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Scanning European Needs and Expectations Related to Livestock Biosecurity Training by Using the World Café Method
Get PDFThe European Union Animal Health Law (2016/429) emphasizes disease prevention, underpinned by livestock biosecurity, surveillance, and traceability, as key aspects to minimize the risk of animal diseases. An important element of biosecurity is the training of key actors involved in implementing it. However, their needs and expectations regarding this training are poorly known. Under the COST action BETTER (CA20103), a World Café was organized to identify the needs and expectations of biosecurity training for farmers, veterinary practitioners, veterinary students, and other actors. A total of 78 participants distributed in four groups participated in the World Café. Needs and expectations were identified and ranked in decreasing order of importance. For farmers, the most important aspects were training focusing on practical aspects, the planning of training sessions in the day to accommodate workload, the need to prepare multiple reminders of upcoming training, and the short duration of events. For veterinary practitioners, it was considered that a mixed approach, including a theoretical and a practical part where people are invited to create a biosecurity plan and a follow-up report, were the most important features of training. For veterinary students, creating a good knowledge of the main principles of biosecurity was found as an essential element of training. Regarding other actors, gaining an understanding in the spread of pathogens and the repercussions on the cost of animal products that diseases might have (consumers), training on good/best practices of cleaning and disinfection and the development of clear protocols (transporters), and a mixture of formal and informal training and training on communication skills (other actors) were considered important. The World Café was a useful method to have a first identification, discussion, and differentiation on livestock biosecurity training needs and expectations of the key actors, although additional follow-up research involving more participants from more diverse countries with different coverage of cultures and education would be beneficial. These needs and expectations are relevant and should be considered when designing new training courses.202
Syysrypsin viljely nautakarjatiloilla
Get PDFSyysrypsin viljely nautakarjatiloilla voi olla varteenotettava vaihtoehto silloin, kun rehun-tuotantoalaa on tilalla yli vuotuisen tarpeen. Syysrypsillä on hyvä esikasviarvo, se monipuolistaa viljelykiertoa ja pienentää viljanviljelyn tautipainetta. Onnistuessaan syysrypsi ylläpitää maan rakennetta ja vähentää ravinteiden huuhtoumista. Syysrypsin kylvöaika ja sadonkorjuu asettuvat karjatilan huipputyö-sesonkien ulkopuolelle heinä-elokuun vaihteeseen. Nautakarja-alueella on mahdollista tuottaa suotuisilla lohkoilla laadukas ja määrällisesti hyvä rypsisato, kunhan onnistuu kasvinsuojelussa ja välttyy kovilta talvituhoilta.202
Workshop for the revision of Ecosystem Overviews of the Baltic Sea Ecoregion (WKBALEO)
Get PDFWorkshop for the revision of the Ecosystem Overview of the Baltic Sea Ecoregion (WKBALEO) worked to synthesize the knowledge that underpins the revision of the ICES Baltic Sea Ecosystem Overview. The Baltic Sea Ecosystem Overview aims to determine the main human activity sectors that cause pressures impacting the ecosystem components.
WKBALEO experts have evaluated the links between sectors, pressures and ecosystem components using a linkage framework and pressure assessment process that examines and scores all direct pressures and human activities for the Baltic Sea ecoregion following the ICES technical guidelines methodology and using the most up-to-date scientific knowledge.
The results indicate that most prevalent pressures in the Baltic Sea are related to nutrient discharge from multiple sources as well as impacts from species extraction, e.g. fishery including bycatch and substrate disturbance. Furthermore, contaminants and litter, mainly due to their persistence and widespread prevalence, were identified as significant pressures in the Baltic Sea.
This report also includes a description of the current ecosystem state in the Baltic Sea, where large areas of low oxygen concentration in the Central Baltic affecting benthic productivity, internal nutrient cycling, and fish recruitment, are especially concerning. Despite extensive literature on the Baltic Sea there are still knowledge gaps on the cumulative effects of pressures on ecosystem components, particularly for contaminants and their sources.
The workshop discussed emerging issues such as the increased requirement for offshore wind farms and mining, which can have impacts on the ecosystem as well as on management decisions in the future.202
Peltomaiden vesieroosion arviointi RUSLE-mallilla ja vuoden 2023 kasvi- ja toimenpidetiedoilla
Get PDFPeltomaiden vesieroosion torjunta on keskeinen tekijä pintavesien hyvän laadun ja ekologisen tilan sekä peltojen kasvukunnon ylläpitämisessä. Suomessa on toteutettu toimenpiteitä eroosion ja sen haittojen vähentämiseksi osana yhteistä eurooppalaista maatalouspolitiikkaa. Tässä raportissa arvioidaan eroosion suuruutta ja erityisesti talviaikaisen kasvipeitteen vaikutusta eroosioon koko maan tasolla hyödyntäen RUSLE-eroosiomallia sekä vuoden 2023 kasvi- ja toimenpidetietoja. Arvio perustuu kolmeen indikaattoriin: eroosio (kg ha⁻¹ v⁻¹), kokonaiseroosio (t v⁻¹) ja RUSLE:n alatekijän CToimenpide (-) kuvaama talviaikaisen kasvipeitteen tehokkuus eroosion torjunnassa.
Koko maan peltomaiden keskimääräiseksi eroosioksi arvioitiin 570 kg ha⁻¹ vuodessa, ja kokonaiseroosioksi yli 1,3 miljoonaa tonnia vuodessa. Kuntatasolla eroosio vaihteli välillä 120–1 760 kg ha⁻¹ vuodessa. Arvioitu eroosion suuruus on hieman suurempi kuin aiemmissa arvioissa, mutta RUSLE:n uudelleen kalibroinnin vuoksi tulokset eivät ole täysin vertailukelpoisia. Eri arvioiden perusteella kuitenkin tunnistettiin samat korkean eroosion alueet.
Vuoden 2023 talviaikaisen kasvipeitteen arvioitiin vähentävän eroosiota koko maan tasolla
50 % (44–56 %) verrattuna tilanteeseen, jossa talviaikaista kasvipeitettä ei ole. Kuntatasolla arvio kasvipeitteen eroosiota vähentävästä vaikutuksesta vaihteli välillä 21 % (18–24 %) ja 61 % (54–70 %). CToimenpide-alatekijän analyysin perusteella havaittiin, että toimenpiteet eivät kohdistuneet erityisesti kuntiin, joissa on korkea eroosio, suuri kokonaiseroosio tai laaja suhteellinen peltopinta-ala. Näiden kuntien keskimääräinen CToimenpide-arvo vastasi koko maan keskiarvoa. Kuntatasolla CToimenpide korreloi myös heikosti eroosion, kokonaiseroosion ja suhteellisen peltopinta-alan kanssa.
Eroosion torjunnan tehokkuus oli yleisesti matalinta Länsi-, Lounais- ja Etelä-Suomen rannikkokunnissa, mikä saattaa osittain johtua maatalouden tuotantosuuntien alueellisesta jakautumisesta.
Raportissa käsiteltiin myös RUSLE-arvioihin liittyviä epävarmuuksia ja tunnistettiin kuusi kehitystarvetta niiden vähentämiseksi. Kehitystarpeet sisältävät RUSLE-tekijöiden uudelleenarviointia ja kehittämistä, viljelytoimenpiteiden ja ympäristöolosuhteiden alueellisen vaihtelun tarkempaa huomioimista mallin parametrisoinnissa, sekä RUSLE:n tarkempaa ja laajempaa arviointia koepeltojen mittaustuloksia vasten.
Kokonaisuutena tulokset osoittavat, että talviaikaisella kasvipeitteellä on koko maan tasolla merkittävä eroosiota vähentävä vaikutus, ja sen kohdentamista voidaan mahdollisesti kehittää tehokkaammaksi. Raportin tulokset mahdollistavat tarkempien jatkoanalyysien toteuttamisen ja antavat suuntaa toimenpiteiden kohdentamisen tehostamiselle.202
Physically based modelling of spectral transmittance through forest canopies
Get PDFPhysically based models simulating the spectral transmittance of solar radiation through forest canopies are useful tools for examining the connections between the shortwave radiation environment and the productivity and biodiversity of the forest floor. We report a comprehensive evaluation of two approaches simulating forest canopy spectral transmittance.The approaches were (i) three-dimensional radiative transfer modelling in canopies composed of individual trees filled with turbid media and (ii) photon recollision probability theory (p-theory), and were implemented using DART-FT and PARAS models, respectively. The simulations were evaluated against mean and standard deviation of canopy transmittance spectra measured under clear-sky conditions in forest plots across central and Northern Europe.In general, both models agreed well with the in situ measurements. They performed equally in conifer forests, while PARAS had a slightly lower accuracy than DART-FT in broadleaved forests.We conclude that both approaches produce realistic simulations of canopy spectral transmittance at the spatial scale tested in this study, and that p-theory constitutes a computationally efficient and easy-to-parameterize alternative to three-dimensional radiative transfer.202
Soiden ennallistamisen seuranta: mitä olemme oppineet ennallistamisen vaikutuksista soiden hydrologiaan ja kasvillisuuteen?
No full textSuomessa soiden ennallistamisen onnistumista on seurattu laajasti Metsähallituksen Luontopalveluiden seurantaverkostossa vuodesta 2007. Tässä artikkelissa koostamme seurantaverkoston avulla kerätyn kymmenvuotisseurannan tulokset ennallistamisen aikaansaamista muutoksista hydrologiassa ja kasvillisuudessa. Lisäksi kerromme viimeaikaisesta kehityksestä ennallistettujen kohteiden kaukokartoitusseurannassa.202
Satellite bathymetry estimation in the optically complex northern Baltic Sea
Get PDFSatellite bathymetry estimation (SBE) is a cost-effective method for producing depth information for shallow marine and aquatic areas. However, most SBE methods have been developed and are refined in clear water conditions and their feasibility in optically complex waters is poorly understood. This hinders the use of SBE in optically complex waters.
To test the feasibility of SBE in optically complex waters, we used multi-temporal Sentinel-2 (S-2) imagery and in-situ measured depth information from dive computers to fit bathymetric models for 14 study areas in the northern Baltic Sea. We compared different methods of using multi-temporal S2-scenes, atmospheric correction, and statistical modeling, as well as different band combinations to define the optimal model for each study area. We tested the dependence of the depth estimation on 13 environmental variables with potential influence on the accuracy of the SBE.
The optimal bathymetric models differed among the study sites, with the differences manifested in different requirements for atmospheric correction, band combination, statistical model, and the use of multiple S2-scenes. The coefficients of determination (R2) of the optimal models varied between 0.42 and 0.79, with mean (X) R2 equaling to 0.65. The coefficients of determination were positively related to the proportion of sea within the 5 km search kernel and to the exposure of the study site. At the predicted depth of 2 m, the differences between observed and predicted depths varied between 0.11 and 0.60 m (X = 0.35 m). At the predicted depth of 1 m, the differences varied between 0.04 and 0.34 m (X = 0.21 m).
SBE provides accurate depth estimates in optically complex waters, even when in-situ calibration data are limited. However, the maximum detectable depth obtained with SBE in optically complex waters is significantly lower than in clear water conditions. The SBE process can be fine-tuned to the specific characteristics of an area, improving its performance in optically complex conditions. In particular, the identification of the optimal band combination is critical for successful SBE. The depth estimates produced in this study can be used in a variety of applications that require accurate information on the seafloor bathymetry.202