaborative leadership theory were used in the study. A case study design and interpretive approach were adopted in the study. In-depth individual interviews were conducted to obtain rich and accurate data from 10 participants from two purposively selected primary schools. Through thematic analysis of the interviews, three themes became apparent in the study. The main findings were that school boardsin this study relied overwhelmingly on helping CwPDs to develop intrapersonal skills such as self-esteem and confidence as embedded in their roles. They also worked collaboratively to provide care and spiritual support as an attempt to mitigate dropout rate of CwPDs. However, the poor infrastructures as well as unclear policies and programs, lack of in-service training and insufficient knowledge/skills to address the needs of CwPDs compromised their leadership and affect the academic performance of CwPDs. In spite of this, school boards are expected to use the effective strategies such as; early identification of academic progress, as well as improving nutrition with the aim of improving academic performance and mitigating dropout rate of CwPDs. It was recommended that the Department of Education should provide on-going and in-service training for school boards to acquire skills needed to mitigate dropout of CwPDs in the mainstream schools. Furthermore, there is even a greater need for the equal involvement of all school boards members to implement the clear school-based disability policies.University of the Free State (UFS
Exploring the appropriateness of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a culturally sensitive screening test in the Sesotho-speaking population
No full textNeurocognitive disorder (NCD) or dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative syndrome that causes severe impairment in function. The disease burden of NCD is increasing in middle- and low-income countries as life expectancy increases. Early detection and intervention is essential in the management of NCD. In countries with severe resource constraints, low-cost screening tools to diagnose cognitive impairment is imperative, as extensive neurocognitive batteries are rarely feasible. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is one of these screening tools designed for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Limited information on the validity of the MoCA in a South African population is available, as it was initially validated for English- and French-speaking populations. We conducted a descriptive study that explored the appropriateness of the MoCA in screening for cognitive impairment in a Sesotho-speaking population. The study was conducted in Bloemfontein in the Free State Province, South Africa. Participants were recruited from National District Hospital and Pelonomi Academic Hospital. Ninety-three Sesotho-speaking healthcare users between 18 and 62 years of age were recruited. All participants were screened for mental and other illnesses that could impair cognitive function prior to the administration of the MoCA. Using the normed MoCA cut-off score of 26. The MoCA yielded a false positive screen with a total score of 25 or less in 63 (67.7%) of the participants. Although participants with a tertiary level of education did perform better than the participants with lower educational attainment, their mean total score of 23.9 was still below the recommended cut-off score. Significant concerns regarding cultural bias in the MoCA emerged in the sample, regardless of the level of education of participants. This might indicate that some items may not be culturally appropriate for the Sesotho-speaking population and might lead to false positive screening for cognitive impairment. Future research should focus on collecting normative data in the population in an attempt to suggest more appropriate substitutes for these items
Presenting the ideal body: narratives of Instagram engagement by a group of African Black women
No full textInstagram is a photo-sharing social network application that allows users to share pictures and short videos, also enabling its users to upload and share photos on other social network sites (SNSs). It is currently the fastest-growing SNS worldwide, as a result of its popularity among young adults. This study aims to conduct a phenomenological exploration into the motivations behind Instagram engagement, the lived experiences of young Black African women who engage with Instagram and the reasons behind presenting the ideal body on Instagram. The study also seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of these young women and their experiences of portraying their ideal bodies on Instagram. The theoretical foundations used in this study are phenomenology, social constructivist and interpretivist thinking, existential sociology, the dramaturgical theory, feminism, as well as intersectionality thinking. These theoretical frameworks guide the study to explore the participants’ experiences through their own individual experiences. Therefore, the focus of this study is on how these participants experience their lifeworld (lived reality) on Instagram and how they socially construct their identity and femininity on Instagram. This study’s research participants comprised young Black women between the ages of 18 and 29 years of age, enrolled at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein campus. All of these participants are upwardly mobile and active users of Instagram. The data collection for this study is semi-structured indepth interviews, with the aim being to obtain rich descriptions of the participants’ narratives. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to present findings in such a way in order to maintain the voices of the participants. The findings of this study explore the lived experiences of young Black women through their narratives. It seeks to discover the reasons behind each woman’s engagement with Instagram and how it can influence her self-perception and body image. The findings explore how Instagram can influence how participants present the self when engaging with the SNS. Self-presentation is an aspect of this study that illustrates how an individual tends to present the better version of the self, namely the ‘ideal self’. This is influenced by an individual being able to create an identity suited to her virtual identity on Instagram by using an individual’s username, profile photo and bio; all of these contribute to the construction of an individual’s virtual identity. This online identity used by the individual results in her being identity-conscious on Instagram, thus she wants to be seen looking at her best at all times. However, this version of the self by an individual on Instagram is not necessarily an accurate reflection of her identity in reality. The individual is omitting certain aspects of her identity, which can be seen as presenting a fake identity, thus not the real or actual self (Lindahl and Ӧhlund 2013). Furthermore, the findings of this study explore the experiences of femininity—how each participant experiences her body uniquely and how this influences her relationship with her body. Also, it explores their experiences with beauty and how African beauty standards have evolved and being renegotiated over the years. Lastly, the study explores the shared online experiences that create a sense of belonging to the virtual community. The community of users offers various experiences. It can either be positive experiences where an individual feels a connection with other users by sharing her personal experiences or the individual may not share her personal experiences.University of the Free State Postgraduate Schoo
Groundwater flow: new models for leaky and self-similar leaky aquifers with nonlocal differential operators
No full textDuring 2018 Ramotsho and Atangana published the article with the following title: “Derivation of a groundwater flow model within leaky and self-similar aquifers: Beyond Hantush model”. The scope of the work covered the explanation and background of leaky aquifers, existing equations, failure to apply the existing equations, derivation of the new generalized equation which represents the flow of groundwater in a leaky aquifer, introduction of self-similar leaky aquifers and the two derived equations. The conception of heterogeneity was covered in the article; however, the concept of memory effect and long term interaction was omitted. The proposed scope of this thesis is to introduce the three concepts of which are exponential law, Mittag Leffler law and power law into the new generalized equation, which represents the flow of water in a leaky aquifer. It has been proven in literature that the concept of fractional differentiation is well accounted for in nature and in the field. In chapter six, fractal-fractional operators are introduced and furthermore the different new numerical operators with different fractional operators are presented. The concept of fractal-fractional operators is introduced into the two equations for water flowing within a self-similar leaky aquifer. The results are presented in terms of simulations, where cone of depression figures against time or space are given. It has been depicted that as the order is increased the cone of depression decreases. This represents the real-life scenario or concept of permeability. The figures have been fully analyzed in chapter ten
Grief and art: sites, games and melancholy objects
No full textIn this Grief and Art: Sites, Games and Melancholy Objects Masters’ research project comprising a written dissertation, an exhibition of drawings, digital drawings, pigment ink drawings with printed silkscreen layers and/or embossing, as well as an exhibition catalogue, I explore personal responses and visual iterations in the wake of grief, bereavement and loss. The objective of this study is to investigate current and alternative responses to grief and loss in terms of visual culture and art. In order to visually and artistically expose and elaborate on difficult experiences of grief and loss, I contrast personal responses to grief, to public and/or cultural responses. I investigate the difficult, unique and communicative iterations of contemporary grief on multiple platforms – every day and digital sites – through artworks that are made using traditional as well as contemporary methods. I include experiences of grief relative to personalised sites and places, video game experiences connected to grief and death, as well as contemporary technological devices and other objects associated with personalised grief. These personal experiences are investigated to explore the visual ways in which experiences of loss and trauma have been communicated through the conduits available in technologically-driven societies, and how these new experiences provide novel empathetic experiences of loss to viewers of artworks. Firstly, specific video games and virtual1 sites are investigated as sites where loss and grief can be expressed as contemporary, personal practices of mourning. The repetitive playing of video games as an act of remembrance in mourning is a relatively novel iteration of grief. On the other hand, the ancient practice of pilgrimage could be compared to entry into virtual places of play. Such virtual places become separate yet integrated spheres of existence within the lived experiences of everyday life. Death, dying and mourning exist within the mechanics and narratives of contemporary video games; however, what is explored is the potential of video games to become sites where bereavement is recognised, incorporated and expressed – new experiences of bereavement which may manifest in contemporary artworks. Secondly, the melancholy object, as articulated by Margaret Gibson (2004: 289), is a central component of this study. The melancholy object signifies memory, which is inherent to the mourning process and, as such, could be described as the memorialised object of grief (Gibson, 2004: 289). I propose that, along with other everyday objects that can be recognised as melancholy objects, technological devices, such as cell phones, computers or video game consoles could be considered on some occasions as melancholy devices that have the potential to digitally recall the deceased through images, photographs, videos and social media sites. Lastly, I argue that diverse sites of grief, including everyday sites – such as cemeteries, grassroots memorials or roadside shrines – become imaginatively intertwined with virtual or digital sites – such as online sites to grieve, commemorative social media sites, videos, digital photographs or the virtual places of video games. This occurs when the bereaved person engages with images and art about grief and loss. Sites where grieving and commemoration take place provide valuable insight into the meaning attached to the sites of death by the bereaved throughout history. My hypothesis is that different types of sites have the innate ability to overlap with one another. This ability of everyday, virtual and digital sites to influence and overlap one another in contemporary society is explored visually. Furthermore, these sites are considered in terms of their potential to reveal other sites of memory within the body of the bereaved when memorialisation occurs. I conclude that all these attributes of grief and commemoration are intimately connected to the body of the bereaved, which becomes the moving and living site where memorialisation in inner pictures takes place. Such inner pictures are closely connected to - sometimes as the catalysts of - artistic exploration.University of the Free State, Postgraduate Schoo
The relationship between core stability and athletic performance among female university athletes
No full textIntroduction: Literature on the effect of core stability on athletic performance in different sport codes is limited. Questions remain as to whether core stability should be considered as a component in itself or as different components, as well as the assessment thereof, and if a relationship exists with athletic performance in different sport codes. Objective: The primary objectives of this research study were to establish an anthropometric profile of female university hockey, netball, running, soccer and tennis athletes and to determine if a relationship exists between core stability and athletic performance. Population: Data were collected from 83 female athletes from the University of the Free State participating in hockey, netball, middle- and long-distance running (400 m, 800 m, 1 500 m and 3 000 m), soccer and tennis in the 2018/2019 sport season. Methods: This was a quantitative, cross-sectional study. Core stability was assessed using the isometric back extension (IBE) test, lateral flexion (LF) test and the abdominal flexion (AF) test to assess core strength (in Newton) and core endurance (in seconds), respectively, and the core stability grading system using a pressure biofeedback unit to assess core motor control. Athletic performance was assessed using the forty-metre sprint, T-test, vertical jump and the medicine ball chest throw. All athletes executed three trials of each test in a randomised order and the best value of each test was used for analysis. Correlations between each of the seven core stability tests and the four athletic performance tests were determined, overall, and separately by sport. Furthermore, the effect of core stability on athletic performance assessments was assessed using ANCOVA, fitting the factor of sport, and the covariates age, height, weight, body fat percentage and BMI of the athletes, as well as various interaction terms. Results: This study depicted the anthropometric profiles of female university athletes and found that runners have the greatest height and netball the greatest body weight, body fat percentage and BMI compared to the other sport codes. Overall, there is a statistically significant difference with respect to age, body weight, body fat percentage and BMI, but height difference is not statistically significant between sports. The highest mean value for core strength was observed in hockey, whilst tennis showed the lowest, as measured by the IBE, LF and AF characteristics. The highest mean value of core endurance was observed in runners, and the lowest in tennis, as measured by the same characteristics as core strength, only for time. The highest value of core motor control was noted in runners (grade 5) and the lowest in netball (grade 1). The highest average percentage of female university athletes obtained a grade 3. Overall, there is a statistically significant difference in sports with respect to all three characteristics of core strength and core endurance as well as the core motor control component. When considering the correlations between core stability and athletic performance for all sport codes, all correlations of core strength, core endurance and core motor control with athletic performance were weak (r<0.2) and moderately weak (r=0.2-0.5). However, when the different core tests were considered separately, the correlations for the LF characteristic of core strength was moderately strong (r=0.5-0.8) for the medicine ball chest throw and strong (r=0.8-1.0) for the vertical jump. When considered for the different sport codes separately, moderately strong correlations (r=0.2-0.5) were found in all sport codes only- for core strength with certain athletic performance tests. Overall, there is a statistically significant difference between sports with respect to all four athletic performance characteristics. Conclusion: Correlations were found between core stability and athletic performance, even though some correlations were weak and moderately weak. It can also be concluded that different sport codes require different components of core stability, and have different sets of skills based on the position played and event. Therefore, core stability can be considered as an important modality to improve athletic performance, however, it should not be the main focus in exercise training programmes
'n Begripsmatige beskouing van die testeerhandeling ter toeligting van testateursbedoeling in die Suid-Afrikaanse erfreg
No full textThe South African law of succession, as part of private law, more specifically the law of patrimony, operates on the premise of the subjective law theory. A legal subject – as the bearer of subjective rights – has certain entitlements (powers) bestowed on him/her by each of these subjective rights, including the entitlement to dispose of assets. The legal subject may exercise the entitlement to dispose of assets in accordance with the act of disposal – in the guise of a juristic act – which is made possible through the capacities possessed by legal subjects, in particular legal capacity and the capacity to act. The constitutionally founded public policy demands that the act of disposal be performed freely, which freedom – as manifestation of private autonomy – is constitutionally embedded. In the law of succession, it is important to distinguish the act of disposal both from other testamentary acts as potentially included in the contents of a will (for example the act of revocation) as well as from other acts in the will-making process (for example the necessary execution acts in order to comply with the formality requirements) in order to best address the prevailing conceptual confusion, particularly the confusion pertaining to the intention of the testator (testator’s intention) and consequently also the concept will as such. The intention of the testator can only be explained on a theoretically sound basis in accordance with a suggested ‘conduct model’ in respect of the continuous process of making a will in order to show that testator’s intention is a compounded, multilateral concept, that consists of different forms and facets of intention. For example, the dispositive intention (dispositive will) should first be formed before expression can be given to it through a statement of intention as the relevant act of disposal. The conduct model viewpoint can be contrasted with the traditional view that a will is the result of the once-off presence of a number of set requirements (the so-called ‘requirements model’). In terms of the conduct model viewpoint, a will is the result of a will-making process in which a number of specific acts, with specific accompanying forms of intention, have been performed by different parties in order to make a will. The place and roll of, as well as the interaction between, the different ‘requirements’ can only be correctly theoretically contextualised in accordance with this view. The law of succession primarily controls the devolution of assets at the moment of death and xiii
in the context of the law of testate succession, this devolution occurs in accordance with the intention (will) of the testator, as expressed in the words of a valid will. The recognition of testamentary inheritance consequently means that a testator is free to make a lawful last expression of intention (declaration of wishes) in a will regarding the disposal of assets, if the testator has testamentary capacity. The recognition of freedom of testation – as a constitutionally recognised value – requires a free disposal of assets. The disposal of assets occurs by way of an act of testation, as the relevant juristic act in the law of succession. In order to qualify as an act of testation, a complete act of disposal is required in the sense that all the elements of a testamentary disposition should be present, as well as the necessary animus testandi (testation intention) as the intention that legal effect should be given to the dispositions at the moment of death. In the context of testate succession, a written statement of intention as embodied in a valid will, is required. The presence of the act of testation – as the manifestation of the dispositive intention and animus testandi – in a document, makes the document qualify as a will. Such a processual view emphasises that the execution of the testator’s intention – as embodied in an act of testation – occurs in three phases: the first phase entails the formation of the intention (inner will), the second phase entails the expression of the will and the third phase deals with the legal consequences that are attached to the intention of the testator after his/her death. The importance of addressing and resolving the conceptual confusion in the South African law of succession is self-evident. Nevertheless it is stressed with a view to the introduction of an intent doctrine in the South African law of succession to address the prevailing confusion. The necessity for conceptual clarity – especially in light of the conduct model and intent doctrine – is also underscored by the need to clearly understand the impact and application of the Constitution on the law of succession, with the further of establishing the concept of ‘constitutional law of succession’ in South African law
Breeding of acid soil tolerant maize genotypes for Angola
No full textBreeding efforts to develop high yielding and stable maize cultivars tolerant to soil acidity is still lacking in Angola, where the main maize production environments are characterized by acid soils. Furthermore, Angola is faced with two distinct human populations, with one favouring white kernel maize while the other prefers yellow maize, making it key to develop separate breeding programmes for these two distinct groups of people. The aim of this study was to select CIMMYT inbred lines (white and yellow kernel) adapted to the mid-altitude climatic conditions (for example from CIMMYT-Zimbabwe) and those developed for acid soil tolerance (for example from CIMMYT-Colombia), that can potentially be used in breeding programmes for acid soil tolerance in Angola. The specific objectives were to: i) assess the combining ability for grain yield performance and grain yield stability of corresponding hybrids of CIMMYT-Zimbabwe yellow elite inbred lines with CIMMYT-Colombia acid tolerance yellow donor lines under acid and non-acid soil conditions; ii) assess the combining ability for grain yield performance and grain yield stability of corresponding hybrids of the CIMMYT-Zimbabwe white elite inbred lines with CIMMYT-Colombia acid tolerance white donor lines; and, iii) to assess the per se grain yield performance of CIMMYT-Zimbabwe elite white and yellow lines and CIMMYT-Colombia acid tolerant donor lines. To achieve this, ten yellow kernel and eight white kernel elite inbred lines adapted to the mid-altitude climatic conditions, as well as four yellow and eight white kernel acid tolerance donors, were sourced from the CIMMYT-Zimbabwe and CIMMYT-Colombia breeding programmes, respectively. Two separate line x tester crossing nurseries for the white and the yellow kernel lines were established at the CIMMYT-Muzarabani station during the 2014 winter season, and these yielded 47 and 36 crosses with sufficient seed, respectively. The white and yellow kernel crosses (F1s) were separately evaluated alongside eight and six check hybrids, respectively, during the 2014-2016 cropping seasons across nine acid and non-acid sites in Angola and Zimbabwe. Inbred line trials for the white kernel lines as well as the yellow kernel lines were also separately established during the same period. Multi-environmental trial data identified the most promising CIMMYT-Colombia acid tolerance donor lines as CW2, CY3 and CY1, while the most promising among the CIMMYT-Zimbabwe elite lines were ZW6, ZW8, and ZY3. These lines showed the highest positive general combining ability effects for grain yield (GY) and were involved as parents in most of the hybrids identified as the highest yielders under both acid and non-acid soil conditions. The best specific combiners that also showed yield stability, were ZW3 x CW4 and ZY10 x CY3, for the white and yellow kernel line cross hybrids, respectively. The majority of the identified high yielding crosses were also stable for yield across environments. Additionally, inbred line trial data revealed some of the CIMMYT-Zimbabwe lines (such as ZW5 and ZY3) and CIMMYT-Colombia lines (such as CW3 and CY1) as ideal for single-cross hybrid production, because of their high per se GY performance. Overall, the CIMMYT-Colombia acid tolerance donor lines and the elite lines from the CIMMYT-Zimbabwe breeding programme can potentially be used to develop maize inbred lines and hybrids adapted to the acid and non-acid soil conditions in Angola and elsewhere
Monetary and fiscal policy spillover and coordination in the SACU area
No full textInterest in economic and monetary integration among groups of countries has been rising over the last three decades, with growing international interest emanating from the successful setup and launch of the EMU and the euro as the common currency of the EMU. Full monetary integration, the key focus of this study, entails setting up a regional central bank that is responsible for the formulation and implementation of monetary and exchange rate policies, having a single currency, as well as having formal regional surveillance of domestic economic (fiscal and structural) policies of the member countries. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) incorporates an incomplete and asymmetric monetary union, the Common Monetary Area (CMA) and its journey towards the formation of a complete monetary union would involve preparatory stages of harmonising and linking macroeconomic and financial policies, institutions, and rules and regulations of the potential member countries. Therefore, this study explores whether or not there is an economic, monetary and fiscal policy case for the SACU region to become a fully-fledged monetary union by investigating the nature and degree of policy spillover effects and policy coordination across the region. Through four articles, the study employed various econometric techniques, which include principal component analysis, Johansen cointegration techniques, Vector Error Correction modelling (VECM), Granger causality testing, Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) modelling, the Diebold-Yilmaz (DY) spillover index, the Set-theoretic approach (STA), and policy reaction functions to address the objectives. The main contribution of the study is the conclusion about the structure of monetary and fiscal policy management to establish whether or not there is an economic, fiscal and monetary policy case for SACU countries to move towards full monetary integration, as embodied in a monetary union. The major finding of the study is that, while monetary policy spillovers and the spillover effects seen through testing the South African dominance hypothesis make a case for monetary integration and a monetary union, the lack of coordination between fiscal and monetary policy means that fiscal and monetary policy coordination first needs to improve before a move can be made to monetary integration and union. This is particularly important if we see the threat that the lack of such coordination in the euro area made towards the existence of the euro area.University of the Free State (UFS) Postgraduate Schoo