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생명보험사의 재보험 의사결정 영향요인 분석
No full textThis paper examines how company-specific features of Korean life insurance companies are associated with companies’ use of reinsurance. Using panel data covering 372 firm-year observations for the eighteen consecutive years from 2001 to 2018, we perform Hausman-Taylor instrumental variable estimation. We observe that higher underwriting risk, lower solvency ratio, higher financial leverage, smaller firm size, and more diversified portfolios are associated with greater use of reinsurance. In addition, It seems that life insurance companies that are a part of financial conglomerates buy more reinsurance, while foreign-owned life insurers retain more risk. Being the first empirical reinsurance study using Korean life insurance company data, this research implies that various company-specific characteristics should be considered in reinsurance decision-making in the changing life insurance market environment in Korea.
Exploring Effects of Water Price on Residential Water Demand for Water Management
No full textPurpose: Management of water is a crucial issue globally and is becoming more critical due to climate change. The purpose of this study is to explore water resource management by considering price and water usage based on river basins and to suggest more efficient residential water demand management in South Korea. Research Design, data, and methodology: This study applied data of water usage and water price of 15 regions in four major river basins by considering up and downstream locations from 1997 to 2017 collected by Ministry of Environment in Korea. This study applied regression analyses, ANOVA, and 2-Way ANOVA to verify its claims. Results: The results found that effects of price on water usage showed significant in many cities. The results also showed that means of water usages differ based on location (upstream and downstream) and river basins. Conclusion: The findings provide important policy and management implications for the improvement of water resource management in terms of demand. The results also indicate that water price should be reconsidered by comparing water price levels with those of OECD countries. Furthermore, the results imply that water management in Korea needs to improve in terms of supply to cope with climate change.2
Implementing Open Policy Platform: A pilot study
No full text우리 경제·사회 전반은 4차 산업혁명으로 지칭되는 디지털 전환의 과정을 겪고 있다. AI, 빅데이터 등 신기술의 비약적 발전에 비해 이를 뒷받침할 정책과 제도는 그 변화 속도에 발을 못 맞추고 있다. 본 연구는 정책의 설계 및 운영 과정에서 효과성을 높이고 혁신을 도모할 수 있는 방안을 ‘참여적 정책설계 플랫폼’에서 찾고 있다. 이해관계자와 시민의 자발적 참여 플랫폼을 통해 신뢰와 협력에 기반한 공론과정을 거쳐 경제·사회문제에의 합의점을 찾고 이를 성장동력으로 활용하고자 하는 것이 연구 배경이라 할 수 있다. 본 보고서는 ‘어떤 논리와 형식으로 플랫폼 설계를 정교화할 것인가’라는 질문을 화두로, 플랫폼 설계에 있어 염두에 두어야 할 공통 차원 및 구성요소들을 총 6가지로 정리하였다. 첫 번째 차원은 ‘문제 분야 및 목적 가치’로, 후자의 ‘목적 가치’를 의사결정이나 정책과정 분석 목적 등의 요소로 분석하였다. 두 번째는 ‘문제 및 대안 특성’ 차원으로,‘외부 정책 및 서비스 혁신’과 ‘내부 조직 및 과정 혁신’ 등 ‘문제인식의 방향’에서 접근하고, 문제의 명료성/갈등수준/시급성/보안성 측면과, 대안 유형 등의 차원에서 분석하였다. 세 번째는 ‘참여적 정책설계 플랫폼의 권능 범위’ 차원으로, 의사결정단계에서의 플랫폼 권능과 플랫폼의 책임성(성과/평가) 등의 관점에서 분석하였다. 네 번째는 이해관계자/참여자간 가치교환 구조, 특성 등을 통해 ‘플랫폼 아키텍처’를 분석하였다. 다섯번째 차원은 ‘플랫폼 의사소통 및 의사결정 방법론’으로, 데이터 수집 및 활용, 의사소통 및 의사결정 방법 등을 중심으로 분석하였고, 마지막 여섯 번째 차원으로, ‘플랫폼 제도/도구/성과물의 지식 형태 및 소유 구조’를 분석하였다. 보고서의 제3장에서는 참여적 정책설계 플랫폼 도구 중 공론조사, 해커톤, 리빙뱁, 정책랩 등 네 가지 유형을 중심으로 국내외 사례를 선정하고, 앞에서 제시한 분석틀에 기반하여 특징을 도출하였다. 이번 연구는 참여형 플랫폼을 활용하여 경제사회 문제를 해결한 현장을 직접 방문하여 조사한 사례연구를 포함하고 있다. 서울시의 ‘디자인 거버넌스’와 핀란드의 ‘Design for Government’를 선정하고, 각 사업을 주관하는 정책담당자 및 운영관계자를 대상으로 심층면담을 수행하였고, 면담자와 피면담자를 복수로 구성하여 내용의 타당성 및
신뢰성을 제고하였으며, 대상 사업과 관련된 공식 문서 및 자료를 활용하여 1차 자료활용의 한계를 보완하였다. 사전적으로 구성된 분석틀을 기준으로 사례를 분석하고, 새롭게 관찰되는 구체사항들을 바탕으로 참여적 정책설계 플랫폼의 6가지 차원별로 실제 활용되는 선택지들과 그 조합들을 체계적으로 규명함으로써 분석틀을 보완하였다. 또한 본 보고서는 스마트 제조의 본격 추진을 위한 참여적 정책 설계 플랫폼 도입시의 주요 쟁점 및 갖춰야 할 요건을 제시하고 있다. ‘대·중소 상생형 스마트공장 구축지원사업’ 사례를 통해 스마트 제조 및 스마트공장 확산 기반의 민관협력 종합대책을 수립하고 기업의 참여유인 확대 등을 위한 추진 체계를 정비하고, 향후 이와 같은 협력모델을 산업 전반으로 확산할 필요가 있음을 제안하면서, 동시에 참여적 정책설계 플랫폼의 관점에서는 아직 한계점을 노정하고 있음을 밝히고 있다. 제6장에서 참여적 정책설계 플랫폼 설계 및 운영의 시사점을 제시하고 있다. 우선, 참여적 정책설계 플랫폼 설계 및 운영의 공통 조건으로, ‘플랫폼 참여자·기관의 역량’ 과 플랫폼의 6가지 차원간 맞춤형 설계/운영/협력의 최소 조건을 제시한다. 다음으로, 앞에서 제시한 서울시의 ‘디자인 거버넌스’ 사례와 핀란드의 ‘Design for Government’사례에 적용하여, 각 차원별 플랫폼 설계/운영/협력의 구체적 고려사항을 정리하고 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 현장 전문가의 참여를 통해 새로운 시대에 필요한 정책을 선제적으로 수립·지원하기 위해 2020년부터 시작되는 ‘열린혁신플랫폼을 통한 정책형성 방안사업’을 위해 국내외에서 실시되고 있는 다양한 개방형 혁신 플랫폼에 대한 전반적인
검토라는 기반 연구로서의 의의를 갖는다. 본 보고서가 참여적 정책설계 플랫폼을 설계하고 운영하고자 하는 기관들에게 유용하게 활용되기를 기대한다
Intersectional Bias in Hate Speech and Abusive Language Datasets
No full textAlgorithms are widely applied to detect hate speech and abusive language in social media. We investigated whether the human-annotated data used to train these algorithms are biased. We utilized a publicly available annotated Twitter dataset (Founta et al. 2018) and classified the racial, gender, and party identification dimensions of 99,996 tweets. The results showed that African American tweets were up to 3.7 times more likely to be labeled as abusive, and African American male tweets were up to 77% more likely to be labeled as hateful compared to the others. These patterns were statistically significant and robust even when party identification was added as a control variable. This study provides the first systematic evidence on intersectional bias in datasets of hate speech and abusive language.
Exploring the corporate social responsibility dimensions that affect customer satisfaction and loyalty
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2019The importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in corporate business is increasing worldwide. This study aims to provide insight into CSR practice by examining the effect of CSR's social, environmental, and economic dimensions on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Although various studies on CSR have been actively conducted, research of the effect of social, environmental, and economic dimensions of CSR on the attitude, customer satisfaction and loyalty of corporate has not actively studied. This study utilizes the quantitative method, which are factor analysis, regression analysis, and ANOVA analysis. The results showed that the economic dimension among three dimensions of CSR is valid and significant for attitude toward the firm. customer satisfaction, and loyalty. Finally, the findings of this research provided managerial and policy implications for corporate and government.I. Introduction
II. Literature Review
III. Theoretical Background
IV. Hypotheses Development
V. Methodology
VI. Data Analysis
VII. ConclusionOutstandingmasterpublishedSujin MO
Smart Factories: Economic Impacts and Policy Implications
No full text제조업과 IT의 융합으로 나타난 제조업 혁신기술의 발전은 기업에 새로운 기회를 제공하는 동시에 변화에 대응하지 못한 기업의 생존을 위협하고 있다. 주요국들은 소위 4차 산업혁명으로 불리는 산업의 디지털화에 대응하여 제조업 경쟁력을 강화하려는 전략을 내세우고 있다. 우리나라 정부는 ‘2022년까지 스마트공장 3만개 구축’을 목표로 중소기업에 대한 직접 지원을 통해 제조강국을 실현하겠다는 전략을 추진 중이다.
본 연구는 해당 전략으로 지원받은 사업체를 포함하여 우리나라 제조업체의 스마트 수준이 어느 정도인지, 제조업체가 더 스마트해지고 있는지 등의 근본적인 물음에서 시작한다. 사업체의 스마트 수준의 변화가 사업체의 성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 분석도 되어 있지 않은 현실에서 본 연구는 계량경제학의 방법론을 적용하여 이에 대한 분석 결과를 제시한다(제2장). 연구자와 정책당국자뿐만 아니라 노동자들도 스마트화의 진전이 노동과 고용에 미칠 영향에 대한 관심이 높다. 본 연구는 스마트화를 데이터를 활용한 생산시스템의 변화로 인식하고, 노동을 대체하는 자동화와 차별하여 스마트화가 노동과 고용에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석한다(제3장). 더 나아가 사업체의 스마트화에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 분석하여 특정 기술의 도입만이 아닌 다른 중요한 스마트화 요인에 대해 분석한다(제4장).
스마트공장은 생산시스템과 관련한 소프트웨어 혹은 하드웨어의 설치만으로 완성되지 않는다. 디지털 기반 생산시스템의 운영능력과 운영과정에서 추출되는 데이터 분석능력을 갖추지 못한 공장에 대한 스마트화 지원은 오히려 비효율성을 가중시키는 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 공장의 스마트화는 기술적 변화뿐만 아니라 경영과 작업 방식의 변화가 함께 수반되어야 한다는 점을 정책에 반영할 필요를 역설한다. 본 연구에서는 중소⋅중견기업의 스마트화를 효과적으로 지원하는 방안을 구체적으로 제안하며(제4장), 우리나라 스마트 제조혁신 전략이 개별 공장의 스마트공장 도입을 넘어 실제 제조업의 경쟁력 강화로 이어지기 위한 새로운 제조업 혁신 거버넌스를 제시한다(제5장).발간사
요 약
제1장 서 론
참고문헌
제2장 공장의 스마트화와 사업체 성과 (정성훈⋅김민호)
제1절 스마트공장이란?
제2절스마트화 수준의 측정과 분석 자료
제3절 공장의 스마트화에 따른 사업체 성과
제4절 요약 및 소결
참고문헌
제3장 스마트공장화가 고용에 미치는 영향 (이창근)
제1절 서 론
제2절 기술과 노동시장: 기존 연구와 주요 쟁점
제3절 연구 및 측정 전략
제4절 스마트공장화의 고용 효과
제5절 결론 및 정책 시사점
참고문헌
제4장 스마트화 결정요인과 스마트화를 위한 전략 (김민호⋅정성훈)
제1절 국내 제조업체 스마트화 수준과 결정요인
제2절 스마트공장의 도입 및 확산을 위한 지원체계
제3절 기업 스마트화를 위한 정책 개선방안
제4절 결 어
참고문헌
제5장 결론 및 ‘스마트 제조혁신 전략’ 제언
참고문헌
부 록
ABSTRACTTRU
the case of Eritrea
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Development Policy, 2019This study tests a hypothesis about the impact of foreign aid in Eritrea and whether it really achieved its intended goals. It further analyses foreign aid effectiveness and how it affects the policy of self-reliance in Eritrea. It attempts to investigate the way aid was channeled and the degree to which the country has had control of the process as well as setting the priorities which are closely related to “self-reliance”. The study seeks to answer the following questions: “Was aid delivered in a way that strengthened country ownership or undermined it? Does it undermine the policy of “self-reliance”? And how can cooperation between Eritrean government and donors be adjusted in order to better enhance ownership and “self-reliance” and overall aid effectiveness? The data for this study was collected mainly from the Ministry of National Development and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Eritrea-two Ministries Primarily dealing with International Cooperation. Both primary and secondary data sources were used. Interviews were also conducted with 5 key top ranking government officials. In this study, it is revealed that although the government of Eritrea negotiated very well and had a strong ownership in the process of aid delivery and setting priorities, the donor’s approach especially that of EU was ‘rigid’ in the eyes of the Eritrean government and created friction at times. The study further reveals that, Eritrea, although relatively less corrupt compared with many recipient countries, it showed lack of absorption capacity as well as weak institutions that made aid less effective in some areas. Eritrean government believes that its “self-reliance” policy was misunderstood as “isolationist” and created friction at times with donors.CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION & BACK-GROUND
CHAPTER TWO. HISTORICAL BACK-GROUND OF “SELF-RELIANCE” IN ERITREA
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF AID FLOWS FROM 1993-2005
CHAPTER FOUR: AID FLOWS AFTER 2005
CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER SIX: conclusion & recommendationsmasterpublishedRedae ZER
International Conflict, Military Rule, and Violent Authoritarian Breakdown
No full textWhy do some transitions of power from military rule occur violently while others do not? What effect, if any, does the international security environment have on how violent breakdowns of authoritarian rule are? I argue a conflict-prone security environment ameliorates the commitment problem by ensuring an influential role for the military out of power. Therefore, when facing a domestic crisis in a threatening security environment, military leaders are more likely to peacefully cede power rather than wield violent measures to stay in office. Perhaps counter-intuitively, international conflicts thus lead to transitions of power from military rule that minimize violence and human costs. International conflicts do not have this moderating effect on other types of authoritarian rule.1
Building a More Resilient Health System after Ebola in Liberia
Get PDFIn 2014, an Ebola outbreak hit Liberia, a country with a health system that had been severely weakened by two civil wars, economic stagnation, and the loss of many skilled and educated health workers who left the country to escape violence. By the end of the outbreak in 2015, Liberia experienced a total of 10,685 Ebola cases, and 4,809 victims had died. Confidence in public health facilities dropped and demand for public sector health services declined. During the outbreak, many facilities had temporarily closed due to fear of contamination and spread of the disease. Collaboration between the Liberian government and its international partners eventually led to the end of the epidemic, but the health ministry’s leaders wanted to ensure that the health system would be better prepared for the next public health emergency.
There were several challenges to building up the Liberian health system. The country lacked skilled health workers, particularly specialist doctors and nurses, and those shortages were especially acute in rural areas. Health workers had clashed with the health ministry over complaints including low pay and poor working conditions, and had gone on strike shortly before Ebola arrived in the country. Those tensions were detrimental to the motivation of health workers. Liberia was very dependent on donor support for the functioning of its health system, but that support was often fragmented and it was difficult for the government to track exactly what was being funded and implemented throughout the country. There was also a basic problem of weak health infrastructure, including lack of proper equipment, few triage facilities, and a poorly functioning supply chain.
As Liberia began to bring the Ebola crisis under control in late 2014, health ministry leaders saw an opportunity to transition from the short-term emergency response to a longer-term plan for strengthening the health system. Through consultations with internal and external stakeholders, the ministry created an investment plan for building a resilient health system, to run until 2021. The three highest-priority areas were: building a productive and motivated health workforce that fit the needs of the country, reengineering the health infrastructure, and strengthening the epidemic preparedness, surveillance, and response system. Fully realizing the investments in the plan would cost an estimated total of 735 million gap based on existing donor commitments.
This study highlights several aspects of the investment plan. First, the plan provided for the creation of a new cadre of paid community health assistants, a model piloted in cooperation with a local NGO. Second, it included measures to improve the health workforce, such as an emergency hiring and management plan to transform lower-paid contractors into civil servants and academic partnerships to strengthen postgraduate medical education. Third, it provided for the creation of a public health institute to strengthen disease surveillance and response. Fourth, it guided investment in new health infrastructure. As of 2019, several positive results were apparent. Community health assistants across the country helped connect rural communities to the public health system and the National Public Health Institute of Liberia improved the health system’s emergency response capability. More health facilities had isolation units and triages than was the case in 2014, when the Ebola outbreak began. The country’s laboratory facilities greatly improved, allowing samples to be tested for at least seven priority infectious diseases within 24 hours. The density of health facilities increased from 1.6 per 10,000 population in 2015 to 1.9 per 10,000 in 2016. Despite progress made, however, the number of trained health workers remained far below the needs of the country and out of pocket health expenditures remained high, evidence that the public health system was still not meeting demands. Lessons learned from this case study include the importance of incorporating donors and external partners into long-term planning and policymaking after a crisis and the need for donors and implementing partners to invest in permanent infrastructure during a health crisis, not only temporary structures
Building Community-based Resilience in the Municipality of San Francisco, Cebu, Republic of the Philippines
Get PDFThis Global Delivery Initiative (GDI) case study examines how the Municipality of San Francisco, in Cebu province, Philippines transformed its unique subvillage-level purok system so that it could be used in disaster risk reduction
and management (DRRM). The purok system, a network of communitybased people’s organizations that complements the elected barangay (village) government, was established in 2004 as grassroots service delivery unit of the municipal government. With an emphasis on volunteerism and self-help, the purok became the primary vehicle to reach the most vulnerable communities in the municipality. In 2010, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act mandated local government units (LGUs) to take the lead in implementing DRRM. In San Francisco, DRRM was integrated into the purok. In November 2013, typhoon Haiyan (known locally as Yolanda) became one
of the strongest tropical cyclones ever to make landfall. San Francisco recorded zero casualties and began recovery immediately, despite being geographically isolated from its mother province, while nearby LGUs were left overwhelmed by the extent of damages left by Haiyan. This case study shows how, prior to the onslaught of typhoon Haiyan, the formative years in establishing the purok system provided the necessary learning process for residents and municipal officials to overcome the challenge of coordination and engagement among the different levels of government, as well as within communities themselves, in the context of introducing the new DRRM framework