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Who Remains Conservative?
No full textThis study investigated the logic behind the formation process of political orientation in Korea by revisiting Thorstein Veblen's social Darwinism perspective, according to which the highest and lowest income groups keep their conservativeness longer than other groups either willingly or passively. In order to prove his theory, this study borrowed a dataset from the World Values Survey (WVS) and applied several regression models. As a result, conservativeness decreased as level of income increased; however, the extent to which conservative orientation decreases became smaller. It meant that Veblen's theory has well fitted into Korean society. Based on the results, this study diagnosed current circumstance of Korean society having suffered from serious social and political polarization. It concluded that the polarization happened due mainly to the time gap among individuals to capitulate to the pressure of change which the present age requires accepting, and finally provided appropriate stance to address the problem.1
an empirical analysis
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Policy,2019Sub-Saharan African countries have implemented several trade reforms over the past decades, with the aim of boosting global openness and economic growth. Development economists and prominent multilateral institutions have recognized positive contribution of international trade on economic growth in Sub Saharan Africa and their studies show that African countries have strong potential for further economic growth and income development if invested in promoting international trade as its share to global trade remains small, unlike its strong position to supply raw materials to major trading countries around the world. However, their empirical studies do not cease to be questioned due to at least the following three reasons : (1) there are still doubts on how openness to trade is measured to ascertain the role of trade on growth among countries; (2) the estimation methodology and choice of regressors are still open for debate and not unanimously confirmed among researchers and policy making groups, and (3) there are still uncertainties on how policies implemented by the governments effectively contribute to countries’ economic growth. This study aims at understanding the contribution of trade openness to economic growth among Sub Saharan African countries by using pooled regression of panel data econometrics around 50 countries from 1960 to 2015, and empirically testing the introduction of Human Capital and Corruption Indexes as a new regressors to estimate the effects of trade openness on income in sub Saharan Africa. The study findings show that openness to trade (which is measures as ratio of import and export to GDP) has a statistically significant positive impact on per capita income growth across all selected sub-Saharan African countries incomes. Countries with larger share of export are more likely to benefit from trade openness that those with larger share of imports as the latter dampen the countries ‘current account. However, the effect of the import on country’s per capita was not statistically significant. The study has also found that Human Capital Index has a robust and statistically significant positive impact on per capita income and trade openness in Sub-Saharan African, which show the extent to which countries that have invested more in human capital development benefit more from trade openness than those that invested less. Nevertheless, there is a statistically significant negative impact of country’s landlockedness on per capita income. The study suggests that landlocked Sub-Saharan African countries benefit less from trade openness than non-landlocked countries. Based on study findings, this study recommends that that Governments across in Sub-Saharan Africa should increase their investments in human capital development through several that are aimed at improving early learning and the quality of secondary education. Sub-Saharan African countries should also increase investments in export growth promotion initiatives by supporting export diversification policies to boost significant improvements in country export volume. Export diversification in Agro-processing sector should be facilitated by focusing on organic food stuff of which demand continues to increase amid china’s middle-income population growth. The latter would benefit from majority of the African population hence ensuring inclusive growth. Futhermore, governments across Sub-Saharan Africa should embrace intra-regional trade initiatives such as the recently signed African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) and ensure macroeconomic stabilities by undertaking holistic trade diversification policy reforms.1 INTRODUCTION
2 LITTERATURE REVIEW
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSION
5 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSmasterpublishedVincent NKUNDIMANA
Effects of Advertising Campaign on the Salesperson’s Performance: Should a Multilevel Marketing Firm Advertise Its Brand to Customers?
Get PDFPurpose - The purpose of this study is to explore how advertising for multilevel marketing brands affect the salesperson’s activity including customer-salesperson interactivity, work attitude, and perceived and actual performance after the campaign.
Research Design, data, and methodology - This study collects experimental data, survey data, and actual sales data and applies statistical analyses such as factor analysis, t-tests, and a structural equation model.
Results - The results show that advertising campaign can enhance a salesperson’s selling activities and provide wide managerial implications to a multilevel marketing firm by filling the gaps for the field of advertising research.
Conclusions - Managerial implications include: i) multilevel marketing firms should consider advertising campaigns as a means of changing customer responses because advertising plays a significant role in increasing familiarity with, and knowledge of, attitudes toward the brand, which also helps salespeople interact with customers; ii) multilevel marketing firms should consider brand advertising as a means to support the sales activities of salespeople including sales effectiveness, work attitudes, and perceived performance, and iii) multilevel marketing firms should consider brand advertising as a means to enhance a salesperson’s pride and motivation for selling their brand, which will lead to improved sales performances.2
Establishing a Rating Institution for Evaluating the Competitiveness and Risks of Enterprises
No full text1. Introduction
2. Financing Innovative Start-Ups and SMEs and Rating Innovation in Hungary
3. Innovation Assessment and Finance in Korea
4. Policy Recommendations
5. ConclusionTRU
CHAPTER 2 Changing World Happiness
No full textIn the first World Happiness Report we surveyed a wide range of available data. The Gallup World Poll surveys covering 2005-2011 gave the widest international coverage. Now, seven years later, we have twice as many years of data from the Gallup World Poll, giving us a sufficient time span to consider how our principal measures of happiness, and their main supporting factors, have evolved from 2005 through 2018.
The chapter therefore starts with a presentation of the evolution of annual data at the global and regional levels for three key happiness measures – life evaluations, positive affect, and negative affect over the whole course of the Gallup World Poll from 2005 through 2018. For all our plots of annual data, we combine the surveys in 2005 and 2006, because of the small number of countries in the first year.[1]
The title of this chapter is intentionally ambiguous, designed to document not just the year-to-year changes in happiness, but also to consider how happiness has been affected by changes in the quality of government. After our review of how world happiness has been changing since the start of the Gallup World Poll, we turn to present our rankings and analysis of the 2016-2018 average data for our three measures of subjective well-being plus the six main variables we use to explain their international differences. See Technical Box 1 for the precise definitions of all nine variables.
For our country-by-country analysis of changes, we report changes from 2005-2008 to 2016-2018, grouping years together to provide samples of sufficient size. We shall also provide estimates of the extent to which each of the six key explanatory variables contributed to the actual changes in life evaluations from 2005-2008 to 2016-2018.
We then complete the chapter with our latest evidence on the links between changes in the quality of government, by a variety of measures, and changes in national average life evaluations over the 2005-2018 span of years covered by the Gallup World Poll.TRU
세대별로 투표하는 정당이나 후보는 달라지는가?
No full text이 논문은 지지 후보/정당으로 드러난 한국 사회의 세대 간 정치행태 차이를 분석한다. 특히 기간효과와 연령효과를 구분해 세대만의 독자적인 특성이 있는지, 특성이 있다면 세대별로 어떻게 다르게 나타나는지를 분석해보고자 한다. 정치 태도와 행위에 대한 연령효과, 기간효과, 세대효과의 존재를 확인하기 위하여 이 논문은 APC(Age-Period-Cohort) 분석을 활용할 것이다. APC 모형은 분석 가능한 자료만 존재한다면 세대와 연령의 차별적 효과를 드러내는 데 적합하다. 이 연구에서는 국내 대표적인 반복횡단면 조사인 한국종합사회조사(Korean General Social Survey)를 분석 자료로 사용하였다.
분석결과, 지난 2010년부터 2018년까지 분석에서 사용된 여섯번의 전국선거에서 드러난 세대간 정치행태를 분석한 결과 세대간 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 세대 차이는 계층과 지역을 통제한 이후에도 존재하며, 기간효과와 연령효과와도 구분된 독자적인 특성을 지녔다. 또한 나이가 들면서 보수 화되는 일반적 경향과는 구분된 세대별 특성도 나타났다. 이러한 세대 특성은 HAPC 분석모형을 통해 통계적으로도 유의미하게 다름이 확인되었다. 구체적으로 1964년생 이전세대는 보수성향을 보였다. 특히 나이든 고령의 세대일수록 보수성향이 더 강함이 드러났다. 특히 386세대 전반기에 해당하는 1960~64년생은 연령효과와 기간효과를 통제한 후에는 보수 후보를 지지할 확률이 높았다. 반면 1965~84년생은 비보수 블록을 형성하고 있는데, 특히 1970~74년생과 1965~69년생이 가장 비보수적인 정치 행태를 보였다. 진보블럭에 이어, 1985~94년생에게서는 다시 보수성이 강화된 특성이 나타났다. 특히 1990~1994년생은 연령효과와 기간효과를 통제하고 나면, 1940년대생에 필적할만큼 강한 보수성이 나타났다.2
Closing the Republic of Korea's Infrastructure Gap through Sustainable Public-Private Partnerships, 1994–2005
No full textThis case study reviews the evolution of public-private partnership (PPP) policy in the Republic of Korea in chronological order and identifies the lessons learned. It describes the background of the country’s innovative infrastructure financing scheme in the early 1990s and the policy measures that were used to promote private investment in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s. It also discusses how the Korean government has coped with rising concerns triggered by the fiscal liabilities that PPPs have left the government with.
Facing an infrastructure gap, the Korean government passed the PPP Act (the Act on Promotion of Private Capital into Social Overhead Capital Investment) in 1994 to expand its fiscal space by inducing private investment in infrastructure development. However, the new act was not very effective at this task, mainly because of the lack of detailed rules and regulations surrounding the new investments, the limited capacity of government officials, and the weakness of Korean financial institutions. It was the amendment of the PPP Act in 1999, in the wake of the Asian financial crisis, that provided the driving force to the PPP market, enabling a sizable number of PPP projects to begin. Adding to the existing tax incentives and land acquisition privileges for the special-purpose vehicles (SPVs) formed to implement PPP projects, the government provided substantial support, including a new risk-sharing scheme, the Minimum Revenue Guarantee (MRG) clause, to mitigate project risk for SPVs. The government also encouraged unsolicited PPP proposals, thereby allowing private companies to develop projects in advance of government planning.
The new risk-sharing scheme of the MRG clause was effective at quickly expanding the PPP program. However, the MRG policy went on to pose longterm challenges to the government’s fiscal sustainability. The government had to accept fiscal liability for low demand for PPP projects and pay substantial amounts of money through the MRG clause. Also, both users of the new infrastructure and politicians criticized the high tolls charged. As concern rose about the fiscal sustainability of PPPs, the government revised the PPP Act again in 2005, and a series of new policies were introduced to strengthen fiscal discipline in PPP implementations. A rigorous Value for Money (VfM) test, introduced as a duediligence measure, now had to be met before a project was designated as a PPP. Korea’s experience with PPPs demonstrates the importance of balancing market promotion and fiscal discipline in PPP policy. A PPP system is sustainable when projects are (a) financially viable and bankable and (b) efficient enough to deliver VfM in fiscal management
