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An airfield in the Northern Cape landscape: exploring meaningful place-making to establish a gliding club that relates with Douglas
No full textThe inspiration for this dissertation comes from a personal love for my hometown, Douglas, located in the Northern Cape, 100 km south-west of Kimberley, South Africa. My curiosity drove me to explore what a contemporary architectural language might look like in such a rural town. Also, I wonder what an architect’s way of thinking can contribute to such a community. The exploration of the spirit of place of Douglas provides the parameters for this design dissertation; to create a space that becomes a meaningful place that celebrates the complexity of Douglas. The uniqueness of this rural town lies in the fact that it is an oasis in contrast to the surrounding cosmic landscape. Annually, people travel to Douglas to engage in the adventurous act of gliding. The proposed site, the Douglas airfield, located 3 km from the town on the farm Backhouse, becomes a threshold that introduces people from different backgrounds to the dwellers of Douglas through this technologically sophisticated sport. The aim of the study is to develop the airfield so that it can facilitate the World Gliding Championships (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 2019: online), which could stimulate growth, allowing the opportunity to present the uniqueness of this this place, and the people who settle here, on a global scale. I will first provide an overview of Douglas to orientate the aims of the dissertation. A deeper investigation will follow, allowing a broader understanding of the place and the people who dwell there. Exploring the historical narratives and the complex traces of the dwellers of and travellers through Douglas will allow the creation of a place with which both the dweller of and traveller to Douglas can identify
The role of rural development projects on women empowerment in Eswatini: a case study of the Lower Usuthu Development Project (Lusip) Phase 1
No full textIn developing countries, three quarters of poor people live in rural areas. Their livelihoods are fully dependent on agriculture (Ganiee, 2012; Moyo & Francis, 2010). In a bid to develop rural areas, International non-governmental organisations, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), and governments have implemented rural development projects. This has been done to conclusively improve opportunities, empower rural communities, especially women (as they constitute a majority of the rural population), and wellbeing of rural people (Sadeghi, Arezoumandan, & Nejati, 2015). In Africa, women are not only an important resource, providing labour force for agriculture, but also play a key role in household nutrition and food security, which aids household income and wellbeing (Lahmadi, Bengougua, Maaoui, Zeguerrou, Belhamra, & Halis, 2016). Although women are the backbone of rural development, they are hardly positioned at the centre of policy and programme development agendas, and they do not have access to power, credit, assets, facilities, and other services; thus, there is a need to empower them (Lahmadi et al., 2016; Sadeghi et al., 2015). Women in Eswatini still face barriers and challenges that hinder their complete involvement in all aspects of developmental progression. This scenario is aggravated by certain Swazi customs and laws, which refuse women the right both to having access to finances and to owning land (United Nations, 2017). Empowering women is a fundamental development objective (O’Hara & Clement, 2018), and is currently one of the many concepts adopted globally to eradicate inequities and ensure gender equality (Guagliariello, Hamdy, Trisorio Liuzzi, & Ciannamea, 2015). There is growing consensus that development projects empower women; however, there is limited research on the role of the empowerment of women and rural development initiatives, specifically in Eswatini. The aim of the study was to explore the role of rural development projects on women empowerment with a focus on the Lower Usuthu Development Project (LUSIP), Phase 1. Guiding the study are the following the following objectives: a) To establish women’s perceptions on their empowerment in Eswatini; b) To identify factors that affect participation of women in the LUSIP Phase 1 project; c) To explore the improvements realised by women as a result of the LUSIP project; d) To determine the resources that enable women empowerment in the LUSIP project; and e) To ascertain the aspirations of women participants of the LUSIP project. A qualitative approach was employed for the study, and empirical data were obtained through the of use in-depth semi-structured interviews with 35 woman shareholders (17 board members and 18 ordinary shareholders), five key informants, and two Nominal Group Technique (NGT) exercises, which were conducted with the same indepth interview participants. Purposive sampling was used due to the interest in respondents who had in-depth knowledge of the subject under study. The interview schedules were pre-tested for rigor and to increase validity. For the conceptual framework, the study employed elements of the Capability Approach, Kabeer’s resource agency-achievement framework, and Longwe’s Women Empowerment framework. Analysis of data was done through thematic analysis and coding. The main findings of the study show that women’s perception of their empowerment leans toward the economic dimension. The study’s results indicate that women participate in meetings through attendance and speaking up during meetings. This can be largely attributed to the fact that they are always at home and, where participation is affected, it normally relates to reproductive duties. Even though the LUSIP project did not specifically target women, and did not have an objective specifically focused on women empowerment, results of this exploratory study showed that the project has furthered women empowerment in the study area. Women’s narratives show that the LUSIP project has improved the wellbeing of women and their families through contributions towards food security, improved shelter, and education for children. The LUSIP project also contributed to financial inclusion of the respondents, as 77% (27 out of 35) of the respondents had bank accounts as a result of the project. In terms of household decision-making, mixed results were observed for the married respondents. Some respondents saw a growth in their involvement in decision-making, especially regarding the welfare of their children and their economic contribution. Some form of consultation, which was regarded as joint decision-making by the respondents, was observed. Some respondents (n = 3), however, claimed that their husbands were the sole decisionmakers, except with small purchases such as food, clothing, and other minor household items. Results showed respondents who were single (who were never married, widowed, or separated) appeared more empowered in decision-making (n = 16) than those in a union. This may be ascribed to these women being household heads and hence making the household decisions on their own. Moreover, the results of the study revealed that respondents had complete control over income they generated on their own as well as sitting allowance in board meetings. The LUSIP Project has also provided women with opportunities such as employment, starting income-generating projects, networking, and exposure to other farmer companies (FCs), which resulted in cross pollination of best practices (n = 11). Networking and exposure to other FCs was more common with respondents who were board members. Results also suggested that good behaviour, good interpersonal skills, education, and wisdom are some of the personal endowments that enable women to be elected into the FC board. Funds, level of education, agency, as well as spousal and familial support determine whether women will convert the opportunities provided by the LUSIP project to their valued beings and doings. On the political front, however, the results of the study were muted. Even though respondents were able to attend meetings, speak, and / or vote, and thought seventeen of them were board members of a decision-making body, there was no spill over into political participation, even for respondents who have served on the board for more than two terms (n = 10). This is in contrast with the World Bank’s (2017) and Nwagboso and Duke’s (2012) assertion that meaningful participation of women in rural development projects results in increased participation of women in formal politics. The study further showed that the project may also lead to disempowerment, in that these women’s spouses shift the burden of household care to the women once they become shareholders (n = 5). Moreover, most women obtained jobs such as weeding, which was an extension of women’s traditional roles, and which deprived them of acquiring new skills Based on the findings of the study, rural development projects using the LUSIP model should consider incorporating non-farm business enterprises, since women still do not own land. Where there is land redistribution before inception of the project, government should consider giving the land title to the women to safeguard against the proceeds being taken by relatives (husbands), mainly because women do not own land, especially under Swazi Nation Land (SNL). Land is an economic resource and having access to it would enhance women’s participation in the economy. The study contributes to the evolving body of knowledge aimed at understanding the role of rural development projects on women empowerment.University of the Free State -- Faculty of Economics and Management Science
Investigation into the mechanism of arachidonic acid increased fluconazole susceptibility in Candida albicans biofilms and application to drug repurposing
No full textA considerable proportion of infections associated with C. albicans are due to its ability to form biofilms. Although there are antifungals available to treat infections caused by C. albicans, the occurrence of antifungal resistance hampers their effectiveness. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to have antifungal properties against C. albicans biofilms. Interestingly, the combination of PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (AA), with existing antifungals of the azole and polyene classes has been shown to increase susceptibility in C. albicans biofilms, but the mechanism involved is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism associated with the increased antifungal susceptibility of C. albicans biofilms in the presence of PUFAs. Our investigation confirmed an increase of C. albicans biofilms susceptibility to azoles (fluconazole and clotrimazole) in the presence of PUFAs (AA and eicosapentaenoic acid). Furthermore, the transcriptional analysis of C. albicans biofilms grown in the presence of AA combined with fluconazole, indicated that the presence of AA might be interfering with ATP generation processes. In addition, in the presence of AA alone or combined with fluconazole, the methionine/cysteine synthesis process, which is essential for biofilm formation, was repressed. However, quantitative analysis of the metabolic products associated with these pathways is required for a comprehensive view of the effects of these compounds on C. albicans biofilms. Several resistance mechanisms are employed by C. albicans biofilms to mitigate the effect of fluconazole treatment. One of the known mechanisms is the overexpression of the CDR1 efflux pump. Although C. albicans upregulates CDR1 in the presence of fluconazole, a significant increase in expression was observed in the presence of AA alone or combined with fluconazole. Nevertheless, this increased mRNA transcription did not necessarily translate into increased efflux when tested with rhodamine 6G. The lack of efflux by Cdr1p, which is a membrane protein, indicates that the presence of AA may have altered the membrane organisation leading to the loss of efflux activity. The ergosterol content in the cell is a factor which influences membrane fluidity. The regulation of ERG11, the fluconazole target, was higher in the treatment containing fluconazole alone compared to those containing AA. It was predicted that the increase in ERG11 expression would enhance the ergosterol content levels. However, the ergosterol content of C. albicans biofilms treated with fluconazole alone did not differ significantly from that treated with fluconazole combined with AA. Fluconazole and PUFAs are known to induce oxidative stress in yeast. In the presence of AA and fluconazole, several oxidative stress-associated genes were downregulated. In addition, the heterozygous mutants of these genes were sensitive to fluconazole treatment, which indicates that they play a role in C. albicans fluconazole resistance. Therefore, the AA may increase drug susceptibility via a number of mechanisms, including inhibition of Cdr1p activity and increased oxidative stress. There is an urgent need for alternative treatment option; hence the use of drug repurposing has progressed because of its reduced cost and time for the discovery of new antifungal drugs. By exploiting drugs against gene families identified in this study, that may play a role in fluconazole resistance, some drugs leads were obtained. However, more research is still required to clarify the associated mechanisms. An understanding of these mechanisms will indicate drug targets which can be explored for the treatment of C. albicans biofilms infections.National Research Foundation (NRF
Drought tolerance in Malawian soybean (Glycine Max L.) germplasm
No full textWater-limited stress (WLS) is associated with adverse changes at morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular levels among genotypes, which consequently affects crop growth and productivity. These changes are useful indicators in breeding of drought tolerant genotypes. This study was, therefore, carried out to identify genotypes that are good performing under WLS conditions and to determine traits’ response to WLS using a combination of morphological traits, physiological traits, water use efficiency and grain yield. In addition, interrelationships among morphological traits, physiological traits and water use efficiency were determined in order to identify traits that contribute to grain yield under WLS conditions. The study also elucidated the association between drought tolerance indices and grain yield under WLS conditions in separating tolerant genotypes from sensitive genotypes. It further looked at the impact of drought on grain yield of soybean with change in environment and season. The study also tried to understand the mode of gene action considering that the majority of the characteristics of importance in a crop are inherited quantitatively. Genotypes showed significant variability in tolerance levels to WLS. Genotypes with a high drought tolerance level generally exhibited a higher grain yield, 100-seed weight, plant height, number of pods per plant, minimal grain yield reduction, maintained a higher relative chlorophyll content, quantum yield of efficiency for photosystem II and water use efficiency under severe WLS compared to genotypes with a low drought tolerance level. Among the physiological traits, relative chlorophyll content was most significantly associated with genotype, while quantum yield of efficiency for photosystem II, photoprotective nonphotochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching basal dissipation of light energy for other unregulated process were more frequently and significantly associated with WLS. Plant height, number of nodes per plant, 100-seed weight, water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll content were less affected by change in WLS levels. Results showed that selection criteria would differ across different WLS regimes. Morphological traits 100-seed weight, number of pods per plant, and bomass per plant significant directly contributed to grain yield under non-WL and moderate (50%) WLS. Water use efficiency showed the highest direct contribution to the variation in grain yield across WLS regimes of all the traits. Both significant positive and negative correlations were observed between morphological and physiological traits. The physiological trait relative chlorophyll content was strongly positively associated with morphological traits and contributed directly to grain yield variation under WLS. This showed that chlorophyll content can be used as physiological marker for identifying drought tolerant genotypes under WLS conditions. It was also observed that the tolerance indices mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, harmonic mean, drought resistance index and yield index correlated positively with both grain yield under non-WL (Yp) and WLS (Ys) conditions. This proved that these indices can be useful in screening for WLS tolerance in soybean. The WLS negatively impacted on grain yield of soybean with change in environment and season but the extent varied from one growth stage to the other. Grain yield was most sensitive to environment, followed by environment by season interaction effects. Effects of WLS were severe at flowering, indicating that the most critical growth stage to soil WLS is between flowering and pod-filling stages when plants partition assimilates for seed formation. Results further displayed the role of both additive and dominance gene effects in expression of tolerance to drought in soybean using grain yield and yield components such as number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant per plant, and 100-seed weight. However, nonadditive gene effects were more important for WLS for the studied traits than additive gene effects in a current study
A theoretical analysis of possible geohydrological impacts associated with proposed hydraulic fracturing activities in the Karoo Basin of South Africa
No full textThe decision to allow HF within the Karoo Basin of South Africa has raised many valid concerns regarding possible impacts on shallow groundwater resources upon which many communities and farmers are reliant to provide for their families. Due to huge uncertainties on deep aquifer and groundwater behaviour, as well as possible long-term impacts because of HF, this thesis includes research and results focusing on the following two aims: 1. To evaluate possible impacts on shallow groundwater resources/aquifers in the Karoo; and 2. To produce a Groundwater Risk Assessment Tool (GW-RAT) that will assist decisionmakers on quantifying possible risks to the groundwater regime at a specific location. Internationally it is very difficult to quantify environmental impacts specifically on shallow groundwater resources due to a lack of information. No baseline information is available and many claims could not be validated due to this issue. In South Africa we have an opportunity to address this information gap that exists in the USA and Canada and it is critically important that regulators and government see to it that a database be created before any licences are awarded. It is evident that HF in the Karoo Basin has several challenges on several levels. Not all work done to determine if a shale gas industry should be developed in South Africa would be negative or detrimental to the environment and we do have qualified geohydrologists with sufficient experience to assess the risks to shallow groundwater resources. It would also be possible to develop technical regulations and protocols for a fractured system environment. Groundwater is a field of science with numerous sub-divisions, each with its own core scientific base e.g. aquifer mechanics, geochemistry, geophysical surveys and groundwater management. It is therefore important that each of these sub-divisions be appropriately utilised by experienced experts in each category to be able to create a conceptual model that will be able to assist in measuring, calculating and estimating parameters that will influence groundwater flow and quality as well as identify any possible risk from HF on shallow groundwater resources in order to facilitate sound groundwater governance. The possibility of a HF industry should be seen as an opportunity in South Africa to enhance our knowledge on our deep aquifers and to develop analytical methodologies and solutions for such conditions or alternatively determine whether existing analytical approaches are still valid in a deep fracture system environment. As it is expected that numerical modelling would form part of any groundwater investigation, it would then be sensible to ensure that analytical solutions used for data interpretation should be of a standard in order to compile a conceptual model that is simple enough to allow for numerical modelling but as comprehensive and accurate a reflection of the physical environment being investigated as possible. Numerical models can be regarded as a powerful tool in assisting geohydrologists and ultimately regulators in making better and well-informed decisions. There are obvious concerns regarding water governance and specifically groundwater governance in South Africa. Currently the whole concept of governance can be considered as dysfunctional with no real leadership and example at the top echelons of government and regulators. If groundwater governance is not developed in the sense of establishing local and regional monitoring networks and establishing an institutional environment where data and information are verified, validated and interpreted in a timely manner, there should not even be any thought of establishing a HF industry in South Africa. Research has indicated that in all countries where HF has been allowed on large scale, information about frequency and severity record keeping and reporting has been horrendously neglected due to historical regulatory gaps and loopholes, either existing due to a lack of research skills or funding or even created as is evident by the “Haliburton loophole”. The development of a tool to assess and quantify, GroundWater Risk Assessment Tool (GW-RAT), was therefore regarded as an important aspect of this research project. Considerations were to keep it as simple as possible but to highlight specific aspects and/or activities that seems to be essential from a South African perspective. Research for this theoretical analysis of possible impacts associated with HF on Karoo Basin geohydrology yielded various results. In some cases obvious impacts can be minimised by preventative and/or mitigation measures, while some other impacts that are more indirectly involved have been identified as more concerning. From a technical perspective and available knowledge and skills within the South African geohydrological community, it is evident that we would be able to carry out site-specific investigations to generate enough information to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment with a high level of confidence
Assets teachers identify for the teaching of accounting education in a rural secondary school in KwaZulu-Natal
No full textThis paper explores the resources Accounting teachers draw on and how they use the identified resources in the teaching of Accounting in a rural school. The study adopted an interpretive qualitative case study and employed semi-structured individual interviews to collect data from the Accounting teachers. Thematic analysis revealed that Accounting teachers used capacities, skills and resources from the school, neighbouring schools and wider community outside the school to improve their teaching practices. Despite the continuous curriculum changes, the nature of the discipline of Accounting and the school’s context, Accounting teachers were able to identify and utilise assets at different levels, starting from the talents and capacities of learners. The paper concludes that
instead of using the deficits as a starting point in development of Accounting teachers, development must build upon the capacities and strengths that exist within the school community.Publisher's versio
Caregiving as an occupation: the experiences of primary caregivers of young children with Cerebral Palsy in Mangaung
No full textIntroduction: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a permanent yet non-progressive disorder characterised by motor impairments and functional limitations. Children who are severely affected are dependent on the assistance of caregivers for daily tasks and activities such as feeding, toileting, dressing and even moving around. Despite alarmingly high prevalence rates of CP in South Africa (SA), a paucity of literature exists in relation to the experiences of those caring for these children in South African contexts. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore and describe the occupational experiences of the primary caregivers (PCGs) of young children with CP in Mangaung in order to inform current and future practices for occupational therapists providing rehabilitative services to this population. Methodology: A qualitative study, embedded within constructivism was conducted to gain a better understanding of the occupational experiences of the PCGs of children with CP. Purposive sampling was used to select ten PCGs of young children with severe CP residing in Mangaung in the Free State province of SA. Data was captured through a socio-demographic form and Photovoice, a visual data gathering technique. Participants’ reflections on their own photographs, facilitated by the researcher in individual reflection sessions provided the primary source of data analysed in this study. Reflections were transcribed and analysed according to an inductive content analysis. Data was coded by the researcher and two co coders before clustering codes into categories and themes. Findings: Four themes were generated through analysis of the data, namely Caregiving in the local environment, A disabled child is still a child, I am a caregiver and Shared occupation. The first theme presented experiences of community attitudes such as acceptance or ignorance towards the disabled child alongside the value of certain resources and social support in the caregiving occupation. The second theme emphasised the child’s humanness by considering the child’s cognisance and other capacities. The third theme described participants’ experiences of their occupational identity as PCGs in relation to the responsibility they have towards the child, insights and understandings they have gained through caregiving and coping strategies employed. The final theme presents caregiving as a shared occupation where challenges related to the child or the environment are overcome, strengthening the unique connection between child and PCG. Conclusions: This study confirms the need for caregiver-professional collaboration in designing caregiver- and child-specific interventions for children with CP and their PCGs. The findings highlight a substantial need amongst PCGs for acceptance of their child by the community. Findings allowed the researcher to make recommendations for occupational therapists working with children with CP and their PCGs, which include caregiver-directed interventions, caregiver-specific education and training interventions, support groups and mobility devices and equipment. Recommendations are made for future research, before discussing the limitations and the value of this study
NUT midline carcinoma in the state sector of the Free State province, South Africa
No full textBackground: NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is a recently described, rare tumour that can easily be mistaken for a number of other tumours if a NUT immunohistochemical stain is not performed. The tumour is caused by a translocation involving the NUT gene and most cases involve BRD4 - NUT t(15;19) which results in loss of differentiation and uninhibited proliferation. The loss of differentiation is responsible for the monomorphic, primitive morphology of the tumour. The reporting Pathologist should have a high index of suspicion as the tumour shows positively for numerous immunohistochemical markers that vary from case to case. Positivity for CD34, which is unusual in carcinomas, together with positivity for cytokeratins, is a strong diagnostic clue that should prompt testing for the tumour. Previously thought to occur only in midline structures and young patients, recent research has proven the occurrence in a wider age distribution and outside the midline. This tumour is exceptionally aggressive, with only isolated survivors and early identification and aggressive treatment is needed. No research on NMC has been done in South Africa and there is only one case report from the rest of Africa. The incidence of this tumour in South Africa is therefore unknown. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the number of cases of NMC seen over a twelve year period by the Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of the Free State and National Health Laboratory Service and to describe the demographic features of any patients identified. Methods: A retrospective study was performed. All undifferentiated malignant tumours and tumours with evidence of squamous differentiation from the head, neck and thorax seen between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2016 were included. A NUT immunohistochemical stain was performed on all cases. The stain was regarded as positive if there was speckled nuclear staining in more than 50% of the tumour cells. Results: Four hundred and ninety eight cases were included in the study of which 424 (85.1%) were male and 74 (14.9%) were female. The mean age was 58.6 years. Only one positive case was identified. The patient was a 30-year-old female with a lung mass and lymph node metastases. Conclusion: This study confirms the rarity of this entity. Additional research is needed in other provinces of South Africa, including the private sector to provide a comprehensive patient profile of NMC in South Africa.University of the Free State, Department of Surgery Research Fun
Increasing resilience, lowering risk: teachers' use of the circle of courage in the classroom
No full textThis explanatory and descriptive quantitative study explored teachers’ classroom practices using the Circle of Courage as a guideline with the aim of providing some guidelines that could further improve resilience and prevent challenging behaviour in the classroom. The Circle of Courage provides a framework for understanding behaviour and developing classroom and schoolwide strategies to decrease challenging behaviour and increase resilience and self-worth in children. This quantitative research study used a purposive sample (n=211) that consisted of primary
and secondary school teachers from 20 schools in the Mangaung and Setsoto municipal areas in the Free State. Results revealed that teachers could improve their teaching strategies linked to the principles of belonging, mastery, independence and generosity. It also emerged from the study that teachers have the most difficulty in developing mastery, one of the principles on which education should show excellence. It is recommended that teachers improve their teaching strategies by specifically targeting the four principles of the Circle of Courage since this could help improve learner resilience and academic achievement. This could also lead to the prevention of disciplinary problems in the classroom, especially when used in conjunction with the restorative school model.Publisher's versio
Enhancing an enabling environment for learners with special educational needs in rural primary schools in Lesotho
No full textFollowing the introduction of free and compulsory primary education in Lesotho in 2000, schools have seen an influx of learners who are eager to acquire education. Some learners experienced learning difficulties which inhibited their ability to learn in mainstream classes. This limitation is as a result of lack of implementation and a plethora of issues concerning infrastructure, resource allocation, overcrowded classrooms, training of teachers, and stakeholders' attitudes. This study aims to explore how an enabling learning environment can be enhanced for learners with special educational needs (LSENs) at the rural primary schools in Lesotho. Its objectives were (1) to explore an understanding of an enabling environment for LSENs in rural primary schools in Lesotho; (2) to investigate and explain the importance of an enabling environment for LSENs in rural primary schools in Lesotho; (3) to explore the resources that can be used to enhance an enabling environment for LSENs in rural primary schools in Lesotho; (4) to determine the challenges faced by teachers when dealing with LSENs in rural primary schools in Lesotho; and (5) to determine how to overcome these challenges by teachers when teaching LSENs. The philosophy of Ubuntu was used as a theoretical framework. This study adopts a qualitative approach and interpretative paradigm. An exploratory case-study was used as a design in this study. Focus Group Discussion and semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were used as instruments for data collection. Participants were purposefully and conveniently selected from the rural primary schools in Lesotho. The sample size involved thirteen participants from two rural primary schools in Lesotho (N=13) [(School A: six teachers (n=6) and one principal (n=1) and School B: five teachers (n=5) and one principal (n=1) and two special education officials (n=2) from the Lesotho Ministry of Education and Training]. Four themes were developed through thematic analysis in the study. The findings revealed that an understanding and enabling learning environments for learners with special educational needs is a significant factor in enhancing the learning environment in rural primary schools in Lesotho. The results indicated that teachers faced many challenges in creating and enhancing an enabling environment for LSENs in rural primary schools in Lesotho. These include lack of infrastructure, lack of trained teachers, lack of resources, poor remuneration, and lack of coordination between all educational stakeholders. The implication of the results was discussed in this study to address the enhancement of an enabling environment for LSENs in rural primary schools in Lesotho.University of the Free State (UFS