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Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and annulment of its awards
Get PDFDış Ticaret Enstitüsü, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ab Hukuku Ana Bilim DalıCAS, uluslararası düzeyde geniş kabul görmüş, sporun "Supreme Court'u" olarak kabul edilen en üst yargı mercidir. CAS tahkimi, spor ile ilgili uyuşmazlıkları uzman hakemler vasıtası ile sporun doğası gereği süratle çözüme kavuşturmak amacı ile kurulmuş olup geleneksel tahkim gibi kural olarak ihtiyaridir. Ancak sportif kurum ve kuruluşların statü, talimat vb. kurallarında yer alan ve CAS'ın yetkisini tanıyan tahkim şartı sebebiyle CAS tahkimi, bu kurum ve kuruluşların üyeleri için zorunlu tahkimi de barındırır. "Lex sportiva'nın" gelişimine büyük katkı sağlayan CAS hakem kararları, başta uluslararası mahkemeler daha sonra yerelde de İsviçre Federal Mahkemesi (İFM) tarafından sürekli olarak denetim altında tutulmaktadır. Bu çalışma kısa bir CAS takdiminin ardından CAS tahkiminin ayırt edici özelliklerini usul kuralları ile işleyerek CAS hakem kararlarının iptal davası özelinde İsviçre'de nasıl ve ne şekilde denetlendiği, hangi iptal nedenlerine tabi olduğu, Türkiye'de verilmiş spor ile ilgili kararların CAS tahkiminden geçip iptal nedenleri kapsamında İFM'de iptal davasına konu edilip edilemeyeceği, CAS hakem kararlarının tanıma ve tenfiz yapılıp yapılamayacağı sorularına cevap arayacaktır.CAS is recognized as "Supreme Court" of sports which is widely accepted as the highest judicial authority at international level. CAS arbitration was established with the purpose of resolving sports related issues through expert artbitrators in an expeditious manner because of the nature of sports and is voluntary as a rule like traditional arbitration. However, due to the arbitration clause in the statutes, regulations, etc. of sporting bodies and organizations recognizing the jurisdiction of CAS, CAS arbitration also bears mandatory arbitration for the members of these bodies and organizations. CAS arbitral awards which are perpetually monitored by primarily by international courts, locally by the Swiss Federal Supreme Court (SFSC) make a great contribution to the development of the "lex sportiva". After a brief introduction to CAS, this study will cover the distinctive features of CAS arbitration with its procedural rules and will seek responses to the question how and in what manner CAS arbitral awards are reviewed in Switzerland in the context of set aside proceedings, which gorunds for annulment they are subject to, whether sports-related awards rendered in Türkiye can be subject to set aside proceedings before the SFSC withing the scope of the gorunds for annulment after passing through CAS arbitraiton, and whether CAS arbitral awards can be recognized and enforced
Research on forest products subject to specialized customs application in Turkey
No full textBu çalışmada; Türkiye’de uygulanmakta olan ihtisas gümrük uygulaması hakkında bilgi verilecek, Türkiye’nin bu uygulamaya neden ihtiyaç hissettiğine değinilecek, ihtisas gümrükleri ve ihtisasa konu eşyalar belirtilecektir. Bu uygulama hakkında literatürdeki farklı değerlendirmelere ve tavsiye niteliğinde görüşlere de yer verilmiştir. Özellikle orman ürünleri ihtisas gümrüklerinin neler olduğu, GTİP bazında ihtisasa konu eşyaların Türkiye’ye ithalat değerleri, orman ürünleri ihtisasa yetkili gümrük idarelerinin son on yıllık ithalat değeri incelenmiştir. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı’nın 28786 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Tebliği’nin Ek-2’sinde 48 adet gümrük idaresi sayılmıştır. Bu gümrük idarelerinden verisine erişilebilen 46’sının son on yıllık ithalat verileri dolar bazında Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK)’ten çekilmiş ve düzenlenmiştir. Tebliğin Ek-2’sinde belirtilen ihtisasa konu eşyaların GTİP kodları Uluslararası Ticaret Merkezi (Trademap) sistemi üzerinden sorgulanarak Türkiye’nin ithalat değeri elde edilmiş ve tablo haline getirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler (yıl bazında) karşılaştırıldığında; orman ürünlerine ihtisas yetkisi verildiği gümrüklerin toplam ithalat miktarı, Türkiye’nin toplam ithalatının %50 civarında paya sahip olduğu görülmüştür. İhtisasa tabi orman ürünlerinin bu gümrüklerdeki toplam sahip olduğu pay (tüm zamanlarda) %1 değerine bile ulaşamadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuca dayanarak orman ürünleri ihtisas gümrük uygulamasının dış ticarette tarife dışı engel sayılamayacağı yorumu yapılabilir. Orman ürünlerinde ihtisas gümrük uygulaması hakkında literatürde yeteri kadar çalışma olmadığı ve bu çalışmanın literatüre bir önemli katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.In this study; Information will be given about the specialized customs offices application in Turkey. It will be mentioned why Turkey needs this application, specialized customs offices and items subject to expertise will be specified. Different evaluations and advisory opinions in the literature about this application are also included. In particular, it is stated what are the specialized customs offices of forest products and the import values of the goods subject to expertise to Turkey on the basis of Harmonized System Code (HSC) were investigated. The import value of specialized customs offices authorized to import forest products for the last ten years was examined. The import data of the last ten years of the 48 customs administrations listed in Annex-2 of the relevant communiqué were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) on a dollar basis and rearranged in a table. The HSC codes of the goods subject to the expertise specified in Annex-2 of the Communiqué were queried through the International Trade Center (ITC-Trademap) system, and the import value of Turkey was obtained and tabulated. When the data obtained (on a yearly basis) are compared; It has been observed that the total import amount of the customs, which is authorized to specialize in forest products, has a share of around 50% of Turkey's total imports. When the data obtained are compared, it is concluded that the share of forest products in specialized customs offices does not even reach 1%, which can be interpreted that the application of forest products specialized customs offices cannot be considered as a non-tariff barrier in foreign trade. It is thought that there are not enough studies in the literature about the application of specialized customs offices in forest products and this study will make an important contribution to the literature
Effect of hospital employees' psychological capital on counterproductive work behavior: Role of work alienation and procrastination
Get PDFCounterproductive work behavior (CWB) causes financial losses and psychologically affects other employees exposed to verbal or physical attacks from their colleagues. This issue creates a stressful workplace and has a negative impact on organizational outputs. The objective of this study is to develop a coherent logic and a thorough comprehension of the CWB's predecessors and their relationships to the CWB. Our research applied partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test hypotheses on a sample of 390 healthcare personnel in a hospital. We propose an approach in which administrators can reduce counterproductive work behaviors by strengthening psychological capital. Also, eliminating work alienation and workplace procrastination is an original and critical argument for preventing counterproductive work behavior. The findings reveal that high psychological capital negatively affected counterproductive work behaviors and reduced these behaviors in the workplace. However, the partial mediation role of work alienation and the mediation role of workplace procrastination were determined in the relationship between psychological capital and counterproductive work behavior.We thank all the participants who answered the questionnaire used in our research
The England-France rivalary in the East Mediterranean in the 19th century
No full text19. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun zayıflama sürecinde Doğu Akdeniz’de Osmanlı topraklarında nüfuz kazanmaya çalışan İngiltere ve Fransa arasında yoğun bir egemenlik mücadelesi yaşanmıştır. Bu süreçte Fransa Batı Akdeniz’de kurduğu egemenliği Doğu Akdeniz’e doğru genişletmeye çalışmış, bir sömürge imparatorluğu olan İngiltere ise temel olarak Hindistan bağlantısını güvence altına alma amacını gütmüştür. Fransa, İngiltere ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasında yoğun bir mücadele sürerken, bu devletler bazen kendi aralarında bir başka tehdide karşı işbirliği yapmaktan da kaçınmamışlardır. İngiltere, Süveyş Kanalında elde ettiği imtiyazlardan sonra, Osmanlı Devleti’nin mevcut varlığını sürdürmesini destekleme politikasını terk etmiş ve tam tersine muhtelif yöntemlerle Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun altını oyarak topraklarını paylaşma politikasına yönelmiştir. Amaç: Bu makale günümüzde de halen -özellikle enerji rezervleri açısından- uluslararası bir rekabet alanı olma özelliğini sürdüren Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesinde 19. yüzyılda dönemin iki büyük gücü arasında yaşanan rekabetin hangi çıkarların korunmasına yönelik olduğunu ve nasıl seyrettiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Çalışmada öncelikle Doğu Akdeniz’in jeostratejik konumundan kaynaklanan önemine, 19. yüzyılda İngiltere ve Fransa gibi iki hegemonik gücün Osmanlı İmparatorluğunu da doğrudan ilgilendiren bu bölgedeki nüfuz edinme çabalarına ilişkin kaynaklar dönemin kendine özgü dinamiklerine de odaklanarak incelenmiştir. Bulgular: 15-16. Yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı nüfuzunun yoğunlaştığı Doğu Akdeniz’de Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun zayıflamaya başladığı 19. Yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Avrupa’nın güçlü devletleri İngiltere ve Fransa I. Dünya Savaşına kadar süren bir güç mücadelesine girişmişlerdir. Bu iki büyük güç bir taraftan kendi çıkar ve amaçları için mücadele etmiş ancak ortak çıkarları sözkonusu olduğunda savaşmaktan kaçınmış ve tehditlere karşı birlikte hareket etmeyi başarabilmişlerdir. Özgünlük: Çalışma değişen koşullara rağmen halen stratejik konumunu koruyan ve bir rekabet alanı olma özelliğini sürdüren Doğu Akdeniz’in hangi yönleri itibariyle 19. yüzyıldaki hegemonik güçler arasındaki rekabetin konusunu oluşturduğunu değerlendirmiştir.In the 19th century, during the weakening period of the Ottoman Empire, there was an intense struggle in order to get sovereignty between England and France, which tried to gain influence in the Ottoman lands located in the Eastern Mediterrean. In this period, France tried to expand its sovereignty in the Western Mediterrean towards the Eastern Mediterranean while England, as a colonial empire, aimed to secure its connection to India as a basic policy. When a strong and intense competition among France, England and the Ottoman Empire continued, these states did not hesitate to cooperate with each other against another threats. After England got some concessions from the Suez Canal, the country gave up on the policy of preserving the territorial integratiy of the Ottoman Empire, and on the contrary of this policy, England leaned to the policy of dividing Ottoman Empire by the various methods. Purpose: This article aims to reveal the interests of the competition between the two great powers of the 19th century in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, which still continues to be an area of international competition - especially in terms of energy reserves- and how it progressed. Method: In the study, firstly, the sources related to the importance of the Eastern Mediterranean due to its geostrategic position and the efforts of two hegemonic powers such as England and France to gain influence in this region, which also directly concerns the Ottoman Empire, were examined by focusing on the specific dynamics of the period. Findings: 15-16. From the beginning of the 19th century, when the Ottoman Empire began to weaken in the Eastern Mediterranean, where Ottoman influence had concentrated since the 19th century, the powerful states of Europe, England and France, engaged in a power struggle that lasted until the First World War. These two great powers struggled for their own interests and purposes, but when it came to their common interests, they avoided fighting and managed to act together against threats. Originality: The study evaluated the aspects of the rivalry between the hegemonic powers in the 19th century in the Eastern Mediterranean, which still maintains its strategic position and remains a competitive area despite the changing conditions
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on media investments by medium in Turkey: A comparative analysis
No full textCovid-19 pandemisi hem dünyada hem de Türkiye’de birçok sektörü ciddi şekillerde etkilemiştir. Covid-19’un önemli ölçüde etkilediği sektörlerden biri olan medya sektörü, özellikle mecralara yapılan medya yatırımları açısından büyük bir dönüşüm yaşamıştır. Bu çalışma, Covid-19 pandemisi öncesi ve sonrasında Türkiye’de medya yatırımlarındaki değişimleri analiz etmekte ve iki dönemi birbiriyle karşılaştırmaktadır. 2017-2023 yıllarını kapsayan incelemede, Deloitte Danışmanlık Şirketi tarafından elde edilen ve Reklamcılar Derneği tarafından yayınlanan veriler kullanılarak Türkiye’de mecralara göre medya yatırımları nicel vaka analizi yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, pandemi öncesinde televizyonun toplam medya yatırımları içinde en büyük paya sahip mecra olduğunu, ancak pandeminin etkisiyle dijital medyanın hızla yükseldiğini göstermektedir. Pandemi ile birlikte dijital medya toplam medya yatırımları içinde her geçen yıl daha çok pay almış ve birinci sıraya yerleşmiştir. Pandemi sürecinde insanların dijital platformlara olan ilgisinin artması, reklamverenlerin dijitale daha fazla yatırım yapmasına yol açmıştır. Televizyon hala önemli bir mecra olarak kalsa da, dijital medyanın yükselişi karşısında geleneksel medya kanalları ikinci planda kalmıştır. Sinema, açıkhava, basın ve radyo gibi diğer geleneksel mecraların payı ise pandemi dönemi ile birlikte ciddi bir düşüş yaşamıştır. Bu durum, dijitalleşmenin Türkiye’de medya yatırımlarında belirleyici bir rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır.This study aims to reveal the changes in media investments in Turkey on a media basis before and after the Covid-19 pandemic and, in this context, to compare media investments before and after the pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted global balances and has had an impact in many areas, from economy to ed ucation, from social life to trade. Crises can be expected to have some effects not only during the period they occur but also after they are over. In recent years, digitalization has accelerated with the development of information and communication technologies, and the Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated this process even more. With the pandemic, traditional methods have been abandoned in many sectors and new methods based on digitalization have been developed to reduce contact and sustain life (Marangoz & Özen, 2021, p. 65). One of the sectors most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic is the media sector. With the quarantine that occurred with the pandemic, the closure of many businesses and the increase in the time spent at home, the tendency towards digital media has increased and this situation has significantly affected and changed media investments according to the medium. In this respect, this study attempts to find answers to the following research questions: Research Question 1: What are the most invested media channels in Turkey before the Covid-19 pandemic? Research Question 2: What are the most invested media channels in Turkey during and after the Covid-19 pandemic? This study examines the changes in media investments by medium in Turkey before and after the Covid-19 pandem ic. Therefore, the method of this study is quantitative case analysis. Media and advertising investments in Turkey are prepared annually by the Deloitte Consulting firm and published by the Advertisers Association. In this study, the years 2017-2023 were examined, and considering that the year the pandemic was officially declared in the world and in Turkey was 2020 (March 11), the three years before the pandemic (2017-2019) and the three years after the pandemic (2021-2023) were taken into ac count and compared. In the study, media investments obtained from Deloitte for each year and for each medium (television, press, outdoor, radio, cinema, digital) were expressed both numerically and in percentages, and the findings were shown in graphs. According to the findings, before the pandemic, television constituted a large portion of total media investments in Turkey and stood out as the first medium invested in, while with the pandemic, digital took the first place by taking over a significant portion of total media investments. The share of digital in media investments in Turkey has increased every year. Although media investments in other media outlets, such as press, outdoor, radio and cinema, were below television and digi tal, they were on a course that could be called normal before the pandemic. However, with the pandemic, media investments in these outlets, especially in cinema, have experienced a serious decline. Therefore, the pandemic process has directed media investments to digital in Turkey to a significant extent and has greatly increased the share of this area in media investments. In particular, according to 2023 data, digital media investments constituted 72.7% of total media investments with 86,500 billion TL and took the largest share. This increase is directly related to the acceleration of demand for digital platforms with the pandemic. People spending more time at home has increased the interest in online content and digital media, thus advertisers tend to invest more in digital platforms.With the pandemic, although television investments continued to have a significant share in traditional media after digital, traditional media channels, including television, fell behind digital in terms of investment in the face of the rapid rise of digital. The share of traditional media channels such as outdoor, press, radio and cinema remained quite low. This shows how dominant digitalization has become in media consumption in the post-pandemic period and how traditional media are facing economic difficulties in terms of sectors. Thus, this study revealed that the Covid-19 pandemic has significantly increased digital media investments in Turkey. People spending more time at home, social distancing measures and reduced face-to-face interactions have rapidly expanded the use of digital platforms. While advertising and marketing strategies have shifted from traditional media to digital media, investments in social media, video content, online shopping and digital services have accelerated. The pandemic has trans formed digital media platforms into primary communication, entertainment and commerce tools and has also caused signifi cant increases in the revenues of companies in this field. As a result, the pandemic has significantly changed the structure of media investments in Turkey, with digital platforms coming to the forefront while traditional media outlets have faced economic difficulties. This trend has reinforced the dominant role of digitalization in the media sector. Future studies can compare media investments worldwide on a per-medium basis with the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods, reveal media investments on a per-country basis, or examine advertising investments, thus making significant contributions to the literature in this field
Effect of domestic material production on environmental sustainability in EU countries under changing financial development: a dynamic panel threshold regression approach
No full textAlthough the European Union (EU) has made significant progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the goal of sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) is reported to be far from being achieved in the region. This study examines the effect of domestic material production on environmental sustainability (measured by greenhouse gas emissions) at different levels of financial development in 19 EU countries over the period 2000-2017. Using a dynamic panel threshold regression approach, the results provide evidence that domestic material production increases greenhouse gas emissions only when financial development is below a threshold of 0.8743%. The effect of domestic material production on greenhouse gas emissions is negative and insignificant when financial development exceeds the estimated threshold. The results further show that domestic material consumption, financial development and investment in research and development all hinder environmental sustainability by intensifying greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the results indicate that income per capita and renewable energy improve environmental sustainability by dampening greenhouse gas emissions. The robustness of these results is tested using fixed-effects ordinary least squares and random-effects generalised least squares with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. Therefore, this study offers policy implications for achieving a sustainable environment
An approach to relationship between social psychology and digitalization through apocalyptic dystopia: Avenue 5 TV series
No full textBilim kurgu türde sıkça gözlenen distopya, teması ve kurgusu çerçevesindeki alt bağlamıyla bir eleştiridir. Karamsarlık,
olumsuzluk üzerinden bir hikâye anlatan ya da (olası) görünüm sunan distopik medya çıktıları toplumun, sistemin bulunduğu
ya da vardığı noktayı korku, panik gibi argümanlar üzerinden yordadığı gibi zaman zaman absürtlükler üzerinden de yordar.
Distopik evrenin yarattığı gelecek apokaliptik ve post-apokaliptik nitelikler taşır. Teknoloji ile yaratılan sona ilişkin çıkış yolu,
kurtulma aracı da yine teknolojidir. Diyalektik görünen bu ilişki, zaman zaman fantazmagorik anlatıları da kullanır. Nitekim
bazı distopik medya çıktılarında aldatıcı görüntüler, sonu gelen ya da gelmiş olan evrende olan biteni hakikat algısını sorgulatarak verir; distopazlar, otoriter karakterler dikkat çeker, simüle edilmiş bir evren tasvirinde bireyin içsel yabancılaşma gibi
kaçınılmaz sonda otorite karşısında itaate yöneldiği de görülür. Entropik bir süreç olarak distopik kurguda krizler ve kaos vardır
ve toplum korku, panik ile yordanır. Bu çalışmada, Milgram’ın “Otoriteye İtaat Deneyi”nden hareketle sosyal psikoloji ve dijitalleşme ilişkisi, gezegenler arası yolculuğun işlendiği bir dizi olan Avenue 5 örnekleminde otoriteye itaat ve grup psikolojisini
anlamak amacıyla betimsel analiz tekniği ile incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda, dijitalleşmenin sayısız olanağının gösterildiği
Avenue 5’da yaratılan distopik geleceğin absürd olduğu, bireyin büründüğü rol çerçevesinde kendisine yabancılaşabildiği, otoriteye itaat ve grup psikolojisi noktasındaki uyma davranışının ise bireyler arası kolektif unsurlar ile ilişkili olduğu söylenebilir.Utopia, which imagines a life and order with ideals such as perfection, flawlessness, and trouble-freeness, is not just an imagination of a place or space; It is a fiction, an idealized post-truth, and also a loss of truth. That’s why
it creates surreal arguments and puts dystopia in front of it. This tendency makes dystopia attractive and striking. It is known
that phantasmagoria is used in utopia and dystopia. When dystopia is considered as a narrative, it has a critical quality with
its theme and fiction. Indeed, critical dystopia also refers to this. Dystopian media outputs draw critical attention to the point
where society and the system are or have reached, with the story they tell through pessimism and negativity, or the (possible) views they point to. In this context, dystopia predicts the situation through arguments such as fear and panic, but also
sometimes through absurdities. When criticizing the situation in question, society can be portrayed as having evolved and
become alienated from itself. This paradigm observed more in the case of cyberpunk, also uses fear and appeal in meta-narratives. Dystopia, which is known to criticize an order or system in a slightly exaggerated and imaginary way, also re-establishes
the relationship between the future and reality. While oppressive control, the decisiveness of technology, surveillance, fear,
panic, and pessimism are the arguments used to characterize it, criticisms regarding the environment of trust also attract
attention. It is often portrayed in favor of the individual behaving by the group rather than individually. In dystopian outputs,
various forms of control are seen. For example, a control related to public administration, such as a rule-based control or a
technology-based control, is observed. The dystopian order that regulates society can also use belief as a control tool. An
imaginary order is established through the collective memory and various commonalities of the society, and elements that
have an impact and trace on the individual are used. While oppression and fear are tried to be attractive, the costs of breaking the rules are shown. This constructed reality reconstructs identities and selves, as well as the perception of truth. It even
problematizes them and pushes them to adapt to the form of a dystopian order. Utopian or dystopian outputs sometimes
present the moment, place, and situation in the form of deceptive images. This deception is sometimes attractive, often it is
fiction, imaginary. However, phantasmagoria, which can be accepted as the reality or construction of that moment, is quite
impressive. Deceptive images that highlight the ambiguity of the bond established between the real and the unreal are aimed
at the viewer’s perception of truth. These images ask the viewer to question reality and wonder about the moment and the
aftermath. While many areas affected by the developments in communication technologies are becoming digital, digital fantasy has also begun to be used in many media types and outputs in the relationship between moment and reality. The effect
and appeal of the understanding that virtualizes reality aims to ensure being in the moment. For this purpose, it uses various
technological techniques and moves. The digital form of deceptive images used in video games or media productions also
offers a revision of new generation media consumption habits. However, digital phantasmagoria does not deviate from its
main purpose and makes the truth problematic and questioned. This tendency, also observed in apocalyptic or post-apocalyptic media outputs, occasionally increases pessimism by assembling moments and facts within the dystopia and mediates
an urgent technology-based solution. Social psychology evolves in various ways in digitally evolving fields. For example, it is
possible to see all these details in Avenue 5, a dystopian series about interplanetary travel examined in this study. This study,
which touches on the relationship between social psychology and digitalization, based on Milgram’s “Obedience to Authority
Experiment”, shows the primitiveness of many impulses or tendencies of the individual in the grip of pleasure or detachment, whether in an apocalyptic or post-apocalyptic process, through the example of Avenue 5. Obedience to authority or
submission to technology for the sake of survival are pragmatic and primitive tendencies, and although digitalization changes
the forms of collective life, the issue of benefits must be discussed on a public basis. The direct reflection of the role of the
individual on behavior can be discussed within the framework of the effects of digitalization in post-postmodern discussions
and shows the tendencies of the individual, who consumes reality as well as the moment, such as parasitism and alienation,
as well as various norms of the digital. As a result of the study, it can be said that the dystopian future created in Avenue 5
is absurd, the individual can become alienated from himself within the framework of the role he assumes, and obedience to
authority and compliance behavior at the point of group psychology are related to collective elements between individuals
The GameStop case: An analysis within the framework of subcultures and social identity
No full textYeni iletişim teknolojilerinin yükselişi, farklı alanlarda oldukça büyük değişimler yaşanmasına neden olmuştur ve dönüşüme uğrayan alanlardan biri de toplumsal hareketlerdir. Dijital ortamlar üzerinden gerçekleştirilen kolektif eylemler, yeni toplumsal hareketlerin ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada GameStop hareketi, bir yeni toplumsal hareket örneği olarak alt kültürlerin kimlik oluşumu ve kültürel alandaki etkinliklerinin yanı sıra sosyal kimlik, kimlik belirsizliği ve sosyal sapkınlık tartışmaları çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Göstergebilim yöntemi ile GameStop hareketinin gerçekleştirildiği sosyal medya platformu olan Reddit üzerinden paylaşılan ve platformun wallstreetbets isimli grubunda en çok etkileşim alan beş esprili görsel (meme) çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları; wallstreetbets grubunun ortak bir dijital dile sahip olması, üyelerinin yalnızca kendi gruplarına ait bireyler için anlam taşıyan sembolik ifadeler kullanmaları, grup aidiyeti yaşamaları ve birbirlerinden farklı bireyler olarak bir araya gelerek ortak bir amaç doğrultusunda dijital bir toplumsal hareket gerçekleştirmeleri sebebiyle GameStop olayının yukarıda bahsedilen kuramlar üzerinden değerlendirebileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, grup üyelerinin ortak bir mizah diliyle ortak hedefleri için esprili görsel paylaşımları yaptıkları, bu yolla bir gruba ait olma duygusunu pekiştirdikleri, grup üyeliklerini kimliklerinin önemli bir parçası hâline getirdikleri ve böylelikle GameStop olayının başarıya ulaşmasını sağlayan eylemleri gerçekleştirdikleri anlaşılmaktadır. İlgili alanda Türkçe literatürde çok sayıda araştırma olmaması ve olayın hem iletişim hem de sosyal psikoloji perspektifinden değerlendirilmiş olması sebebiyle özgün bir çalışma olarak alana katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir.The rise of new communication technologies has caused significant changes in different fields, including the transformation of social movements. Collective actions in digital environments have facilitated the emergence of new social movements. This study, in particular, discusses the GameStop case as an example of a new social movement within the framework of subculture identity development and activities in the cultural field, as well as discussions on social identity, deindividuation, and social deviance. We used semiological analysis to examine the five most popular memes shared by the wallstreetbets group on Reddit, where the Gamestop case took place. The research findings show that the wallstreetbets group has a common digital language and uses symbolic expressions that are meaningful only to members of the group. Users experience a sense of belonging to the group, unite to carry out a digital movement towards a shared goal, make their group membership an important part of their identities, and thus carry out the actions that made the GameStop incident a success. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the GameStop case from the perspective of the theories mentioned above. Given the lack of Turkish scholarly research on the topic, this article contributes to the field by discussing the GameStop case from both communication and social psychology perspectives
A high speed pipelined radix-16 Booth multiplier architecture for FPGA implementation
No full textSince multiplication is a complex and resource-consuming operation, it is very effective on the speed performance of a processor. In this regard, fast multiplication unit design is important in digital system architectures. FPGA hardware, which is efficient for the implementation and rapid prototyping of today's digital system architectures, is becoming widespread. Therefore, in this study it aimed to design a fast radix-16 Booth multiplier based on the FPGA architecture. Booth multiplier implementation is preferred because it is relatively simple and efficient. The sizes of the multiplexers, which have an impact on the operating period in the encoder part of the proposed multiplier, reduced in the designed architecture by using a simple algorithm. To increase the speed performance of the system, the pipeline technique is used and parallelization is preferred in the tree structure in addition of the partial products. The effects of different multiplexer sizes, bit lengths and pipeline stages on the operating period of the system and other performance metrics examined. Different designs and the results obtained presented. According to the results, the multiplier hardware architectures designed in this study exhibit effective results in terms of speed performance
Searching the future of journalism in the past: News magazine journalism from the perspective of journalist
No full textİnternetin ortaya çıkışıyla yaşanan dönüşüm, medya içeriklerinin üretiminde kullanılan teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte haberciliğin dönüşmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Toplumsal, kültürel, teknolojik ve ekonomik değişimlerle paralellik gösteren bu dönüşüm gazetecilik pratiklerini yeni uygulama alanları ve rolleriyle tanıştırmıştır. Geleneksel gazetecilik her ne kadar yeni medyanın etkisiyle gücünü kaybetmiş gibi gözükse de bilgi kirliliğinden uzak olan yapısıyla güven konusunda hala tercih edilebilirliğini sürdürmektedir. Ancak geleneksel gazetecilik pratikleri bir bütün olarak düşünülse de bu pratikleri oluşturan bileşkeler içerisinde mesleki pratiklerin icra edilmesi değişmektedir. Bu noktada bir zamanlar Türkiye’nin nabzını tutan, bütün hafta yaşanan gelişmeleri okuyucularına derinlemesine aktaran, zaman zaman ülkenin gündemini belirleyen ve gazetecilik mesleğini icra etme şekilleriyle gazetelerden ayrılan haber dergileri yayımlanırdı. Her ne kadar basın tarihinde gazetelerin arka planına atılmış olsa da tabiri caizse bir gazetecinin geçebileceği en iyi tezgâh olarak birçok gazetecinin yetişmesinde önemli bir okul görevi gören haber dergileri, okuyucular için her zaman önemli bir alternatif olmuştu. Dijitalin birçok alanı ele geçirmesiyle yaşanan dönüşümden payını alan dergicilik sektörü içinde haber dergileri ise bu dönüşüme beklenen şekilde adapte olamamışlardır. Dünyadaki öncüllerinin yayınlarını hem dijital hem de basılı olarak sürdürdükleri haber dergilerinin günümüzde Türkiye’de kaybolmuş olmalarının nedenlerini ortaya koymak bu çalışmanın ana amacını oluşturmuştur. Bu amaç kapsamında ise haber dergilerinin yaşadıkları süreç yapılan çalışmada düz çizgisel bir tarihsel anlatıdan ziyade bu alanda çalışmış gazetecilerin aktardıkları deneyim üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Deneyimler yazılı tarihte anlatılan olaylardan farklı olarak arka planda yaşananları alanda çalışan gazetecilerin gözünden aktarması yönünden oldukça değerlidir. Bilgiye ulaşan, düzenleyen ve yorumlayan kişi olarak gazetecilerin konumları ve yaşanan dönüşümler mesleğin geçirdiği değişimleri anlamlandırmak açısından önemlidir.In today’s world, where digital has taken over many fields, journalism has also undergone radical changes, especially in terms of news production and news distribution-publication, as a part of this transformation in recent years. In this new understanding of journalism where space and time are determinants, the phenomenon of speed both determines the quality and content of news and changes the structure of news consumption. However, this does not mean printed com munication tools have lost effectiveness. Many media organizations continue their activities both digitally and in print. At this point, although newspapers generally stand out as the tool people use to access news, magazines should be considered as an old and effective tool as newspapers in the historical process. Magazines have always been a different option for readers with their special/file/research news on different topics, paper quality, original page designs, and illustrations accompanying the news.The transformation experienced with the emergence of the Internet has brought about the transformation of journalism with the technological developments used in the production of media content. This transformation, which is parallel to social, cultural, technological, and economic changes, has introduced journalistic practices to new application areas and roles. Although traditional journalism seems to have lost its power under the influence of new media, it is still preferable in terms of trust with its structure which is far from information pollution. However, although traditional journalism practices are considered as a whole, the execution of professional practices changes within the components that make up these practices. Although the most basic structure in journalism is what the news is, how to find it, and how to verify and present it, the implementation of this practice differs according to the tools. Although the codes and ethical rules of the profession are fixed, journalistic practices vary according to the medium in which they take place, from radio to television, from the internet to social media, and in this sense, there are various distinctions between newspapers and magazines representing traditional journalistic practices.When the history of the Turkish press is analyzed, the first magazines appeared shortly after the publication of the first newspaper and various types of magazines started to be published depending on the conditions experienced over time. News magazine, which is one of these types, is defined as magazines that present the events that develop during a week to its readers with their past, future, and all their details. The most important difference of news magazines, which present multifaceted, complex, long-term events with a certain style and the most striking points, from other magazines is that the news is prioritized and commentary articles or interviews are presented as a complement to the news. The importance of news magazines as a representative of the research-based journalism approach is that they fulfill the news reporting mission undertaken by newspapers in various periods and conditions and are a significant tool in setting the agenda. In addition, news magazines, which seek to answer the question ‘how it happened’ rather than ‘what happened’ and invite their readers who are curious about the behind-the-scenes of the events to think more deeply, have both served as a school in the training of many journalists and have played a role as a critical alternative of polyphony in the press-democracy relationship. News magazines, which were introduced to Turkey in the 1950s, when the country transitioned to multi-party life, are one of the important building blocks of Turkish Press History with both the mission they undertook and the competition with newspapers. News magazines, which have made a significant contribution to the shaping of the field of journalism, could not adapt to the digital environment we are in and could not survive. This study started from this point and analyzed why news magazines disappeared by revealing their position in the field of journalism. In this context, journalists who have worked in the field of news magazine publishing were interviewed and the internal structure of the news magazine publishing field was revealed through their own experiences. In the qualitatively designed study, interviews were conducted with 11 journalists who worked in news magazines. At this point, all components of news magazines were included in the study by paying atten tion to the distribution of journalists as editor-in-chief, editor-in-chief, editor, news manager, reporter, and designer. Thus, the experiences of the journalists draw a road map for understanding the transformation of the journalism profession in terms of information pollution, fake news, and trust issues discussed today and the changes in the professional practices of journalism