Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
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Bacterial Flora of Manasbal Lake, a Freshwater Ecosystem of Kashmir Valley
Get PDFMicro-organisms have been used for a long time as indicators of water quality and total coliform bacteria have been commonly used to assess potential contamination of drinking and swimming
water with pathogenic bacteria of intestinal origin coming from point source
discharges, such as raw sewage, storm water, combined sewer overflows,
effluents from wastewater treatment plants, industrial sources and non-point
source discharge
s, such as agriculture, forestry, wildlife, and urban run-off. The obtained data in this study reflect the importance of microbiological monitoring and reinf
orce the need to implement environment protection programs, especially
related to pathogenic species. The majority of bacteria isolated were recognized as human pathogens or potential human pathogens.
The data
was obtained by the bacteriological analysis of water sample taken from Manasbal Lake on monthly basis from four different microhabitats by
plating the different dilutions on a solidified culture medium in petri dishes. After
incubation the bacterial colonies were divided into different types according to some macromorphological features like appearance, shape, size,
elevation, margin, colour and some micromorphological features with the
isolated strains showing marked differences in these features. On the basis of
these differences they were coded with numbers ranging from MBS01 to
MBS52. The different recognizable colonies were streaked and restreaked on
fresh media to obtain pure cultures. The selected purified colonies of various
types were identified to genus or species level using biochemical tests. Total
coliforms were enumerated using multiple tube fermentation technique with
lactose broth as the presumptive medium and Eosine-Methylene-Blue agar
medium as the confirmatory medium and Brilliant Green Bile broth for completed test.
The developed colonies on plates were enumerated by digital Qubek
colony counter and the bacterial load was assessed in terms of colony forming
units
(cfu/ml) revealing that the total monthly bacterial population increased
from March to August and then decreased from September to December with
peak bacterial population in the month of August at all sites. Moreover, the
density of total culturable bacteria at site II (residential hamlets around) was
significantly higher in all the months compared to other sites. The overall
bacterial density was maximum at site II with a cfu/ml of 203x102 in the month
of August and minimum at site III (central site) with a cfu/ml of 12x102 in the
month of April. The total bacterial population was higher during warm
temperature months than cold temperature months for all the four sites.
As
far as coliform count is concerned, all the water samples collected f
rom the Lake were positive with respect to the coliform occurrence, with their proportion
ranging between a minimum value of 4 MPN/100ml and a maximum value of 460 MPN/100ml. The highest proportion of these indicator organis
ms was observed at site II. The category wise distribution of coliform count
shows that about 95% samples lie in category II and III deeming the water
unfit for drinking purposes, however, fit for bathing and swimming purposes.
Moreover,
the quality of water in some patches of the lake was very poor and unfit for any use. The water of the lake was characterised by a
medium to high alkaline pH (ranging between 7.7 to 9.6) and temperature
ranging between 9°C to 33.5°C. The overall Shannon diversity index (H) was
highest at site I (Laar Kul) followed by site II, site III and site IV (outlet).
The bacterial
isolates were then tested for Gram’s reaction and subsequentl
y examined under microscope for their cell shape revealing that 88.5% of
the bacterial strains were Gram negative and 11.5% were Gram positive, out
of which 34 strains (59.6%) were Gram negative bacillus, 12 strains (2
8.8%) were Gram negative cocci, 4 strains (7.6%) were Gram positive bacillus and 2 strains (3.8%) were Gram positive cocci. Among Gram-negative bacteria, b
acillus was the most dominant genus isolated from all sites during all mo
nths. A total of 19 bacterial strains, chosen arbitrarily were subjected to biochem
ical tests like Citrate utilization, Glucose, Adonitol, Arabinose, Lactose, Sorbitol, Mannitol, Rhamnose, Sucrose, Urease, Lysine utilization, Ornithine ut
ilization, H2S production, Phenylalanine Deamination, Nitrate utilization,
Indole, Voges Proskauer’s and Methyl red revealed that 9 species viz Proteus spp. I, Proteus spp. II, Proteus spp. III, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. II,
Cedecea spp., Escherichia spp., Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. belonged to Enterobacteriaceae
family and 10 species viz Shigella spp. I, Shigella spp. II, Shigella spp. III, Enterobacter spp., Hafinia spp., Salmonella chloraesuis subspecies choleraesuis, Salmonella choleraesuis subspecies diarizonae, Vibrio sp
p., Proteus spp. IV, and Klebsiella spp. I. to Gram negative rods. During the
study Proteus spp. II occurred with a highest percentage occurrence of 14.67% and Shigella spp. I with a lowest percentage occurrence of 0.21%.
Overall, the study allows us to conclude that the quality of lake water has deteriorated to the extent of being unfit for drinking purposes, though it is still fit
for recreational and other uses. Hence, the lake calls for urgent restoration and eff
ective management for its sustained existence and continued provisioning of various economic goods and ecosystem services
Studies on Reproductive Biology of Peganum harmala L.
Get PDFThe reproductive biology of flowering plants is important for determining barriers to seed and fruit set and for understanding pollination and breeding systems that regulate the genetic structure of populations. Knowledge of reproduction is crucial for understanding the causes of rarity and conservation of rare plants. he medicinally important plant species namely Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae) constitute the material for present study and the methodology adopted during the present study
Contribution of Darul-‘Ulum Deoband to the Development of Tafsir
Get PDFMuslim scholars have discussed the
contribution of this Madrasah in the field of Tafsir as well, but the
literature produced thereby is inadequate in the sense that it does not
cover the whole range of Tafsir scholarship and the works contributed
thereby. Though the books by Maulana Ikhlaq Hussain Qasmi entitled
“‘Ulama-i-Deoband ki Tafsiri Khidmat”, and that of Maulana Nizam
al-Din Asir Adrawi entitled “Dabistan-e-Deoband ki ‘Ilmi Khidmat”
and the book by Dr. Rihana Sidiqi entitled “Maulana Thanwi Ki
Tafsir-e-Bayan al-Quran ka Tahqiqi wa Tanqidi Mutala‘h” besides
the articles by Maulana Hakim Anis Ahmad Sidiqi entitled “Darul-
‘Ulum ki Tafsiri Khidmat” by Maulvi Fudail Ahmad Nasiri entitled
“Ulama-i-Deoband ki Qurani khidmat” and that of Anis al-Rahman
Qasmi entitled “Alama Mufti Muhammad Shafi ki Tafsir-i-Ma‘arif alQuran ka Ja’iza”, have dealt with the issue partially and
superficially. These works can be termed as fundamental efforts in the5 | P a g e
direction of exploring the contribution of Darul ‘Ulum Deoband in
the field of religious sciences. However, the present work is an
attempt to make an in-depth study of the contribution of Darul ‘Ulum
Deoband in the field of Tafsir. The study will particularly analyze and
examine Tafsir-e-Bayan al-Quran of Maulana Ashraf ‘Ali Thanwi,
Tafsir-i-‘Uthmani of Maulana Shabir Ahmad ‘Uthmani and Ma‘arif
al-Quran of Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi. We have also clarified
in our study the popular misunderstanding about Darul ‘Ulum
Deoband of having been a centre of Fiqh learning alone
Postmodernism and Liberal Humanism: A Study of Summertime and Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples
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Indus Water Treaty: A Geo Political Study
Get PDFSouth Asian sub-continent is a geographical unit sharing three major river basins viz. the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, buttressing the social, cultural, economic and political fabric of the lives of some 1.6 billion people. Complex orientations of the rivers and competition for water have however construed grave disputes among the riparian states of the region. Albeit many Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and treaties such as, the Indus Water Treaty the Mahakali Treaty and the Ganges Treaty were signed to resolve the water disputes. However the recent years have witnessed a fierce competition over water resources that has emerged as a medium for articulating perilous territorial, political, economic and
Hydrological disputes.
The present study Indus Water Treaty: A Geo Political Study, deals with the comprehensive analysis of Indus Water Treaty through its historical, geographical, political and economic perspective qualitatively. The present work endeavours to locate the water dispute between India and Pakistan, in the aftermath of partition, in its history, and tries to understand the relevance and strength of the major arguments put forward by the parties concerned in their defence. Water has almost always been a bone of contention among the shareholders. The examination of the genesis of the dispute leads us to the British colonial interests to develop Punjab as the food bowl of India and creating a canal system to boost agricultural sector. But the difference in the supply of water which the riparian received, created disputes over share of water. Most of the conflicts were resolved through mutual understanding, but in 1947, the partition of canals created the international water dispute between India and Pakistan. To resolve this issue, numbers of agreements were signed, meeting the claims of the countries involved, to share water, which in turn provided some basis for dealing with the issue; but the issue remained unresolved for some time and attracted the attention of the international community. In 1951, David Lilienthal visited the sub-continent and offered a negotiation through the donor agencies to resolve the conflict. Subsequently, negotiations were carried through the good office of the World Bank. Finally, after 9 years of discussions and conciliatory approach by the parties concerned, a landmark agreement—the Indus Water Treaty—was signed in 1960 with the help of the World Bank. The treaty sets out a framework to utilize the water of Indus Basin. As per the statutes of the treaty, Pakistan shall receive unrestricted use of water of the Western Rivers including the Indus, the Chenab and the Jhelum, while India shall use all the water of the Eastern Rivers—the Ravi, the Sutlej and the Beas. The Indus Water treaty is one of the exceptional treaties of the world signed under the aegis of the World Bank that provided financial and technical assistance for durable peace and harmony in sub-continent through donor countries. Any reflection on other transboundary water management principles shows that it is an exemplary water conflict agreement which provided an exemplary mechanism for transboundary water conflict management.The treaty worked reasonably well despite the strained political relationship between the two countries. But for the last two decades the treaty has fundamentally come under stress on water utilization. The treaty is in difficulty due to the simple reasons of uncertain climatic pattern, population growth and economic development, more and more energy needs, increase in irrigated areas and amidst calls for its modification. The present work has also incorporated the dissenting voices from both India and Pakistan, which depict the dissatisfaction with the Indus Water Treaty and demands for its modification. The study also highlights the presumed restrictions placed by the Indus Water Treaty on the Western Rivers which are supposed to deprive Jammu and Kashmir State of its genuine water benefits by way of hydroelectric power and irrigation as the upper riparian state
