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Present situation of distribution of Prosobranchia and Bivalvia at interdidal zone in Sakurajima, Kagoshima, Japan
No full textStudy of the microblades based on use-wear analysis in Kyushu
No full text2012-2013年度科学研究費助成事業（若手研究（B））研究成果報告書 課題番号：24720356 研究代表者：寒川朋枝（鹿児島大学・埋蔵文化財調査センター・助教）本研究は、九州内の細石刃に認められる使用痕の地域性を把握することを目的とする。使用痕分析の結果、南九州で特徴的な線状痕をもつ細石刃の分布の中心は鹿児島湾奥部周辺であり、出土数だけでなく線状痕の量・密集度ともに顕著であった。こうした使用痕を有する細石刃は主に九州山地以南に分布し、分布の北限付近では線状痕を有する細石刃の点数も少なくなり、線状痕の密集度も低くなる。また、西北九州でごく数点同様の細石刃が認められたが、これは石材を介した集団の複雑で活発な活動の一端を示している。また、石器使用実験ではこうした線状痕を生じさせる作業対象物は有機物より硬質なものであった可能性が高いと想定された。The purpose of this study is to make clear the distribution of microblades that have distinctive use-wear striations in southern Kyushu.THe results of use-wear analysis showed that the distribution of use-wear striations had spread at the center of inner part of Kagoshima bay. And not only the number of the microblades that have distinctive use-wear striations on their surface, but also the degree of density was higher remarkably. The number of microblade with use-wear striations was decreased and the degree of density was lower in northern part. A small minority of microblades with distinctive use-wear was found in northwestern Kyushu. This will be relevant to the complex activity of the human groups through stone materials. Our experiment of using microblades showed the possibility that the microblades might be used for not only organic matters but also more harder inorganic substance and it led to distinctive use-ware striations
FORMULATION AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR VIBRATION RESPONSES OF THE INTERACTIVE BEHAVIOR BETWEEN A POTENTIAL FLUID AND THE CYLINDRICAL SHELL CONTAINER IN LARGE DEFORMATIONS
No full text2011-2013年度科学研究費助成事業（基盤研究（C））研究成果報告書 課題番号：23560677 研究代表者：皆川洋一（鹿児島大学・理工学研究科・特任教授）水の入ったタンクが周期的な地動を受ける時、初等的な振動理論では予測できない応答が発生する。流体の大変形、および容器の有限変形を考慮したこの構造システムの挙動を厳密に支配する汎関数を、研究代表者は示した。1990年代になって、この汎関数を厳密に解析することが可能となった。有限要素法を用いた直接法を利用して、この汎関数を解析する定式化、および数値解析例を示した。得られた応答は未解明の振動応答が理論解析で再現されることを、二次元問題、および三次元の円筒タンクを用いて実証したIt is reported that response of liquid-filled tank on a shaking table showed some vibration response that was contradiction to expectation of elementary tank vibration. Then, author has been studying to analyze the response that might be caused by dynamic geometric nonlinear behavior, and sowed a Lagrangian function that governed the interactive behavior between a potential fluid and elastic container in large deformations. Applying finite element methods to functional, a new formulation and a deriving a discretizing method are shown in the research. Numerical analyses of the nonlinear vibration response are carried out, the advantages of the procedure is demonstrated
A Review on Dusun as an Indigenous Agroforestry System Practiced in Small Islands
No full textSince the ancient time, farmers in Maluku have practiced dusun as an agroforestry system to develop spices crops in some parts of the Maluku, such as Banda, Ternate, Saparua, and Seram islands. Dusun is an indigenous agroforestry model of the Maluku farmers, where perennial, annual, and forest crops are grown together. In dusun, the perennial crops are considered as main crops, while annual and forest crops are considered as secondary crops. The most important perennial crops of dusun in Maluku are cloves, nutmegs, sago, coconuts, cacao, and edible fruit trees. The dominated annual crops are cassava, sweet potato, cocoyam, yam, maize, beans, and vegetables, while forest crops in general are shading trees and timber species. Dusun has been known for a long time as a source of local security foods, because it support meeting daily needs of farmers, generate cash money, increase household income, and conserve the ecosystem. Therefore, dusun may be considered as a farmers’ bank in some isolated islands
Territorial Organization by Bupolo People in Buru Island
No full textTo understand Bupolo people in Buru Island, I should start from how I understand the way they divide their life space in association with the environment, namely by understanding the territorial organization of the Bupolo. This understanding will then give a good direction to the understanding of their social organization. Complex division of space in Bupolo people’s lives is something interesting to study. Ethnobotany approach is one of the most suitable methods to be used to describe to complexity. This paper attempts to describe how the Bupolo people in Buru Island, Maluku Province, organize their territory and life spaces
On Sapir’s Principles of Historical Linguistics（Ⅱ）
No full textEdward Sapir’s Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech（ 1921） is, though one of the masterpieces
of linguistics, generally considered a handy and easy introduction to linguistics among linguists all over
the world. The reason may be found in the fact that the book is apparently written in an easy style and every
day English, quite unlike other books and papers on linguistics, and complex technical terms are hardly found
on any page of the book. Such terms as pattern and drift are often used in everyday life. Other words such as
Ablaut and Umlaut are those which any student who begins to study comparative and historical linguistics
cannot fail to meet in their first lessons. However that is the very reason we are apt to miss Sapir’s thoroughlythought-
out view on the method of historical linguistics. The aim of this paper is to clarify Sapir’s view expounded
in Language concretely and intelligibly for the first time.サピアのLanguage（1921『言語』）は名著といわれ好意的に評価する人が多い。その理由は，他の言語学の専門書のほとんどが大部であり，難解な理論や無味乾燥なデータが多く，自然科学風の文体を心がけているのに反し，サピアの『言語』は比較的小さい書物であり，一見日常的なやさしい英語で書かれ，文体もやさしく専門用語がほとんどないことがあげられる。多少特殊な用語といえば｢pattern（型，パタン）｣，｢drift（駆流）｣であるが日常的な語である。他に「Ablaut（アプラウト）」，「Umlaut（ウムラウト）」，｢類推（analogy）｣があるが少しでも印欧比較言語学を学んだ人には周知の用語・概念である。しかし，サピアの『言語』は10万年にわたる人類言語を共時的，通時的に俯瞰できることが意図されており，見かけとは裏腹に難解である。サピアが｢パタン（pattern）｣という語で意図したのは「（音声・形態の）体系構造」であり，フンボルトの「内部言語形式」，ソシュールの「ラング」，チョムスキーの「言語能力」にも通ずる射程を持っているので注意を要する。やさしく見える英語は，わずか２カ月で書かれたといわれていることからも推察できるように，まるで詩神にとりつかれて一気呵成に書き上げられた詩のようである。従って，文章を論理的にするべく推敲した形跡がない。特に，言語史を論じた第７章，第８章，第９章は緊密度が高いので一字一句も加えることも差し引くことも難しい。また，サピアの時代は印欧比較言語学が頂点を極めた時代が続いており，言語学といえば歴史言語学以外にはありえなかった。しかも，19世紀の歴史言語学に大きな影響を与えた『言語史原理』の著者である H. パウルは，サピアが『言語』を執筆中はまだ存命であった（1921没）ので正面きっての批判を避けたのかもしれない
センゴ チイキ フジンカイ ノ ヘンセン ト ゲンジョウーアマミ オオシマ ヤマトムラ ノ ジレイ オ チュウシン ニー
No full textThis paper discusses about the women’s associations of Yamato village in Amami Island during the postwar period．Especially during the period under the US administration，the women’s associations of Yamato village organized many activities in order to reduce the labor burden on women and improve their social status. The rapid economic growth in 1970s and 1980s affected the existing way of regional woman’s association．Today, half of the settlements in Yamato village don’t have their own regional women’s associations partly because many of the women in Yamato village became indifferent to the associations，which is the primary factor that caused the decline of the associations. The changes in the women’s lifestyle and the way of thinking along with the changes in social environment of women seem to have caused the problems in the existence and development of regional women’s associations. On the other hand，their contribution to the development of women and regional societies could not be denied．Even we could say that the decline of regional women’s associations can be seen as a result of the awakening of women’s awareness brought by the activities of the women’s associations．本稿は離島である奄美大島の大和村地域婦人会を研究対象に取り上げ，戦後から現在まで歴史的流れの中で，分離期，高度経済成長期，安定成長期と現在の四つの時期に分け，各時期の活動の特徴をとらえ，女性と地域婦人会組織の相互関係について考察を試みる。歴史的に見ると，戦後初期，特に分離期における大和村地域婦人会は女性の立場を配慮し，女性の労働負担の軽減や女性の地位向上を含め，評価すべき活動を行った。身近な活動を行う婦人会に対する熱意が感じられた時代もあった。しかし，社会の進展に伴い，女性自身の成長や意識の変化も地域婦人会の発展や存続に影響を与えた。現在，役員になりたい人がいないため，大和村における11の集落のうち，約半分の地域で婦人会が組織されていない。大和村の女性の間には，地域婦人会に対する無関心な態度が窺える。それは大和村地域婦人会の衰退の現状と密接な関係があると思われる。現在，地域婦人会の衰退に関する指摘が多く見られるが，大和村地域婦人会と女性がこれまで相互に影響しあい，地域婦人会が女性および社会の発展に大きく貢献したことは否定できないであろう。女性の生活方式と思考方式の変化が現在の地域婦人会の発展と存続の問題をもたらしたと言えるが，地域婦人会の衰退それ自体は，見方を変えれば，女性自身の成長が地域の網羅性を打破する女性意識の覚醒と見ることもできるであろう
Socio-economic factors that have influenced the decline of sago consumption in small islands: a case in Rural Maluku, Indonesia
No full textEven though the cost of rice tends to increase due to uncertain production, unpredictable climate
change, water shortage and limited productive rice land, around 95% of Indonesian people still depend on
rice as a staple food. In Maluku Province, there are around 52,000 ha of sago forest, and potentially able
to produce carbohydrate of more than 268 kg/capita/year for 1.55 million of the Maluku population. Sago
and other local foods were the main staple food for the local community. However, sago consumption has
decreased considerably whilst rice consumption has increased significantly in the last decade. The objectives
of this study were to identify the potential of sago production and socio-economic factors to influence the
decline of sago consumption. Data was collected from 75 farmer households in three sago villages by using
mix methods including interviews, field observation and focus group discussion. Research results show
that household expenditure for sago consumption was 5.4%, 2.4% and 0.8% in selected villages, whilst
rice consumption increased up to 15.8%, 20.8% and 38.6% respectively in the same villages. The decline
of sago consumption relates to national rice policies and the social and cultural perception of sago. This
suggests that a food security should be revitalized, otherwise dependency on imported rice will become a
threat to regional food security sustainability in the small islands of Maluku
Mosquito fauna in the Federated States of Micronesia: a discussion of the vector species of the Dengue Virus
No full textSeveral investigations of mosquito fauna in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) have been
conducted, but there is currently little information on the mosquito species, which may be the vector to
dengue fever. This review is a summary of the geographical distribution and breeding sites of the mosquito
species on four states: Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae, the FSM. Major vectors for dengue fever and
dengue hemorrhagic fever are Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in urban areas of Southeast Asia and
in the Western Pacific Resion. Aedes aegypti was collected on Pingelap Island (Pohnpei State) and on
Kosrae Island (Kosrae State), and it was the predominant species on Pingelap Island. Aedes albopictus was
collected on Weno Island (Chuuk State), Pohnpei Island and Kahlap Island (Mokil Atoll) (Pohnpei State),
and on Kosrae Island (Kosrae State), and it was the predominant species on Kahlap Island and Kosrae
Island. Entomological investigations designated the native mosquito species, Ae. hensilli, as a vector of
the dengue virus on Yap Proper. Aedes hensilli was the predominant species on Yap Proper, Ulithi Atoll
(Mogmog, Falarop, Asor and Fassarai Island) and Fais Island (Yap State) and Weno Island (Chuuk State),
and it was also distributed on Romanum Island and Piis-Paneu Island (Chuuk State). Therefore, four states
of the FSM seems to be highly dengue-sensitive. Environmental management programs are necessary to
prevent or minimize vector propagation and human contact