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Hylkeiden kalankasvatukselle aiheuttamat vahingot vuonna 2023
Full text linkSuomessa kasvatettiin vuonna 2023 runsaat 16,0 miljoonaa kiloa ruokakalaa myyntiin, mikä oli 1,1 miljoonaa kiloa vähemmän kuin edellisvuonna. Koko maan ruokakalasta 79 prosenttia (11,9 milj. kg) kasvatettiin merialueella. Kalankasvatus merialueella on lähes yksinomaan verkkoaltaissa tapahtuvaa ruokakalan kasvatusta.
Vuonna 2023 kalankasvattajien ilmoittamat hylkeiden kalankasvatukselle merialueella aiheuttamat vahingot olivat kalamäärinä yhteensä 229 tonnia, 30 tonnia enemmän kuin edellisenä vuonna. Vahinkojen arvoksi arvioitiin 1,8 miljoonaa euroa. Noin 58 prosenttia tappioista ilmoitettiin aiheutuneen hylkeiden tappamista kaloista, 22 prosenttia hylkeiden vaurioittamista kaloista ja 20 prosenttia karanneista kaloista.
Hylkeiden kaloille aiheuttamista vahingoista runsas puolet tapahtui Ahvenanmaan alueella, viidesosa Saaristomeren ja Satakunnan rannikkoalueella ja samoin viidesosa Suomenlahdella. Pohjanmaan rannikon ja Perämeren alueella vahingoista tapahtui 4 prosenttia.
Vuonna 2023 kalankasvattajien ilmoittamien kokonaisvahinkojen määrä, 229 tonnia, oli pitkäaikaista keskiarvoa (243 tonnia) hieman pienempi. Yksittäisen yrityksen kannalta vahinkojen määrä voi olla merkittävä. Kalavahingot olivat suurimmat, noin 400 000 kg, vuosina 2010–2011 ja poikkeuksellisen pienet vuonna 2012.
Tässä raportissa esitetyt tulokset perustuvat kalankasvattajille suunnatun kyselyn vastauksiin
Ekosysteemien palauttaminen kaivannaisjätealueille?
No full textAbstrakti XIII Maaperätieteiden päivillä 7.-8.1.2025 : Terve maaperä ekosysteemipalveluiden tarjoajan
Continuing recovery of wolves in Europe
Full text linkThe recovery of wolves (Canis lupus) across Europe is a notable conservation success in a region with extensive human alteration of landscapes and high human population densities. We provide a comprehensive update on wolf populations in Europe, estimated at over 21,500 individuals by 2022, representing a 58% increase over the past decade. Despite the challenges of high human densities and significant land use for agriculture, industry, and urbanization, wolves have demonstrated remarkable adaptability and increasing population trends in most European countries. Improved monitoring techniques, although varying in quality and scope, have played a crucial role in tracking this recovery. Annually, wolves kill approximately 56,000 domestic animals in the EU, a risk unevenly distributed and differently handled across regions. Damage compensation costs 17 million EUR every year to European countries. Positive economic impacts from wolf presence, such as those related to reducing traffic accidents with wild ungulates or supporting wildlife tourism, remain under studied. Wolf recovery in Europe is supported by diverse policy and legal instruments such as LIFE programs, stakeholder platforms, as well as the EU Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention. Coexisting with newly established wolf populations in Europe entails managing impacts on human activities, including livestock depredation, competition for game, and fear of attacks on humans, amidst varying social and political views on wolf recovery. Sustainable coexistence continues to operate in evolving and complex social, economic, and political landscapes, often characterized by intense debates regarding wolf policies
Optimizing the regeneration of spruce-dominated stands suffering from Heterobasidion root rot in Finland
Full text linkHeterobasidion root rot is a destructive fungal disease causing extensive damage in conifer forests throughout the Northern hemisphere. The effective spreading of the causal agent Heterobasidion sp. from one tree generation to the next makes the disease a persistent problem for forestry. Here, we present a precision-forestry method for optimizing the regeneration of spruce-dominated stands suffering from Heterobasidion root rot. Our method prevents the inter-generational spread of the disease while aiming for high financial or climate change mitigation value. The method uses harvester data with non-parametric clustering or Bayesian modeling to delineate the stand into healthy and infected “microstands.” Through simulations of forest growth and Heterobasidion dynamics, the optimal species to plant in each microstand to maximize either bare land value (BLV, interest rate 2%) or net CO2 removals by living tree biomass is determined, subject to the condition that regeneration leads to disease eradication. In Finnish conditions, the method recommends pine on mesic heath sites (MT) and combinations of pine and spruce on herb-rich sites (OMT) to maximize BLV. To maximize CO2 removals, the method suggests a variety of tree species compositions including birch. In comparison to regenerating using only spruce, the predicted mean financial gain from the method is 1320 ± 40 EUR/ha on MT and 400 to 800 EUR/ha on OMT. Direct gains in CO2 removals are difficult to achieve due to prevailing management practices for infected stands. The method offers financial and carbon-wise support for decision-making while diversifying forests and cleansing sites of root rot disease
Tiedolla kasvuun - suomalaisen luomualan tutkimustarpeita vuosille 2025-2030
Full text linkSuomen kansallisessa luomuohjelmassa (MMM 2021, 2023) on kuvattu luomualan kunnianhimoiset kasvutavoitteet tuotannolle, kulutukselle ja viennille vuoteen 2030 mennessä. Jotta tavoitteet olisi mahdollista saavuttaa, tarvitaan tutkimukseen perustuvaa tietoa tuotannon kehittämisen tueksi ja luomutuotannon lisäarvon todentamiseksi kuluttajille. Lisäksi tarvitaan tietoa luomutuotannon roolista kestävämmässä ruokajärjestelmässä. Julkaisun tavoitteena on kuvata suomalaisen luomualan tutkimustarpeita vuosille 2025-2030. Tutkimustarpeiden tunnistaminen on tarpeellista tutkimusrahoituksen niukkuuden, ruokajärjestelmän kestävyyshaasteiden ja luomuelinkeinon kunnianhimoisten kasvutavoitteiden takia. Tutkimusresursseja on tärkeä suunnata suomalaisen luomuelinkeinon kehittämisen näkökulmasta keskeisiin kysymyksiin unohtamatta kansainvälisesti korkeatasoista perustutkimusta. Suomalainen luomututkimus vastaa myös globaaleihin tutkimuskysymyksiin ja tiedon tarpeisiin sekä tukee kaiken maataloustuotannon siirtymää kohti kestävämpiä ja eettisempiä tuotantomenetelmiä
Land-Use Strategies for Climate Action and Biodiversity: A Concise Guide for Finnish Municipalities
No full textThe relevance of biochar and co-applied SynComs on maize quality and sustainability: Evidence from field experiments
Full text linkAdoption of sustainable maize cropping practices is urgently needed. Synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) made of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), coupled with biochar from residual biomass, offer an environmentally compatible alternative to inorganic fertilizers and may improve soil fertility. This article extends in a two-year field trial with preliminary results obtained in previous pot experiments, monitoring plant physiology, soil biology and chemistry, and kernel metabolomics. Here, we report the synergistic effect of the co-application of biochar, SynComs, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the soil microbiome, maize growth, and kernel metabolomic profile. SynComs application did not affect the diversity and richness of soil microbial communities; therefore, it posed a low risk of long-term effects on soil microbial ecology. With SynComs and biochar co-application to the soil, the physiology of maize plants was characterized by higher chlorophyll content, ear weight, and kernel weight. The combination of SynComs and biochar also affected the kernel metabolome, resulting in enriched health-beneficial and anti-stress metabolites. Since the preliminary evidence on the environmental and economic impact of these new associations was more favorable than that of conventional fertilizers, it seems reasonable that their large-scale implementation can eventually favor the transition to more sustainable agriculture
How do attached crown parts and branches contribute to the diversity of saproxylic fungi and beetles in downed and decaying spruce trees?
Full text linkA significant proportion of forest-dwelling species in boreal forests are saproxylic, i.e., dependent on deadwood. To safeguard deadwood-associated diversity in managed forest landscapes, it is important to understand how substrate preferences and specialization structure saproxylic species communities across different deadwood resource types. In this study, we investigated the diversity and associations of saproxylic fungi and beetles at the scale of entire trees to understand how different tree parts contribute to species diversity. To do this, we sampled species assemblages in trunks (d > 15 cm), tops (d 5–10 cm) and branches (d < 5 cm) of 31 fallen Norway spruce trees. Fungal assemblages were investigated with DNA metabarcoding from wood samples, and beetles were surveyed by bark peeling and sieving. Our results showed that, fungal and beetle assemblages were clearly differentiated between trunks and branches. In the tops, fungal community composition was intermediate between trunks and branches, whereas beetle species composition was more closely aligned with trunks. Trunks and branches both harbored specialized fungal and beetle species, but no species were identified as specialists of tops. Fungal and beetle richness were lowest in branches, and fungal richness peaked in tops. Substrate specialization of saproxylic species at the scale of individual trees imply that deadwood restoration in managed forests should prioritize whole-tree retention instead of partial retention such as artificial high stumps or pruned logs.202