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When does industrial policy fail and when can it succeed? Case studies from Europe
Get PDFWhen does industrial policy succeed and fail in advanced economies? Most approaches to these questions concentrate on policy design and state power. Instead, we draw attention to the historical legacies, industrial structures, and institutional arrangements that shape industrial policy outcomes. We use insights from historical institutionalism and international business to develop a relational argument based on two first-order conditions: a critical mass of firms with sufficient capabilities to leverage the resources resulting from industrial policy, and the alignment between industrial policy goals and national institutional systems. Industrial policy could succeed, given the important second-order conditions that many have examined, when one of these conditions is present and public intervention produces the other. But industrial policy is certain to fail when both conditions are absent. Using a most different systems design, we assess our framework through short case-studies of industrial policy success and failure in Europe in the past 6 decades
Scratching the surface of responsible AI in financial services: a qualitative study on non-technical challenges and the role of corporate digital responsibility
Get PDFArtificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative AI are transformative yet double-edged technologies with evolving risks. While research emphasises trustworthy, fair, and responsible AI by focusing on its “what” and “why,” it overlooks practical “how.” To bridge this gap in financial services, an industry at the forefront of AI adoption, this study employs a qualitative approach grounded in existing Responsible AI and Corporate Digital Responsibility (CDR) frameworks. Through thematic analysis of 15 semi-structured interviews conducted with professionals working in finance, we illuminate nine non-technical barriers that practitioners face, such as sustainability challenges, trade-off balancing, stakeholder management, and human interaction, noting that GenAI concerns now eclipse general AI issues. CDR practitioners adopt a more human-centric stance, emphasising consensus-building and “no margin for error.” Our findings offer actionable guidance for more responsible AI strategies and enrich academic debates on Responsible AI and AI-CDR symbiosis
Exploring the relationship between physical properties and sensory characteristics of newly developed white breads with improved nutritional composition – initial insights
Get PDFStaple foods such as bread are key contributors to the diet. Accordingly, there is growing emphasis on improving the nutritional composition of wheat (e.g., increasing the dietary fibre content); however, the impacts of such improvements on bread characteristics remains unclear. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between physical properties (slice dimensions, cell crumb, water activity, moisture content, colour and texture analysis) and sensory profile (via a trained sensory panel; n = 12) of five newly developed white breads compared with a commercial standard. Overall, sensory profiling identified twenty-seven attributes to describe the breads; key differences between breads related to the appearance (i) colour: crust (top/side) and crumb (centre) and (ii) density which could be explained by physical properties to varying extents. For example, breads higher in dietary fibre tended to have smaller slice height, larger cell area, higher water activity and moisture content as well as instrumental texture (springiness) and colour (darker) differences. In summary, findings are promising in terms of tested white bread prototypes and provide key insights for further product development. Going forwards, developing nutritionally enhanced white bread without modulating cost and quality could have noteworthy public health benefits
The assumptions of the Tea Bag Index and their implications: a reply to Mori 2025
Get PDFResponding to Mori (2025), we discuss that the simplifications and implications of the Tea Bag Index are essential to its ease of use. However, they necessitate careful attention, especially regarding the appropriate incubation time. Aligning with Mori (2025), we call for a deeper understanding of the interpretation of k_TBI
Solitary bees reduce pollination and production deficits in apple cultivation
Get PDFLow pollinator richness and abundance is a primary driver of pollination deficits and may lead to reduced yields (production deficits). In response, domesticated honeybees are often used to increase pollination success, even though honeybees are less efficient pollinators than naturally occurring wild bees. Here, we explored whether Norwegian apple orchards experience pollination and production deficits, and if such deficits could be related to specific pollinator groups and activity. We conducted a supplemental pollination experiment and measured seed set and yield (fruit set x weight) for three cultivars, in six orchards, in two distinct apple growing regions in central Norway, for two years. In addition, we used cameras to record relative pollinator activity throughout the flowering period. Overall, we found a pollination and production deficit across all cultivars, although there were differences in pollination deficit among cultivars. Three orchards had a pollination deficit both years of the study, suggesting sub-optimal orchard structure and/or a lack of pollinators. However, we found that solitary bees significantly reduced both pollination and production deficit, suggesting that orchard management actions should focus on increasing wild bee diversity and abundance
Unravelling the influence of the local structure on the ultralow thermal conductivity of the bismuthinite-aikinite series, Cu1–x□xPb1–xBi1+xS3
No full textUnderstanding the relationship between crystal structure, bonding and thermal transport is critical for the discovery of materials with ultralow thermal conductivities. Materials in the bismuthinite-aikinite series, Cu1–x□xPb1–xBi1+xS3 (0 <= x <= 1), in which a Bi3+ cation and a vacancy (□) are progressively substituted by a Pb2+ and a Cu+ cation, exhibit ultralow thermal conductivities (~ 0.5 Wm-1K-1 for x < 1). Here, we investigate the effect of decreasing the Pb2+ and Cu+ content on the crystal structure and properties of Cu1–x□xPb1–xBi1+xS3 (x = 0, 0.33, 0.6 and 0.83). These materials exhibit two-channel thermal transport, with non-propagating phonons being the dominant contribution. Neutron diffraction data reveal that intermediate compositions crystallise in the krupkaite structure (x = 0.5, P21ma), instead of the end-member aikinite structure (x = 0, Pnma). Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis reveals that the disordering of vacancies and cations deviates significantly from that expected for a statistical distribution and that, at a local level, copper-rich and copper-poor regions occur. Reducing the Pb²⁺ and Cu⁺ content results in lattice softening, which may be attributed to the increased concentration of vacancies in copper-poor regions. Moreover, the persistence of short Pb2+-Cu+ distances in the copper-rich regions is likely to facilitate the cooperative interaction between lone pairs and rattling Cu+ cations that leads to phonon scattering. These findings provide crucial insights into the effect of the local structure on the phonon transport and highlight the potential of local-structure design to achieve high thermoelectric performance in crystalline solids
Towards a fully inclusive environment for disabled people in STEMM: a NADSN White Paper.
No full textThis White Paper aims to:
● Raise awareness of the inequity and discrimination experienced by disabled people in STEMM;
● Highlight the benefits of an inclusive STEMM environment that values disabled people and supports their career development;
● Provide short, medium, and long-term recommendations to address systemic ableism in STEMM; and
● Promote understanding and transformative change to improve the experiences of disabled people in STEMM including the sharing of good practice.
Our recommendations are that funders, learned societies, and higher education and research institutions work together: In the short-term:
1. Recognise the specific challenges and barriers for disabled researchers to enter, remain, and progress in STEMM.
2. Improve work-based training for managers and allies around disability, neurodivergence, chronic illness and intersectionality.
3. Build inclusivity into operational systems and structures, and provide clear, timely routes for requesting and receiving adjustments/accommodations.
4. Ring-fence and publicise specific funds for disability support.
5. Budget for and improve physical environments for disabled researchers.
6. Provide support for accessing research funding from pre-application to post-award.
In the medium-term:
7. Endorse an intersectional framework for disability and inclusion in higher education and research.
8. Require organisations to be held accountable to their working practice policies; with regular reviews to ensure they are accessible, inclusive, embed meaningful consultation, co-design, Equality Impact Assessments, and Equality/Equity, Diversity, Inclusion and Accessibility (EDIA).
9. Establish Access to Work pathways for disabled researchers.
10. Reconceptualise the indicators for ‘good’ research, researchers, and environments.
11. Stop promoting and funding toxic research cultures.
12. Allow disabled academics to work part-time with no detriment to their pension or opportunities for progression.
In the long-term:
13. Create inclusive research cultures and ecosystems.
14. Recognise and reward work in research cultures and ecosystems.
15. Change equality law to recognise the impact of intersectional discrimination
认知主义和神经科学应用于儿童文学的问题及相关议题 (The application of cognitivism and neuroscience to children's literature: issues and related topics)
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Different and proud of it: a TAG perspective on the coordination of unlike categories
No full textThis paper presents an analysis of sentences featuring superficial coordinations of unlike categories in English, such as John is a Republican and proud of it (NP and AP) and Pat is stupid and a liar (AP and NP). We argue that, despite the fact that examples like these have been grouped in the literature on coordination of unlikes, there are significant syntactic differences that justify distinguishing between them representationally and derivationally. We propose two categories of coordination of unlikes: anaphoric and intersective coordinations. In particular, we will focus on how to formulate a structural description that gets the right reference for it in a Republican and proud of it, a point unexplored in existing proposals