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Metsänhoidon palvelukonsepteja
Get PDFMetsäpalveluyrityksille suunnattuja palvelukonseptien aihioita, joissa kuvataan esimerkkejä, ideoita ja argumentteja palvelujen kehittämiseen, työn markkinointiin ja toteutukseen. Infokorttien sisältö:
1. Palvelukonseptien idea: Palvelukonsepti kuvaa yrityksen ja sen asiakkaan kanssakäymistä, se on kaikille yhteinen näkemys palvelun tuottamisesta ja vastaanottamisesta.
2. llmastoviisaan metsänhoidon sisältömarkkinointi: Palvelukonseptissa palveluntarjoaja tuntee ilmastoviisaan metsänhoidon menetelmät ja pystyy perustelemaan niiden hyödyt metsänomistajalle sekä toteuttamaan metsänhoitotyöt ilmastonäkökulmat huomioiden. Aineistoja: Tuottava metsänhoito muuttuvassa ilmastossa.
3. Metsätalkkari mahdollistaa vaivattoman ja huolettoman metsänomistamisen, kun tarvittavat metsänhoitotoimenpiteet tulevat tehdyksi ammattilaisen toimesta. Video Metsätalkkari – uusi liiketoimintakonsepti.
4. Metsänuudistamisen vakioidut palvelupaketit: Palvelukonseptissa metsäpalveluyrittäjä tarjoaa metsänomistajalle vakioitua neuvonta- ja suunnittelupalvelua sekä metsänuudistamiseen liittyviä kokonaisuuksia. Aineistoja: Metsänhoitotöiden alihankinnan vakiointi.
5. Metsäpuiden taimikauppa: Palvelukonseptin tavoitteena on tehostaa metsätaimien kaupankäyntiä. Metsänomistaja tai metsäasiantuntija tilaa taimet suoraan verkkokaupasta ilman, että kaupankäyntiin tarvitaan myyjän puolelta henkilötyötä.
6. Metsään.fi: Metsänomistajan ja toimijan maksuton kohtaamispaikka, jossa metsäpalveluyrittäjä voi asioida metsänomistajan puolesta valtuudet saatuaan, etsiä uusia asiakkaita ja markkinoida palveluitaan.202
Effects of changes in climatic means, variability, and agro-technologies on future wheat and maize yields at 10 sites across the globe
No full text202
Manure increases soil organic carbon most when allocated to annual cropping
Get PDFSoil carbon sequestration has a great potential in climate change mitigation. To maximise carbon stocks in northern agricultural soils, the carbon sequestration determinants of manure application are crucial. We quantified the effect of manure on soil organic carbon (SOC) depending on the application rate, proportion of leys relative to annuals in crop rotation, and soil texture. We compared the steady-state SOC concentration under farm-yard manure application to a control treatment with no manure application based on 56 individual long-term experiments at 27 locations north of 50 degrees north latitude. At a low application rate of manure such as 0.7 Mg C/ha/y, SOC gradually increased with increasing ley proportions. At a moderate manure rate, such as 1.3 Mg C/ha/y, an increase in the ley proportion led to a decreasing growth of, or even a decrease in, SOC. At a low fixed ley proportion in crop rotation such as 20 %, SOC linearly increased with an increasing manure application rate. As the proportion of leys increased, saturation occurred at a certain ley proportion depending on soil texture. When leys occurred on sandy soils more than once out of seven years and the proportion of leys in crop rotation on clay soils was higher than 45 %, increasing the manure application rate led to decreasing SOC accrual. Compared to the absence of manure application, high manure rates even decreased SOC. We conclude that manure application in crop rotation with a low ley proportion maximises SOC accrual in the topsoil. The most effective manure application rate and ley proportion leys in regard to SOC in the northern agricultural landscape can be determined using a statistical model that we developed, depending on the management system and soil texture.202
Genes and pathways revealed by whole transcriptome analysis of milk derived bovine mammary epithelial cells after Escherichia coli challenge
Get PDFMastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, is the costliest disease in dairy cattle and a major animal welfare concern. Mastitis is usually caused by bacteria, of which staphylococci, streptococci and Escherichia coli are most frequently isolated from bovine mastitis. Bacteria activate the mammary immune system in variable ways, thereby influencing the severity of the disease. Escherichia coli is a common cause of mastitis in cattle causing both subclinical and clinical mastitis. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms that activate and regulate the host response would be central to effective prevention of mastitis and breeding of cows more resistant to mastitis. We used primary bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures extracted noninvasively from bovine milk samples to monitor the cellular responses to Escherichia coli challenge. Differences in gene expression between control and challenged cells were studied by total RNA-sequencing at two time points post-challenge. In total, 150 and 440 (Padj < 0.05) differentially expressed genes were identified at 3 h and 24 h post-challenge, respectively. The differentially expressed genes were mostly upregulated at 3 h (141/150) and 24 h (424/440) post-challenge. Our results are in line with known effects of E. coli infection, with a strong early inflammatory response mediated by pathogen receptor families. Among the most significantly enriched early KEGG pathways were the TNF signalling pathway, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and the NF-kappa B signalling pathway. At 24 h post-challenge, most significantly enriched were the Influenza A, the NOD-like receptor signalling, and the IL-17 signaling pathway.202
Impacts of forestry drainage on surface peat stoichiometry and physical properties in boreal peatlands in Finland
Get PDFThe data sets of the Geological Survey of Finland and Natural Resources Institute Finland analyzed in this study deposited in Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434148, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10068486 & https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10068778.Management of drained peatlands may pose a risk or a solution on the way towards climate change mitigation, which creates a need to evaluate the current state of forestry-drained peatlands, the magnitude of degradation processes and indicators for carbon (C) loss. Using a large dataset (778 profiles, 891 peat samples, collected between 1977 and 2017) from peatlands having different fertility classes across Finland, we investigate whether the surface peat profiles of undrained and forestry-drained peatlands differ in C:N, von Post and dry bulk density. The utility of element ratios (C:N:H stoichiometry) as site indicators for degradation were further analyzed from a subsample of 16 undrained and 30 drained peat profiles. This subsample of drained sites had carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes measured allowing us to link peat element ratios to annual C gas effluxes. Element ratios H:C, O:C and C:N and degree of unsaturation (combining C, N, H changes) were found widely valid: they captured both differences in the botanical origin of peat as well as its potential decomposition pathway (C lost via a combination of dissolved organic C and C gas loss and/or the gaseous loss predominantly as CO2). Of the stoichiometric indexes, peat H:C ratio seemed to be the best proxy for degradation following drainage, it indicated not only long-term degradation but also explained 48% of the variation in annual CO2 emission. The O:C ratio positively correlated with annual CH4 flux, presumably because high O:C in peat reflected the availability of easily degradable substrate for methanogenesis. The differences in C:N ratio indicated notable decomposition processes for Sphagnum-dominated peatlands but not in Carex-dominated peatlands. Degree of unsaturation showed potential for an integrative proxy for drainage-induced lowering water table and post-drainage changes in peat substrate quality.202
Gene co‐expression patterns in Atlantic salmon adipose tissue provide a molecular link among seasonal changes, energy balance and age at maturity
Get PDFSexual maturation in many fishes requires a major physiological change that involves a rapid transition between energy storage and usage. In Atlantic salmon, this transition for the initiation of maturation is tightly controlled by seasonality and requires a high-energy status. Lipid metabolism is at the heart of this transition since lipids are the main energy storing molecules. The balance between lipogenesis (lipid accumulation) and lipolysis (lipid use) determines energy status transitions. A genomic region containing a transcription co-factor of the Hippo pathway, vgll3, is the main determinant of maturation timing in Atlantic salmon. Interestingly, vgll3 acts as an inhibitor of adipogenesis in mice and its genotypes are potentially associated with seasonal heterochrony in lipid storage and usage in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Here, we explored changes in expression of more than 300 genes directly involved in the processes of adipogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis, as well as the Hippo pathway in the adipose tissue of immature and mature Atlantic salmon with distinct vgll3 genotypes. We found molecular evidence consistent with a scenario in which immature males with different vgll3 genotypes exhibit contrasting seasonal dynamics in their lipid profiles. We also identified components of the Hippo signalling pathway as potential major drivers of vgll3 genotype-specific differences in adipose tissue gene expression. This study demonstrates the importance of adipose gene expression patterns for directly linking environmental changes with energy balance and age at maturity through genetic factors bridging lipid metabolism, seasonality and sexual maturation.202
Sikojen salmonellatorjunnan rahaston maksut ja korvaukset
Get PDFSikatilojen salmonellatartunnoista aiheutuvat kustannukset ovat nousseet viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana. Salmonellatartunnan hävittämisen kustannukset voivat nousta useaan miljoonaan euroon suurella emakkotilalla. Tähän asti näistä kustannuksista ovat vastanneet pääosin kotieläintila ja vakuutusyhtiö. Salmonellavakuutusten ehdot ovat kuitenkin muuttuneet ja hinnat nousseet niin, että kaikki kotieläintilat eivät enää saa kattavaa vakuutusturvaa. Viimeisten noin kahden vuoden ajan valtio on voinut osallistua kustannuksiin korvaamalla osan salmonellatartunnan vuoksi lopetettujen eläinten arvosta. Salmonellatartuntojen hävittämisen kustannusten rahoittamiseen tarvitaan kuitenkin pysyvämpi ratkaisu.
Tämän selvityksen tavoitteena oli kartoittaa sikataloutta koskevan valtion salmonellarahaston maksuja ja korvauksia.
Selvitystä varten eri yrityksiltä kerättiin tietoja vuosina 2018–2022 todettujen salmonellavahinkojen suuruudesta. Simulaatiotulosten mukaan vuosien 2023–2024 hintatasolla sika-alan salmonellavahinkojen odotusarvo oli 9,9 miljoonaa euroa vuodessa, eli noin 50 miljoonaa euroa viiden vuoden tarkastelujaksolla. Tämä vastasi noin viiden euron kustannusta ja maksua per tuotettu sika. Tarkastelujaksolle osuu yksittäisiä suuria salmonellavahinkoja, joten pitkällä aikavälillä kustannustaso voi poiketa tässä selvityksessä esitetyistä luvusta. Merkittävimpiä korvattavia kustannuseriä olivat eläinten arvon menetys, katetuoton menetys ja salmonellan saneerauksen kustannukset.202