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Tehoa pohjoiseen luomuun : Herneen ja härkäpavun tuleennuttaminen puitavaksi niittämällä
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A participatory research approach in the development of safety and well-being in horticultural enterprises
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Välitön ja pitkän ajan muutos kunnostettujen metsäojien dimensioissa ja kasvillisuudessa
Get PDFSuometsien ojien madaltumiskehitykseen vaikuttavat erityisesti turvekerroksen painuminen, ojissa tapahtuva eroosio ja liettyminen sekä kasvillisuuden kehitys. Tässä selvityksessä tarkasteltiin ojien madaltumis- ja kasvittumiskehitystä kahdessa erillisessä aineistossa; 0–3 vuotta (kaksi kohdetta) sekä 20 vuotta (35 kohdetta) ojien kunnostuksen jälkeen. Kahdessakymmenessä vuodessa ojat madaltuivat keskimäärin 33,4 cm keskimääräisen loppusyvyyden ollessa 65 cm. Ojasyvyyden muutoksen tärkein selittäjä oli lineaarisessa sekamallissa alkuperäinen kunnostusojitussyvyys. Muista selittävistä tekijöistä lämpösumman lisääntyminen voimisti mataloitumista. Samoin kunnostetun kohteen turpeen paksuus, jos turvetta oli yli 70 cm ja oja oli turvepohjainen. Ojan pintaleveyden muutosta selitti vain alkuperäinen pintaleveys. Kasvillisuuden peittävyys oli ojissa noin 88 % 20 vuoden jälkeen. Kolmen vuoden seuranta-aineistossa 90 cm syvyyteen kaivetut ojat madaltuivat keskimäärin 17–20 cm. Eniten kolmen vuoden aikana mataloituivat 90 cm syvyyteen kaivetut, hienojakoisen pohjamaalajin (hiesu/hiesusavi) ojat, jotka olivat kolme vuotta kunnostuksen jälkeen keskimäärin 70 cm syviä. Kasvillisuutta kertyi enemmän matalampiin ojiin. Tulokset tukevat aiempaa matalampia ojien kunnostuksen syvyyssuosituksia, jotka otettiin käyttöön metsänhoidon suosituksissa vuonna 2022.202
A review of the development and implementation of the critical source area concept: A reflection of Andrew Sharpley's role in improving water quality
Get PDFCritical source areas (CSAs) are small areas of a field, farm, or catchment that account for most contaminant loss by having both a high contaminant availability and transport potential. Most work on CSAs has focused on phosphorus (P), largely through the work in the 1990s initiated by Dr. Sharpley and colleagues who recognized the value in targeting mitigation efforts. The CSA concept has been readily grasped by scientists, farmers, and policymakers across the globe. However, experiences and success have been mixed, often caused by the variation in where and how CSAs are defined. For instance, analysis of studies from 1990 to 2023 shows that the proportion of the annual contaminant load coming from a CSA decreases from field to farm to catchment scale. This finding is consistent with increased buffering of CSAs and greater contribution of other sources with scale, or variation in the definition of CSAs. We therefore argue that the best application of CSAs to target mitigation actions should be at small areas that truly account for most contaminant loss. This article sheds light on the development and utilization of CSAs, paying tribute to Dr. Sharpley's remarkable contributions to the improvement of water quality, and reflecting upon where the CSA concept has succeeded or not in reducing contaminant (largely P) loss.202
Thiamine Deficiency M74 Developed in Salmon (Salmo salar) Stocks in Two Baltic Sea Areas after the Hatching of Large Year-Classes of Two Clupeid Species : Detected by Fatty Acid Signature Analysis
Get PDFLipid-related thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar), the M74 syndrome, is generally caused by feeding on abundant young sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Baltic Proper, the main foraging area of these salmon. In 2014, a strong year-class of sprat was hatched in the Baltic Proper, and a strong herring (Clupea harengus) year-class was hatched in the Gulf of Bothnia, where herring is the dominant salmon prey. The fatty acid (FA) signatures of prey fish in muscle or eggs of second sea-year spawners suggested that 27% of wild River Simojoki and 68% of reared River Dal salmon remained in the Gulf of Bothnia in 2014 instead of continuing to the Baltic Proper. In 2016, 23% of the M74 females of the River Simojoki and 58% of the River Dal originated from the Gulf of Bothnia, and 13% and 16%, respectively, originated from the Baltic Proper. Some salmon from the River Neris in the southern Baltic Proper had also been feeding in the Gulf of Bothnia. In general, low free thiamine (THIAM) concentration in eggs was associated with high lipid content and high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3) and n−3 polyunsaturated FA (n−3 PUFA) concentrations in muscle but not in eggs. A higher THIAM concentration and lower proportions of DHA and n−3 PUFAs in Arctic Ocean salmon eggs, despite higher egg lipid content, indicated that their diet contained fewer fatty fish than the Baltic salmon diet. Hence, M74 originated by foraging heavily on young fatty sprat in the Baltic Proper or herring in the Gulf of Bothnia.202