98024 research outputs found
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Öljykasvien sekaviljely luomutuotannossa
Get PDFSekaviljely eli kahden tai useamman viljelykasvin yhtäaikainen viljely samalla peltolohkolla on keino monipuolistaa viljelyä. Sillä voidaan tehostaa kasvutekijöiden hyödyntämistä sekä vähentää lannoitus- ja kasvinsuojelutarvetta. Öljykasveja viljellään valtaosin puhdaskasvustoina. Niiden sekaviljelyä voi toteuttaa esimerkiksi palkovilja-öljykasviseoksena tai kylvämällä syysrypsin jo keväällä kevätviljan tai palkoviljan aluskasviksi.202
Silakkaskenaariot
Get PDFSilakka on Suomen suurin kalavaranto ja niin määrältään kuin arvoltaan kaupallisen kalastuksen merkittävin saalis. Pääosa silakasta käytetään kalajauhon raaka-aineeksi. Elintarvikesilakkaa myydään kotimaahan ja vientiin.
Suomalaiset pyytävät silakkaa kahdelta kiintiöalueelta: Pohjanlahden ja Itämeren pääaltaan kiintiöalueilta. Syksyllä 2023 komissio ehdotti kalastuskieltoa Pohjanlahden silakanpyynnille ja Itämeren pääaltaan silakan kalastuksen kieltämistä. EU:n maatalous- ja kalastusneuvosto päätti, että silakan kalastus voi jatkua, mutta aiempaa pienemillä kalastuskiintiöillä.
Kalastajat, kalateollisuus ja kalataloushallinto ovat huolissaan silakkakantojen ja silakan kalastuksen kehityksestä. Tämän vuoksi maa- ja metsätalousministeriö tilasi Luonnonvarakeskukselta skenaariotyön. Työssä taustoitetaan silakkakantojen ja silakan hyödyntämisen kehitystä. Lisäksi selvitetään kolmeen erilaiseen kiintiökokoon ja epävarmuuteen perustuvan skenaarion vaikutusta yritysten toimintaan. Samalla selvitettiin yritysten näkemyksiä hallinnon tukitoimista.
Yrittäjien ensisijainen toive oli, että tieteellisen tiedon tuottamista saataisiin ajantasaistettua ja sen luotettavuutta kasvatettua. Pienessä ja epävarmassa kiintiötilanteessa yritykset eivät tee kuin välttämättömät korjaukset. Jos kiintiöt paranisivat, suurin osa yrityksistä palaisi normaaliin toimintaan. Jos kiintiötilanteet eivät parane vaan ne jäävät pysyvästi pieneksi, osa yrityksistä lopettaa toimintansa taloudellisten edellytysten murentuessa. Kalataloushallinto voi tukea tutkimusta ja selvityksiä, joilla pienelle saaliille luodaan lisää arvoa tai kasvun edellytyksiä.
Kiintiöiden kasvaessa yritysten investointihalut nousevat. Jos tilanne vakautuu, käynnistyvät myös kehitysinvestoinnit. Vierasaineista on tullut iso ongelma, sillä PFAS-yhdisteiden pitoisuudet ovat nousussa. PFAS-ongelman selvittämiseen on panostettava, jos silakkaan liittyvää liiketoimintaa halutaan ylläpitää. Jos silakan kalastusnäkymä on myönteinen, laivasto- ja jalostusinvestoinnit lähtevät käyntiin. Kalasatamiin ja muuhun infraan on panostettava. Kalataloushallinnolla ei ole varaa tukea suuria investointeja, mutta sillä on mahdollisuus investointitukien kautta ohjata kehitystä yhteiskunnan toivomaan suuntaan. Esimerkiksi energiasiirtymä vaatii suuria investointeja.202
Impact of rising CO2 and temperature on grass phenology, physiology, and pollen release patterns in northern latitudes
Get PDFClimate change has complex effects on vegetation, including native grasses and those used as fodder plants. Like many other plant species, grasses respond to climate change by altering their phenology and physiological behavior, leading to changes e.g. in growth, reproduction and metabolic processes. Our study is the first to explore how Phleum pratense and Alopecurus pratensis respond to rising CO2 and temperatures projected for northern latitudes for two growing seasons. We investigated growth, phenology, pollen release, and physiological parameters in plants cultivated under these conditions, simulated within environmentally controlled chambers.
Treatment with elevated temperature reduced the number of generative tillers and, consequently, decreased both the number of inflorescences and the season pollen integrals. Pollen release from P. pratense started up to 17 days earlier, and the daily peak concentration of released pollen was observed 1–2 h earlier in chambers with elevated temperatures when compared to the present climate conditions. Similar effects were noted in A. pratensis. Elevated CO2 (EC) increased net photosynthesis of P. pratense, but this effect was reduced under elevated temperature (ET), suggesting an antagonistic interaction. In A. pratensis, both elevated CO2 and temperature had an additive effect on increasing net photosynthesis, with the highest rate observed under the combined ETEC treatment. The elevated temperature or CO2 did not affect the plant biomass.
Our findings propose that the rising temperatures in northern latitudes decrease the flowering of studied grasses and shift the seasonal and daily start of the pollen release. Changes in tiller proportions, reduced pollen integrals, and fewer inflorescences suggest that a warmer climate may negatively impact reproductive success, ecological fitness, and allergenic burden of these grasses.202
Restoring Forests and Trees for Sustainable Development : Policies, Practices, Impacts, and Ways Forward
No full text202
Higher vascular plant abundance associated with decreased ecosystem respiration after 20 years of warming in the forest-tundra ecotone
Get PDF1. The on-going climate warming is promoting shrub abundance in high latitudes, but the effect of this phenomenon on ecosystem functioning is expected to depend on whether deciduous or evergreen species increase in response to warming.
2. To explore effects of long-term warming on shrubs and further on ecosystem functioning, we analysed vegetation and ecosystem CO2 exchange after 20 years of warming in the forest–tundra ecotone in subarctic Sweden. A previous study conducted 9 years earlier had found increased evergreen Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum in the forest and increased deciduous Betula nana in the tundra.
3. Following current understanding, we expected continued increase in shrub abundance that would be stronger in tundra than in forest. We expected warming to increase ecosystem respiration (Re) and gross primary productivity (GPP), with a greater increase in Re in tundra due to increased deciduous shrub abundance, leading to a less negative net ecosystem exchange and reduced ecosystem C sink strength.
4. As predicted, vascular plant abundances were higher in the warmed plots with a stronger response in tundra than in forest. However, whereas B. nana had increased in abundance since the last survey, E. hermaphroditum abundance had declined due to several moth and rodent outbreaks during the past decade. In contrast to predictions, Re was significantly lower in the warmed plots irrespective of habitat, and GPP increased marginally only in the forest. The lower Re and a higher GPP under warming in the forest together led to increased net C sink. Re was negatively associated with the total vascular plant abundance.
5. Our results highlight the importance of disturbance regimes for vegetation responses to warming. Climate warming may promote species with both a high capacity to grow under warmer conditions and a resilience towards herbivore outbreaks. Negative correlation between Re and total vascular plant abundance further indicate that the indirect impacts of increased plants on soil microclimate may become increasingly important for ecosystem CO2 exchange in the long run, which adds to the different mechanisms that link warming and CO2 fluxes in northern ecosystems.202
The morphology, inflorescence yield, and secondary metabolite accumulation in hemp type Cannabis sativa can be influenced by the R:FR ratio or the amount of short wavelength radiation in a spectrum
Get PDFThe effect of light spectra on the quality of multiple crops has been established, however, the scientific evidence related to light quality, cannabis (Cannabis sativa) morphology, and the secondary metabolite accumulation in the female inflorescences is still sparse. C. sativa inflorescences harvested for pharmaceutical purposes are primarily cultivated in controlled environments for their secondary metabolite compounds, such as cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Indoor cultivation allows precise control over the environmental parameters, including light, which impact the inflorescence yield and quality. The effect of long (far-red) and short wavelength (blue, UV-A, UV-B) radiation on the morphology, inflorescence yield, and floral cannabinoid and terpene concentrations in a cannabidiol (CBD) dominant hemp type C. sativa genotype, FINOLA, was studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, two treatments, LOW R:FR (R:FR ratio of 1) and HIGH R:FR (R:FR ratio of 11), were compared. The second experiment included four treatments with varying blue, UV-A, and UV-B radiation content (CONTROL, BLUE, UVA, and UVB). LOW R:FR ratio treatment increased plant height and decreased inflorescence yield. HIGH R:FR ratio treatment increased CBD, tetrahydrocannabivarin acid (THCVA), and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and the sum of measured terpene concentrations compared with the LOW R:FR ratio treatment. Short wavelength radiation treatments did not impact inflorescence yield or plant morphology. BLUE and UVB treatments increased the cannabinoid, THCVA, concentration, but no difference in the sum of measured cannabinoid concentrations was observed between the treatments. UVB treatment increased the monoterpene, myrcene, concentration, but had no impact on the sum of measured terpenes concentration. In conclusion, the morphology, yield, and secondary metabolite accumulation in C. sativa can be influenced by altering the R:FR ratio or the amount of short wavelength radiation in a spectrum.202
