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The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion on Prolonged High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Normoxia and Acute Normobaric Hypoxia
No full textSR‐SAAD: A Social Rank‐Based Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Delay Tolerant Networks
Get PDFTraditional networks face challenges in delivering messages when no direct path exists between the nodes. Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) address this issue through specialised algorithms, many of which leverage social metrics to select optimal relay nodes. While these approaches improve message delivery, they often incur high overhead costs. This paper introduces the SR‐SAAD routing protocol for DTNs, which aims to balance efficiency and performance by using three social metrics: degree centrality, social activeness, and random walk encounter (RWE). The philosophy behind SR‐SAAD is to prioritise nodes that exhibit higher social connectivity and activity, ensuring that messages are forwarded through nodes with the best potential to enhance delivery performance while minimising the overhead associated with more traditional methods. According to the proposed routing strategy, each node in the network first calculates its degree centrality, social activeness, and RWE. These values are then aggregated to compute a social rank (SR) for each node, which is shared with neighbouring nodes. Nodes that meet specific criteria—having a higher SR and exceeding a threshold—are shortlisted as potential relay nodes. The message is forwarded to the node with the highest SR value, and this process continues until the message reaches its destination. The design philosophy behind this approach is to use social metrics that correlate with real‐world human behaviours, optimising the selection of relay nodes for efficient data forwarding. We run simulations for 12 h using different buffer sizes. Simulation results show that SR‐SAAD outperforms traditional approaches such as Epidemic, PRoPHET, PRoPHETv2, and first contact, improving the packet delivery ratio (PDR) by delivering 936 messages out of 1440 messages about 533 (936–403) more messages than epidemic with the same set of parameter values, with fewer hops and reduced overhead, albeit at the expense of increased average latency
SR‐SAAD: A Social Rank‐Based Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Delay Tolerant Networks
Get PDFTraditional networks face challenges in delivering messages when no direct path exists between the nodes. Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) address this issue through specialised algorithms, many of which leverage social metrics to select optimal relay nodes. While these approaches improve message delivery, they often incur high overhead costs. This paper introduces the SR‐SAAD routing protocol for DTNs, which aims to balance efficiency and performance by using three social metrics: degree centrality, social activeness, and random walk encounter (RWE). The philosophy behind SR‐SAAD is to prioritise nodes that exhibit higher social connectivity and activity, ensuring that messages are forwarded through nodes with the best potential to enhance delivery performance while minimising the overhead associated with more traditional methods. According to the proposed routing strategy, each node in the network first calculates its degree centrality, social activeness, and RWE. These values are then aggregated to compute a social rank (SR) for each node, which is shared with neighbouring nodes. Nodes that meet specific criteria—having a higher SR and exceeding a threshold—are shortlisted as potential relay nodes. The message is forwarded to the node with the highest SR value, and this process continues until the message reaches its destination. The design philosophy behind this approach is to use social metrics that correlate with real‐world human behaviours, optimising the selection of relay nodes for efficient data forwarding. We run simulations for 12 h using different buffer sizes. Simulation results show that SR‐SAAD outperforms traditional approaches such as Epidemic, PRoPHET, PRoPHETv2, and first contact, improving the packet delivery ratio (PDR) by delivering 936 messages out of 1440 messages about 533 (936–403) more messages than epidemic with the same set of parameter values, with fewer hops and reduced overhead, albeit at the expense of increased average latency
‘It Gives Me Safety to Be Here’: Patients' Perspectives About Safety on Psychiatric Wards
Get PDFProviding safe care within psychiatric wards is essential to promote the well-being and recovery of patients on the wards. This can however be complicated because patients' behaviours can present risks to themselves and others. Understanding what patients think about safety on psychiatric wards holds crucial insight about addressing and managing safety issues on the wards. The aim of this study is to understand safety on psychiatric wards from the perspective of the patients. The study is a systematic review that follows PRISMA guidance and registered with PROSPERO. A comprehensive search of five electronic databases was completed. Searches were limited to peer-reviewed academic journal articles published in English language from 2014 which examine safety on psychiatric settings from the patients' perspective. An initial result of 28 567 studies was filtered to six studies that met all the eligibility criteria. Quality assessment was completed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme whereas data synthesis was conducted using thematic analysis. Four major themes that describe safety on psychiatric wards emerged: perception of safety; prevalence of lack of safety: perpetuating lack of safety; and promoting safety. Safety on psychiatric wards is like two sides of a coin: what promotes safety can also perpetuate lack of safety. The place (hospital), people (staff) and practice can both promote safety and perpetuate lack of safety. Finding and maintaining the right balance is crucial for achieving safety on psychiatric wards. These findings have implications for the effective management of safety issues on psychiatric wards
UNESCO at 80
No full textUNESCO is a UN Agency that has been operating for 80 years. This briefing outlines UNESCO, its functions, and recent challenges
Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Bill (2024–25)
No full textResearch briefing concerning The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Bill (2024–25), which was introduced to Parliament in September 2025 and is scheduled for second reading on 16 October 2025
Financial Market Internationalization of and Corporate Tax Avoidance:Evidence from the Inclusion of Chinese A-Shares in the MSCI-EMI
No full textThis paper aims to contribute to the existing literature by investigating the impact of financial market internationalization, specifically the inclusion of Chinese A-shares in the MSCI Emerging Market Index (MSCI-EMI), on corporate tax avoidance behavior. The study focuses on a target population of 968 firms listed between 2014 and 2021 that are part of the Shanghai-Hong Kong and Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect programs. A propensity score matching (PSM) combined with a difference-in-differences (DID) design was employed, with 236 firms included in the MSCI-EMI as the treatment group on June 1, 2018, and the remaining 732 firms forming the control group. The analysis examines any divergence in tax avoidance behavior between these two groups resulting from the inclusion in the MSCI-EMI. The findings reveal that the inclusion of A-shares in the MSCI-EMI significantly curbs corporate tax avoidance, particularly among firms characterized by low information transparency, minimal analyst attention, limited media coverage, or high financing costs. These results remain robust after conducting parallel trend tests, placebo tests for causal inference, single-stage analysis, and endogeneity tests. The findings underscore the importance of ongoing government efforts to enhance information transparency, expand financing channels, and further promote capital market reform to effectively reduce corporate tax avoidance behavior
Between fidelity and sustainability: a mixed-methods study of the implementation and healthcare utilization outcomes of two alcohol assertive outreach treatment models
Get PDFBackgroundThere is a gap between the model of Alcohol Assertive Outreach Treatment (AAOT) and its implementation. This study compared the implementation of AAOT in a high-fidelity service and a medium-fidelity service in the North West of England, with a focus on differences in healthcare utilization change and exploring stakeholder views on the fidelity and sustainability of each service’s adaptation of AAOT.MethodsA multistage mixed-methods design involving: 1) quantitative assessment and comparison of differences in healthcare utilization and treatment data pre- and post-AAOT implementation between services; and 2) qualitative exploration of the fidelity and sustainability of each service based on semi-structured interviews (n = 48), analyzed using the Framework Approach.ResultsBoth services showed reductions in Emergency Department visits and unplanned ward admissions (p < .001). Interviewees indicated that high-fidelity AAOT was more effective for service users with complex needs who previously struggled to engage with community specialist addiction treatment services, although sustainability challenges persist, reflecting barriers in commissioning processes and continuity of care.ConclusionThe AAOT model can be successfully adapted to different local contexts and reduce unplanned healthcare utilization despite sustainability challenges
Book Review: Television Drama from Germany: Production, Storytelling and “Quality”
No full textBased on: Krauß Florian, Television Drama from Germany: Production, Storytelling and “Quality”, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 298pp., ISBN 978-3-031-60621-2, £44.99 (hbk), ISBN 978-3-031-60624-3 £34.99 (pbk), ISBN 978-3-031-60622-9 open access (ebk)