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Clark, Ryan

Tassier-Surine, Stephanie

Kerr, Phil

Bedrock Geologic Map of the West Point 7.5\u27 Quadrangle, Lee County, Iowa

Association of College and Research Libraries. Iowa Chapter

ILA/ACRL Minutes and Reports Other Partnerships 
2-17-2020 
ILA/ACRL Executive Board Meeting Minutes, February 17, 2020 
Association of College and Research Libraries. Iowa Chapter 
Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/ilaacrl_reports 
 Part of the Library and Information Science Commons 
Copyright © 2020 ILA/ACRL 
Hosted by Iowa Research Online. For more information please contact: lib-ir@uiowa.edu. 
ILA/ACRL Executive Board Meeting 
Monday, February 17, 2020 
2:30 p.m. 
 
Approved Minutes 
 
Attendees: 
Liz Riordan, President 
Kate Faford-Johnson, Vice-President/President-Elect 
Lindsay Healey, Secretary/Treasurer 
Mary Anderson, Spring Conference Committee Chair 
Brett Cloyd, Government Relations Representative 
Erica Knapp, Fall Conference Liaison 
Cathy Cranston, Member-at-Large 
Laurie Neuerburg, Professional Development Committee Chair 
Katie Hassman, College Readiness Committee Chair 
Jennifer Smith - ILA Liaison 
Emma Adams, Member-at-Large 
 
1. Meeting called to order at 2:32 
2. Agenda approved by acclamation 
3. Approval of Executive Board Meeting Minutes of 17 February. Motion by Emma Adams, 
Second by Kate Faford-Johnson. Minutes approved by acclamation. 
4. Treasurer’s Report - no report. Lindsay will send out via email. 
5. Committee and Representative Reports 
a. Awards 
i. No report 
b. College Readiness 
The following report was submitted: 
1. Katie Hassman reached out to ILA president, Mara Strickler, and 
Secretary/Parliamentarian, Jennifer Sterling for guidance on how to 
proceed in changing the committee name from College Readiness to 
College & Career Readiness. Based on communication with Strickler and 
Sterling it appears the name change can be made after obtaining a vote 
of approval from both the IASL and ILA-ACRL Executive Boards. 
Hassman would like to vote during the February ILA-ACRL Executive 
Board meeting if possible. 
The following was discussed: 
1. See new business. 
 
c. Electronic Communications Committee 
The following report was submitted: 
1. Discussed activities and goals of committee 
2. Went over ILA 2020 legislative activity and promoting agenda via social 
media channels 
3. Chair announced CFP’s for Spring and Fall conferences, cut off-dates 
4. Roles 
a. Joe Letriz will look at Drupal/website updates 
b. Jill O’Neill will take on Facebook group 
c. James Cox will take on LinkedIn 
d. Maggie Halterman-Dess will continue to run Twitter 
The following was discussed: 
1. The ECC has a question regarding ILA/ACRL’s public Facebook page. Jill 
O’Neill had a question about making the Facebook page publicly available 
with more general information. ECC is seeking thoughts or comments 
from the Executive Board. Cathy asked if people have to be a member to 
join the page - Liz doesn’t think so, but that would be a question to ask 
the ECC. There are currently 138 members of the FB group. Liz noted 
that the ILA page is open to everybody, but only ILA can post. The 
ILA/ACRL page allows posts from members. Cathy just did this and was 
able to post directly to the page without approval. We would need to 
decide if we would lock that down or allow anyone to post. Cathy - lean 
towards opening it up but the posting should potentially be restricted. Liz - 
another group has been trolled. Mary asked about the reasoning for 
opening it up - (Liz) Jill wanted to see if it would reach more people. Liz 
suggested maybe when we send out renewal notices we could add “Join 
us on Facebook!” Brett - we could always go back and change things if it 
becomes a problem. Group agreed to let them try it out. Liz will talk with 
Maggie.  
 
d. Fall Conference Liaison 
The following report was submitted: 
1. Erica will be co-chair for the Speakers Subcommittee of ILA Conference 
Planning Committee along with Jilian Rutledge 
The following was discussed: 
1. First planning meeting on Friday (2/21). Erica will co-chair the speakers 
committee. Erica wants to know if there is anything the group wants her to 
bring to the subcommittee. Liz - we talked about the pre-conference idea 
in January, asked Erica to get as much information as she can about that. 
Katie - advocacy; would this be something ILA would want to feature in a 
speaker series - specifically on-going advocacy, it would be a suggestion 
for a possible topic she would like to see covered at the conference. If 
anyone thinks of questions or comments, send to Erica via email (emails 
are on the Google drive).  
e.  Membership Committee 
 The following report was submitted: 
1. Received 2020 membership list and compared it with last year’s 
membership list to create a lapsed membership list. 
a. 74 out of 131 didn’t renew yet from last year 
b. 14 new members (not on 2019 list) 
2. Amandajean contacted lapsed members to inquire about renewal 
3. ILA Membership Committee contacted subdivision chairs the second 
week of Feb. to help urge folks to renew their memberships by 
communicating the benefits of their subdivision’s work. ILA/ACRL 
Membership sent out an email to the ILA listserv on Feb. 4, 2020, 
communicating value of an ILA/ACRL membership with a link to renew, 
and instructions on adding the $5 if they already renewed their ILA but not 
ILA/ACRL. 
a. Received question from retired member asking for special 
instructions on renewing since retired members do not have to pay 
to renew. 
i. Perhaps we should add a note to the $5 to renew email 
template listing member groups who will receive a 
separate renewal email (i.e. retired members, corporate?, 
etc.) 
The following was discussed: 
1. Liz commended Kate on the memes. Kate acknowledged Amandajean. 
2. Kate mentioned that we had 131 members last year, 74 haven’t renewed 
yet for this year. Total number of registered members as of the beg of 
February was 71 members. Amandajean sent out emails to the last 
members, Kate sent an email to the ILA listserv, and they will be sending 
emails to the chairs of subdivisions to try and get their members to renew 
as well.  
3. Regarding the retired member, Lindsay will double check some 
documentation from last year and reach out to Kate via email.  
f. Professional Development 
The following report was submitted: 
1. Episode 2 of “Keeping up with … in Iowa” video series was posted to our 
blog at the end of January. 
The following was discussed: 
1. No report. 
2. Liz commended the committee on the  latest Keeping up with...in Iowa - it 
is nice that it ties into our Spring Conference theme. Liz suggested that 
maybe we could have one in the Fall that ties in with the fall program as 
well.  
g.  Spring Conference Committee 
The following report was submitted: 
1. We have one conference proposal so far, but the deadline isn't until 
March 31 so there is still plenty of time. We will send out a reminder when 
we send out the first registration reminder. See #3 below. 
2. We have the two needed volunteers for proposal readers: IPAL - Heidi 
Pettit and ILA/ACRL - Erica Knapp. Thank you to both of them! 
3. The registration form is in process and will be posted when ready. We are 
still waiting for one piece of information from IPAL. 
The following was discussed: 
1. Mary had a question for the group about Sched. Sched has been used in 
the past for our Spring Conference. We need to decide whether we want 
to continue using it for this year. Lindsay mentioned that one nice feature 
Sched has is that it allows speakers to email people who have signed up 
and also noted the benefit of saving some paper. Cathy said she thinks 
we’re fine with not having it. Liz mentioned that since this year we are 
scaling back, it might be fine to go without. The group came to a 
consensus that we will not do sched this year and save the $125.  
 
h. Spring Conference Committee 2021 & 2022 
The following report was given: 
1. Our committee met on 2/17 and set a plan in motion to hold three Zoom 
focus-groups with our membership to discuss the future of the spring 
conference. The focus groups will be held on: 
o Friday, 2/21, 11-Noon 
o Wednesday, 2/26, 11-Noon 
o Friday, 2/28, 11-Noon 
2. A survey will be sent out to our membership following the focus groups to 
get a wider range of feedback. 
3. The following questions were developed for the focus groups and they 
were sent out to the Exec Board for comment. (These are the original 
questions with suggestions included.) Are there any other suggestions? 
Questions: 
1. Should we continue to host the spring conference annually or 
would we be better off to do it every other year? (We could do it in 
alternate years to national ACRL’s Annual Conference. They host 
theirs on odd years. In 2021 it will be April 14-17 in Seattle.) 
Suggested rewording: Should we continue to host the spring 
conference annually or would every other year offer new 
possibilities? Does the ACRL national conference in odd years 
impact your decision/financial ability to attend the ILA/ACRL 
Spring Conference? 
2. Should the conference be for one or two days? Should we 
alternate between a mini and a full-length conference every other 
year? 
3. When is the best time of the spring to host the conference? 
Suggestion to move this to the top of our questions, with the 
rationale to start and end a survey with something easy.  
4. Should we continue hosting this as a joint conference with the 
Iowa Private Academic Libraries? What is currently working about 
the practice and what isn’t? Suggested rewording: Should Iowa 
ACRL and the Iowa Private Academic Libraries continue with a 
joint conference format? What works well with the joint 
conference? Are there any drawbacks to continuing the practice? 
5. To help in planning, would there be support from membership to 
rotate between four consistent locations, 2 in Central Iowa and 2 
in Eastern Iowa? Suggested rewording: To help in planning, would 
you support rotating between four consistent locations, 2 in 
Central Iowa and 2 in Eastern Iowa? 
6. Is a keynote speaker a draw for attendance? Would people still 
attend without a keynote speaker? Suggested rewording: Is a 
keynote speaker a draw for attendance? Would you still attend 
without a keynote speaker? 
7. Is there interest in having a virtual component in addition to or 
as a replacement for one of the days of meeting in person? 
Suggested rewording: Would a virtual aspect to the conference 
benefit you as a supplement to attendance or as a replacement for 
face-to-face attendance? Virtual might include recordings of 
sessions to view later; Slideshare-type audio-visual copies of 
presentations; possibly live streaming portions of the conference. 
8. Should we continue to have a theme for the conference? 
9. What questions do you have that you’d like to discuss with the 
group? 
The following was discussed: 
1. Cathy said the committee has advertised the focus groups. If anyone has 
edits for the focus group questions, let Cathy know. The questions are 
hopefully set. Cathy asked everyone to please encourage your colleagues 
to show up for a focus group.  
2. Brett asked about why we are considering changes. Cathy explained that 
this has been an ongoing conversation since roughly last fall. At some 
point IPAL/ACRL decided to have a joint conference and would 
re-evaluate in a few years, so this is re-evaluating. At the fall business 
meeting there was some discussion, the focus groups will hopefully reach 
people who weren’t at the fall meeting. Every year/every other year is the 
big question we are hoping to get feedback on. Liz also mentioned that 
attendance was going down, so we are trying to find ways to make 
ourselves sustainable, and that it’s always good to try and evaluate where 
we stand and if we need to change or adapt anything.  
i. ACRL Chapter Council 
The following report was given: 
1. Chapters Council did not meet at Midwinter but will be meeting virtually 
later this month.  
2. ACRL’s Board of Directors responded to the ALA Budget Update that was 
presented at Midwinter ​https://www.acrl.ala.org/acrlinsider/archives/18963 
3. The latest Around ACRL update (2/7): 
https://www.acrl.ala.org/acrlinsider/archives/19028 
4. ACRL and PLA boards jointly respond to SCOE Recommendations: 
https://www.acrl.ala.org/acrlinsider/archives/18822 
5. Updates of what happened at ALA Midwinter. 
https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2020/02/06/2020-midwinter-wrap-u
p/​ Council’s actions are at the end 
6. This LJ article about Midwinter is a good one: 
https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=American-Library-Association
s-2-Million-Shortfall-Prompts-Demands-for-Transparency-Reform-ALA-Mi
dwinter-2020  
The following was discussed: 
1. No report. 
2. Liz told the group that Carrie sent out a lot of links and encouraged 
everyone to check them out.  
j. ACRL Government Relations 
The following was discussed: 
1. Liz welcomed Brett. Brett said that he is trying to figure out the role, 
review what has happened and figure out what is best for our group. Liz 
encouraged Brett to get in touch with Mary Heinzmzan, she is happy to 
talk about it. 
 
6. Old Business 
1. IT Roundtable Preconference Update 
a. Julia had one convo with Joy - she has a really small committee of 2, with 30 or 
so members of the Roundtable itself. The committee sent out a survey to 
Roundtable members, from which two interest areas emerged: a panel 
discussion on podcasts, and how different types of libraries are using podcasting 
in different ways. Julia knows of an instructor who has done it as a class 
assignment and she has reached out to the instructor who is on board with being 
a panel member. Someone else at planning day had talked about podcasting 
with teens, Julia will reach out to her and see if she would be interested in being 
on the panel. Julia is still looking for someone to discuss podcasting as library 
outreach - services, collections, issues. Liz mentioned Lindsay Mattock from 
SLIS who is doing podcasts for her class and has started one with Aiden Bettine 
About archive issues.  
b. Julia reported that Joy is also working on a pre-conference proposal for a Library 
Technology/Innovative Tech Petting Zoo. One of the interest areas is Augmented 
Reality/VR and Joy is working on getting ppl to talk about their experiences. Liz 
proposed that maybe we don’t need to focus on the pre-conf because Joy is 
already running with that. Cathy mentioned that the engineering library at Iowa 
has a lot of interesting tech in their Creative Space, they might have some fun 
stuff to share or partner on the tech petting zoo. Julia requested that If anyone 
knows of others doing things with podcasts, please send her their info.  
2. Liz asked Katie for an update on the teacher librarians.  
a. Katie reported that it’s looking like it might get passed through the Administrative 
Rules Committee. Katie did receive emails back from two committee members 
who were willing to delay it until next year. The bill is not just worrisome for 
teacher libraries but also social studies and history teachers. Katie reported that it 
seems like the main reasoning behind the change is that states next to us don’t 
require as much for certification. Katie encouraged people to follow-up or get in 
touch with the people on the committee. If Katie hears more she will let us know, 
but it seems like it may still possibly go through the committee. March 6th is their 
next meeting.  
 
7. New Business 
1. Liz welcomed Brett & Jennifer to the group. Brett will be our Government Relations 
Representative and Jennifer will be ILA Board liaison 
2. ILA/ACRL vote for changing the name of College Readiness to College and Career 
Readiness 
a. Katie confirmed with ILA that we just need a voice vote majority from our Exec 
board to approve this. Liz asked for a rundown of why they decided to change the 
name. Katie explained how the proposed changes came about: A couple of years 
ago the committee did some work looking at the Iowa State Board of Education 
materials that relate to college readiness. State Board of Education has a 
“college & career readiness” definition, and we want to align with those 
documents and also acknowledge that the work we do in Higher Ed prepares 
students for life outside of the academy. If anyone would like to see the docs 
from the state board of ed, Katie can share. Katie explained that they did adopt a 
definition with a plan to help students get career and college ready, and a lot of 
the learning objectives are information literacy objectives, so it is really easy to 
connect what we do with that. This was approved in 2016, and we would like to 
align more with what the state messaging is about college & career readiness. 
Julia added that workplace information literacy is coming more into the academic 
arena as well.  
i. Approved by voice vote. The College Readiness Committee will be 
changed to College & Career Readiness Committee. IASL will have this 
on their agenda for their next meeting. Katie will reach out to ILA, if they 
have questions they can get in touch with Liz. Julia mentioned that we 
could also put this in the ILA Executive Board report. Liz will let Maggie 
know to change the website to reflect the new name. 
8. Other Business or Announcements 
1. Next meeting will be March 23rd. Liz will send out details  
2. April meeting will be 4/20, Julia will take minutes for Lindsay, who will be out of 
town. 
3. Liz thanked everyone for being on top of committee reports. 
 
Adjourned 3:14 p.m. 
 
Respectfully Submitted, 
Lindsay Healey, Secretary/Treasurer 


English

ILA/ACRL Executive Board Meeting Minutes, February 17, 2020

ILA/ACRL Minutes and Reports Other Partnerships 
5-22-2020 
ILA/ACRL Member Business Meeting Minutes, May 22, 2020 
Association of College and Research Libraries. Iowa Chapter 
Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/ilaacrl_reports 
 Part of the Library and Information Science Commons 
Copyright © 2020 ILA/ACRL 
Hosted by Iowa Research Online. For more information please contact: lib-ir@uiowa.edu. 
All Member Business Meeting for May 22nd, 2020 
Location: Zoom 
Time: 11:00 AM 
 
Approved Minutes 
 
1. Meeting called to order at 11:05 a.m. 
2. Agenda approved by acclamation. 
3. ILA/ACRL Meeting minutes: October Business Meeting approved by 
acclamation. 
4. Treasurer’s Report 
a. In April we had $35.00 in receipts and $15.00 in disbursements for the 
Mind the Gap Zoom fee. There was an ending balance of $6,201.41. 
5. Committee and Representative Reports 
a. Awards - Julia Salting 
i. The following report was given: 
1. The Awards Committee is inviting applications for the 2020 
Research Award beginning at the end of May and will 
provide ample time for librarians to submit materials 
throughout the summer. The Awards Committee plans to 
recognize the recipient of this award at the Iowa Library 
Association conference scheduled for October 2020 in 
Dubuque. 
ii. The following was discussed: 
1. Julia reported that the awards committee is responsible for 
three awards - 2 conference scholarships and the research 
award. ​Due to the disruptions of Covid-19 the awards and 
exec board are pushing the research award forward. At the 
end of [May] we will do a call for applications, followed by a 
blind review. The research award recipient will be contacted 
and the formal announcement will be presented at the ILA 
Annual Conference in October.  
2. Julia expressed a thank you to the the awards committee 
members Kris Stacy-Bates, Cara Stone, and Sara Scheib.  
b. College & Career Readiness - Katie Hassman 
i. The following was discussed: 
1. Exec Board has approved renaming the committee. Katie 
reported that the name change is awaiting approval from the 
IASL Exec Board, but that should be coming as soon as they 
can have a meeting. This has been a long conversation to 
get the name to include “Career Readiness.” 
2. Katie reported that a lot of the committee’s work over the 
past year has been supporting Teacher Librarians. The 
committee continues to collect college-level research 
assignments, this is an ongoing project. . There is a team 
that collects the assignments and then develops supporting 
materials (PPT, email scripts, etc.)  
3. The committee is also working on developing shareable 
communication tools - Facebook posts, printable posters, 
that TLs can share showcasing the importance of TLs in 
their schools.  
c. Electronic Communications  - Maggie Halterman-Dess 
i. The following was discussed: 
1. Maggier reported that the committee has been working on 
getting some of the social media channels back up and 
running, including Facebook, LinkedIn, and the blog in 
cooperation with the Spring Conference Committee and the 
Professional Development Committee. The ECC has been 
working with Liz on the Town Halls and making sure we are 
getting news & developments out to the membership in a 
timely fashion. One thing the committee is considering for 
the future is a Twitter chat 
2. Liz thanked the committee for everything they have been 
doing in light of Covid-19 and encouraged people to check 
out the blog. 
d. Fall Conference Liaison - Erica Knapp 
i. The following was discussed: 
1. Erica reported that she is co-chairing the speakers 
committee, and they are exploring different options for 
conference attendance including virtual, hybrid, and 
in-person. As those decisions are made, Erica will keep the 
group updated. The committee is moving forward with 
planning, currently working on getting concurrent session 
proposals screened and selected, which should be complete 
in the next month. 
e. Membership - Kate Faford-Johnson 
i. The following report was given: 
1. Does anyone have feedback on what else we could be doing 
as the ILA/ACRL membership committee to provide more 
support to you and your colleagues (either COVID-19 related 
or in general)?  
2. Anything you would like to be addressed by the larger ILA 
Membership committee? 
ii. The following was discussed: 
1. Kate reported that our membership was 74 at the beginning 
of February and 138 at the beginning of May. Though the 
committee has been doing some of the typical things they 
usually do such as contacting people whose membership 
has lapsed, with Covid they pivoted away from encouraging 
people to pay membership due and instead are focusing on 
communicating the value of what ILA/ACRL has to offer to 
both members and non-members.  
2. Kate has been working with the ILA membership committee. 
They are working on creating an ad hoc committee to look at 
membership dues, which will be looked at over the summer. 
Kate encouraged anyone with ideas to contact Ryan Gerdje, 
Jennifer Smith, or Kate.  
f. Professional Development - Laurie Neuerburg 
i. The following was discussed: 
1. Laurie thanked the committee and mentioned that there is an 
opening for one more member if anyone is interested in 
serving.  
2. One thing the committee is looking at is a Librarian 
exchange, which would be a directory members could use to 
find someone at a different institution in Iowa to talk or 
collaborate with. 
3. The committee has been sending out the monthly email with 
Professional Development opportunities and working on the 
Keeping Up With...In Iowa series. Laurie encouraged those 
with ideas for topics to reach out.  
4. There are upcoming book discussions about ​Small 
Teaching​. 
g. Spring Conference - Mary Anderson, Cathay Cranston 
i. The following report was given: 
1. Results from survey and focus groups that were conducted 
earlier this year  
2. Get 2021 location and date on your calendars now! 
ii. The following was discussed:  
1. Cathay reported on the results of the survey and focus 
groups about the future of the ILA/ACRL/IPAL Joint 
Conference. There was some good participation. The survey 
results are on the ILA/ACRL blog. 
2. Mary reported on the Project Outcome workshop, which had 
52 attendees. This year’s conference was postponed to next 
year and will be held May 20-21, 2021 at Central College. 
IPAL voted to join us for another conference. Greta Grond, 
who is the incoming IPAL President, will serve on the Spring 
Conference Committee. The committee is hoping to start 
planning the 2022 Conference in January 2021. 
h. ACRL Chapter Council - Carrie Dunham-LaGree 
i. No report 
i. ACRL Government Relations - Bretty Cloyd 
i. The following was discussed: 
1. Brett has been sending out occasional emails about ACRL’s 
efforts to support IMLS, there are some links to explore in 
the meeting agenda. Brett encouraged people to think about 
some of the things we might focus on. Brett will continue to 
send out advocacy alerts. ILA’s work with the legislature will 
resume as they are set to reconvene in June. Brett 
encouraged anyone with questions or suggestions to reach 
out. 
6. Old Business 
a. Liz reported that most of our time at the April Exec Board meeting was 
spend discussing the Spring Conference 
7. New Business  
a. Nothing at this time 
8. Other Business or Announcements 
a. ILA/ACRL Town Hall updates 
i. Liz reported on the ILA/ACRL Town Halls. These are being held 
every Thursday from 10:00 a.m.-11:00 a.m. and are scheduled to 
continue until June 11th. We have seen decent attendance so far 
and will evaluate after June 11th whether to continue. Liz 
encouraged members to join in on the Town Halls if able.  
b. Newsletter project. 
i. Cathay reported on last year’s project to convert the newsletters 
from the website into something that can be included in UI’s 
Institutional Repository. The newsletters from March 
1996-November 2015 are included in the archive, which is available 
at ir.uniowa.edu/ilaacrl_newsletter 
c. Calling for members to join ILA/ACRL committees for 2021! 
i. Liz asked anyone interested in volunteering for committees or 
positions to fill out the volunteer form which is available in the 
Google folder. Liz also asked members in attendance to reach out 
to anyone on Exec board if they are interested in learning more. 
Kate and Liz will be getting the volunteer form out to the listserv 
later this week. 
d. A thank you 
i. Liz thanked Exec board and committee members for their work 
especially in this difficult time.  
      9. Meeting adjourned at 11:36 a.m. 
 
 
Respectfully submitted, 
Lindsay Healey, ILA/ACRL Secretary/Treasurer 
 


ILA/ACRL Member Business Meeting Minutes, May 22, 2020

Craig, Lydia

 
Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies 
________________________________ 
Volume 20, Issue 1 2020 Article No. 6 
 
SPEAKING OF VIOLENCE 
________________________________ 
 
Political Life in the Wake of the Plantation: Sovereignty, 
Witnessing, Repair 
 
Lydia Craig* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
∗Loyola University, Chicago, lcraig1@luc.edu 
 
Copyright © 2020 by the authors. ​Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies​ is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press 
(bepress). https://ir.uiowa.edu/ijcs 
 
IJCS​ 66 
Political Life in the Wake of the Plantation: Sovereignty, Witnessing, Repair 
 
 
 
 
 
Lydia Craig 
 
 
 
 
Political Life in the Wake of the Plantation: Sovereignty, Witnessing, Repair​. 
Thomas, Deborah A.​ ​Durham: Duke University Press, 2019. 368pp. $28.95 
Paperback. 
  
 
 
 
 
Over the past decades, Deborah A. Thomas has brought public injustices in Jamaica to 
public view through a method she calls “Witnessing 2.0,” a different sort of bearing witness that 
combines use of archival materials and social justice advocacy. To reveal government atrocities 
occurring during the 1963 Coral Gardens “incident” in which hundreds of Rastafarians were 
tortured over a land dispute, Thomas interviewed older members of the community, filming and 
recording their recollections. These were included in ​Bad Friday: Rastafari after Coral Gardens 
(2011), directed by Thomas, John Jackson, and Junior “Gabu” Wedderburn, a documentary 
screened at various North American university campuses before officially premiering at the Bob 
Marley Museum in Kingston. Now it is permanently featured at the National Gallery of Jamaica 
and Institute of Jamaica in the Rastafari exhibit, informing visitors young and old of this largely 
forgotten incident. This documentary’s impact in restoring public consciousness of this wrong 
influenced Prime Minister Andrew Holness to make an official apology to the Rastafarian 
community in 2017, along with the promise of reparative benefits for survivors. Having marked 
the practical results of her intervention to resurrect the legacy of the 1963 Coral Gardens 
“incident,” now Thomas engages with a significantly more immediate – and thus, more 
dangerous – episode in Jamaican history, involving global, as well as local governments.  
  
 
Craig 67 
In this new documentary project, Thomas explores the 24 May 2010 Tivoli Gardens “incident,” 
in which Christopher “Dudus” Coke, an alleged gun-and-drug-runner, was forcibly extracted 
from his West Kingston Neighborhood and extradited to the United States by request of that 
country. Jamaican Prime Minister Bruce Golding’s decision to order police and military forces to 
capture Coke resulted in a stand-off and curfew lasting a month. Ultimately, seventy-five 
civilians were killed according to government figures, though community members argue that 
total casualties were closer to two hundred. By “archiving violence,” Thomas performs a 
“transmedial reading,” as expressed in her Preface (xv). Achieving “Witnessing 2.0,” “a 
quotidian practice of watching, listening, and feeling that is relational and profoundly 
intersubjective,” requires successive feminist actions similar, in her descriptive imagery, to 
textile unravelling and restoration. Thomas claims,  
This solution is geared toward (1) taking seriously embodies ways of knowing and 
understanding in an effort to (2) track the long-term entanglements that have produced 
and sustained the binaries structuring our modern world so that we find ways to (3) undo 
dualistic modalities of thinking and acting in order to (4) generate meaningful forms of 
repair…this repair must be generated through the “real love”…of deep recognition. (19).  
Reflecting the scattered and diverse nature of her archival avenues, the remainder of the volume 
is divided into an Introduction and three chapters, divided by two “Interludes,” and ended by a 
“Coda.” Directing, not dictating the narrative, Thomas enlists structural apparatuses from other 
artistic disciplines, such as musicology or performance, to punctuate the sounds of other voices.  
 Chapter I, “Doubt,” begins with a walk, as Thomas and a cinematographer follow a local 
named Annette into the Tivoli Garden streets where it all happened to meet those still grappling 
with the losses they sustained from between May and June of 2010. Questions remain 
unanswered and no compensation or official explanation has been given to the community for 
the excessive violence that took place there at the command of the government. Thomas 
observes, “doubt demands that we ask questions about complicity, accountability, obligation, and 
futurity, and these are the questions sovereign violence should ultimately produce” (24). Each 
eyewitness account is introduced separately, but in time with the chronology of known events, 
forcing identification with a human being, presence in a geographical place within a hellish 
moment. For instance, Thomas states, “If you were a woman with children in Tivoli Gardens 
during the incursion, you might have had an experience like Claudette Morgan’s on that Monday 
morning of 24 May. That day, Claudette got up and made breakfast, doing her normal chores 
around the house” (26). As gunfire erupts, helicopters, and snipers appear, this woman’s sedate 
everyday existence evaporates, leaving her imprisoned with her family within the walls of their 
home. Suspicious deaths, unknown ends, bodies left in the morgue for identification begin to pile 
up as the pages turn. Such doubt, according to Thomas, is a consequence of neo-liberal 
sovereignty.  
 Pausing in the midst of these personal accounts of those violent days in Tivoli Gardens, 
Thomas traces a pattern of government elimination of rebellious black bodies in Jamaica, from 
IJCS​ 68 
nineteenth century slave revolts and the 1865 Morant Bay Rebellion to funding of the police 
force by the United States, Great Britain, and Canada in the twentieth century and the 
establishment of a mutual extradition pact between Ronald Reagan’s America and Jamaica in 
1983. In a 2014 session before the Commission of Enquiry, former Police Commissioner Owen 
Ellington was confronted with images of individuals wearing bullet proof vests and testimony of 
US drones flying overhead. He argued the former could be criminals wearing stolen vests and 
denied all knowledge of the latter, his testimony “inviting doubt” (37), according to Thomas. 
Drone footage acquired by journalist Mattathias Schwartz has corroborated many details of 
locals’ testimony (44). Trapped between the armed forces and criminals of Ellington’s dubious 
testimony, the civilians Thomas describes are forgotten, relegated to the status of victims until 
their stories are heard through filmed and printed testimony. Thomas sees that as she and her 
crew capture these recollections, many exhibit wariness by avoiding Coke’s name and claiming 
ignorance of the lead-up to the armed conflict, their “public secret” (49).  
 Before Interlude I, “Interrogating Imperialism,” Thomas includes color photographs of 
survivors she interviewed and encountered in Tivoli Gardens, which were displayed from 
November 2017-December 2019 at Penn Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in West 
Kingston as part of the “Bearing Witness: Four Days in West Kingston” display by Varun Baker. 
Faces gaze at the viewer, some smiling and grasping others posing with them, others not 
bothering to conceal the uncertainty and pain. Each is accompanied by a name and date of their 
birth, along with a description of their experience of the “incident.” Especially noticeable are the 
names and faces of previous storytellers, such as Marjorie Williams, mother of two black men 
killed execution-style by masked police as she helplessly watched.  In Interlude I, Thomas begins 
to pull at longer threads, expounding historical reasons for the suffering experienced by residents 
in Tivoli Gardens, a tragedy long in the making. Late nineteenth and twentieth century British 
officials took an alarmist position in relation to the post-plantation social system, stressing the 
need for control of the populace, fearing a repeat of the Morant Bay Rebellion. By contrast, 
political theorists warned of the far-reaching consequences of excessive authoritarian behavior 
towards black Jamaicans. Readers will find this a valuable historical and research narrative 
demonstrating the persistence of prominent colonial attitudes in Jamaican government.  
 Interviewing followers of the late Reverend Claudius Henry in Chapter 2, “Expectancy,” 
Thomas examines the life of an influential community leader whose activities often threatened 
the official status quo. She references his conviction for treason following a 1960 raid that 
revealed his son Ronald’s plans to invade an African colony, in an attempt to “return to Africa,” 
leaving Jamaica to Fidel Castro. Following his release in 1966, the Reverend resolved to build a 
Jamaican Africa in both the spiritual and economic sense, setting up a bakery business that 
employed hundreds, if not thousands of workers from the community. Over time, as the financial 
rewards from this business fed families and helped the neighborhood to thrive, Henry’s vision of 
autonomy and self-respect became a reality. Describing their attraction to Henry’s message, his 
followers speak of resonating with his words and identifying him with God in the tradition of 
 
Craig 69 
deifying Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, a symbol of hope to those of African descent. At 
the same time, Henry’s clean-shaven imperative put him and his Peacemakers group at odds with 
Rastafari while his successful enterprise created tensions among other merchants. Connecting 
“charismatic prophecy” to “political expectancy,” Thomas suggests its frequent appearance is 
due to its acknowledgement of deeply entangled social, economic, political, and racial systems 
inherited from the plantation, which continue to make their mark in Jamaican culture (92). A 
second series of photographs and scans reveal the story of this religious community, which 
eventually was economically starved out of the bakery business by local competitors backed by 
the government and fell prey to in-fighting possibly stoked by double agents in their midst.  
 Tracing increasingly stringent twentieth-century CIA and U.S. governmental activities in 
Jamaica, in Interlude II “Naming Names,” Thomas links the Jamaican garrison with Nixon’s 
War on Drugs (1871), both responsible for the excessive action on Tivoli Gardens in retrospect. 
Chapter 3, “Paranoia,” claims this feeling to be at play in the political landscape and appearing in 
newspaper and surveillance archives of the twentieth century, evident not only in the anxiety of 
British colonial governments and their successors, but also in U.S. responses to political, 
economic, and military threats. While not always unfounded, Thomas claims this paranoia led 
governments to seek “the active destabilization of anything resembling Marxist-inspired thought 
or action” (153). Financial and political efforts led to the downfall and rise of several political 
parties that were perceived to be unifying black Jamaicans. Slums were cleared, as hotbeds of 
resistance, ironically leading to the erection of Tivoli Gardens itself. The United States financed 
many of these endeavors, possibly explaining the strange ease with which its foreign military 
could later enter and establish temporary control over these Kingston spaces.  
 Unexpectedly, in the Coda, Thomas links her work as an anthropologist with a former 
interest in dance, seeing herself as needing to enact what she witnesses in order to fully be 
human.  At first this felt a little jarring to the introductory metaphor of disentanglement. How can 
taking things apart simultaneously involve physical experience of movement? Upon further 
reflection the motion of dance is not so different from following these threads with the body, 
traveling the lines from the present to the past to see other experiences. After all, the subtitle of 
Thomas’s book is “sovereignty, witnessing, repair,” pointing to the multi-pronged recuperative 
efforts of acknowledging, observing, and redressing. She connects these activities to her 
reconciliation with Jamaican and American heritages, histories of struggles and negotiations, a 
complicated dance of personal meaning if there ever was one. Strangely for a culture in which 
history is commonly set to music, Thomas writes that there are as yet, no songs about the Tivoli 
Gardens incident. In an attempt to give a voice and healing to that community, her book 
evidently participates in the form, if not sound of music.  
 In places, Thomas’s exhaustive historical narratives of aftermaths and antecedent events 
in Jamaican history can seem a slight distraction from the stories of Tivoli Gardens survivors. 
There are also non-chronological theoretical discussions and implications that are introduced 
later in the book, like the photographs, whereas a reader might expect such helpful information 
IJCS​ 70 
to be situated prior to the interviews and appear in historical order. Imagining Thomas as 
performing an act of weaving explains the structural interruptions as being placed to destabilize 
an easy and conventional progression, Thomas’s ultimate point about the ideological difficulty 
and multi-faceted process of pursuing “Witnessing 2.0.” For anyone seeking a way in to pursuing 
greater understanding of Jamaican history and of contemporary imperialist activities, this work is 
an excellent starting point from which to delve back. By unraveling a tangled web, it performs a 
complicated dance, leaving plenty of strands for the inquisitive reader to follow in the pursuit of 
buried truths.  
 
 


Political Life in the Wake of the Plantation: Sovereignty, Witnessing, Repair

Klumpp, Andrew

Colony before Party: The Ethnic Origins of Sioux County\u27s Political Tradition

Review of: The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of the 1634 Journey, by Patrick J. Jung. 

Nichols, Roger L.

The Annals of Iowa 
Volume 79 Number 1 (Winter 2020) pps. 84-85 
The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story 
of the 1634 Journey 
Roger L. Nichols 
University of Arizona 
ISSN 0003-4827 
Copyright © 2020 State Historical Society of Iowa. This article is posted here for personal use, 
not for redistribution. 
Recommended Citation 
Nichols, Roger L.. "The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of 
the 1634 Journey." The Annals of Iowa 79 (2020), 84-85. 
Available at: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12639 
Hosted by Iowa Research Online 
84 
Book Reviews and Notices 
The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of the 1634 
Journey, by Patrick J. Jung. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 
2018. vii, 225 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $28.95 
hardcover. 
Reviewer Roger L. Nichols is emeritus professor of history at the Univer-
sity of Arizona. He has written extensively about American Indian history 
and about the history of the frontier and the American West, including fron-
tier exploration. 
Most students of midwestern history have heard of the series of French 
explorers who crisscrossed the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi 
River valley. In The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet, Patrick Jung 
examines the development of the erroneous popular depictions of the 
life and work of Jean Nicolet, who traveled from New France to the 
shore of Lake Michigan in the early seventeenth century. Jung begins 
with a Wisconsin public school presentation of Nicolet as a French ex-
plorer meeting the Pauns (Winnebago) in 1634, wearing a Chinese silk 
robe and thinking that he had arrived in China. From there, much of the 
rest of the discussion focuses on how that idea developed and how his-
torians and others have kept it alive for generations. In his examination, 
Jung asks a series of questions about particular events or people and 
presents his version of what happened. The book’s thesis is that narra-
tives showing Nicolet as an explorer looking for the fabled Northwest 
Passage to Asia are mistaken. He presents Nicolet as a diplomat, not an 
explorer.  
 Because there is little evidence related directly to Nicolet, Jung de-
votes only one of five chapters to him and his actions. Instead, he offers 
a thorough examination of the career of Samuel de Champlain, the mil-
itary commander of New France during the early seventeenth century 
and Nicolet’s immediate superior. Much of the discussion of Cham-
plain repeats earlier scholarship about him. Jung uses that scholarship 
to support his view that, by the 1630s, the French leader had focused his 
efforts on building a strong colony rather than on searching for a route 
to Asia. The analysis identifies two threats to Champlain’s plans for 
strengthening New France: the dangerous Five Nations Iroquois Con-
federacy in neighboring New York and, less understood, the Pauns 
(Winnebago), who seemed to threaten the far western fur trade. Jung 
shows how Champlain dealt with the Iroquois himself but sent Nicolet, 
Book Reviews and Notices      85 
a skilled translator and experienced diplomat, west to seek peace with 
tribes there. 
 Jung concludes with a wide range of questions: who went with Ni-
colet, which route they used, even what year the expedition occurred. 
To answer these queries, Jung examines and usually discounts earlier 
scholarship and shows how it contributed to existing misperceptions of 
the diplomat’s actions. He carefully dissects the myth that shows Nicolet 
awing the Indians in his Chinese silk robe, suggesting that it was a mere 
silk cape that would have been used in France as a mark of his rank. In 
dismissing that image, Jung points to studies of public memory and 
how historical reproductions develop. 
 The scholarship here is wide-ranging and thorough but offers no 
gripping narrative. Instead, Jung offers a detail-laced prose in which he 
admits that “Jean Nicolet’s journey did not make any great impact on 
the larger community of New France” (149). That being the case, one 
wonders how much the study contributes to any new or expanded un-
derstanding of midwestern history.  
  
 
The Alchemy of Slavery: Human Bondage and Emancipation in the Illinois 
Country, 1730–1865, by M. Scott Heerman. America in the Nineteenth 
Century Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. 
239 pp. Maps, illustrations, graphs, notes, bibliography, index. $45 hard-
cover. 
Reviewer Sharon E. Wood is professor of history at the University of Ne-
braska, Omaha. The author of The Freedom of the Streets: Work, Citizenship, 
and Sexuality in a Gilded Age City (2005), she is writing a life history of 
Priscilla Baltimore, a slave who liberated herself and became a leader in the 
free black community of St. Louis and southern Illinois. 
This is a book for anyone interested in the history of the Midwest in the 
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries or the history of slavery in North 
America. Drawing together political, legal, and social histories, Heer-
man traces the practice of human bondage in a place often considered 
a “free” state. Although common wisdom assumes that Illinois, carved 
out of the Northwest Territory, was closed to slavery under U.S. law, 
historians generally understand that the practice of enslavement per-
sisted in the state at least until 1845. Heerman offers a clear and detailed 
history of slavery’s tenacity—and why only the Thirteenth Amendment 
to the U.S. Constitution actually ended slavery in the Land of Lincoln. 
 Heerman builds his argument on a framework of empires: Indige-
nous, French, British, and American. The “alchemy” of his title captures 
the way migrants into the Illinois country successfully maintained 


The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of the 1634 Journey

Lindell, Lisa R.

So Well Begun and So Much Needed: Building up Libraries for Residents of Iowa\u27s State Institutions

Review of: Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian Removal, by Frank Kelderman

Bowes, John P.

The Annals of Iowa 
Volume 79 Number 2 (Spring 2020) pps. 190-192 
Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian 
Removal 
John P. Bowes 
Eastern Kentucky University 
ISSN 0003-4827 
Copyright © 2020 State Historical Society of Iowa. This article is posted here for personal use, 
not for redistribution. 
Recommended Citation 
Bowes, John P.. "Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian 
Removal." The Annals of Iowa 79 (2020), 190-192. 
Available at: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12665 
Hosted by Iowa Research Online 
190      THE ANNALS OF IOWA 
figures or images that captured the authors’ attention. The authors give 
the rock art images descriptive names, but they do not go beyond de-
scription into serious anthropological analysis, extensive typologies, or 
a thorough study of the rock walls under different lighting conditions. 
They compare a few of the sites with nineteenth-century drawings of 
similar rock art figures or early twentieth-century photographs of the 
same sites to demonstrate how time is destroying these cultural re-
sources. The authors did not intend to do any in-depth analysis of the 
images or their potential ages.  
 My initial impression of this volume was that it looks like a coffee- 
table book with about 100 stunning color images of sandstone outcrops, 
spirit-beings, and Europeans (soldiers) as well as some creative (and 
much more not-so-creative) graffiti. I did recognize familiar petroglyph 
figures seen elsewhere, and the authors also draw some parallels with 
similar images at other sites. Scholars may not use all of these pictures 
for analysis or to draw comparisons with other carefully studied rock 
art sites, such as many recorded rock art images in northeastern Iowa. 
(See Lori A. Stanley “A Century of Iowa Rock Art Research,” Journal of 
the Iowa Archeological Society 49 [2002], 65–85.) However, after consider-
ing the volume more closely, I came to appreciate that these magnificent 
photographs will stand the test of time as thorough, reliable historical 
records of prehistoric sites that will inevitably erode into dust. 
 
 
Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian Removal, 
by Frank Kelderman. Native Traces Series. Albany: State University of 
New York Press, 2019. xi, 274 pp. Illustrations, notes, index. $95 hardcover. 
Reviewer John P. Bowes is professor of history at Eastern Kentucky Uni-
versity. He is the author of Land Too Good for Indians: Northern Indian Re-
moval (2016). 
The diplomatic record of the nineteenth-century United States is replete 
with Native American voices. The nature of federal Indian policy and 
the drive to expand the American empire from the late 1700s forward 
meant that indigenous leaders frequently sat down and negotiated with 
American officials over land, annuities, and policies. As with any pri-
mary source material, however, the central question is how these rec-
ords can and should be used. To what extent can treaty council journals, 
memorials, and more public literature prove representative of Native 
positions and concerns? What power did those voices have to influence 
the encounters between Native leaders and federal officials? 
 In Authorized Agents, Frank Kelderman addresses those questions 
and more through an introduction and four case-study chapters. At the 
Book Reviews and Notices      191 
core of his analysis are “indigenous publication projects,” which he de-
fines as “mediated forms of indigenous representation that are pro-
duced with non-Native collaborators, which take place in institutional 
and diplomatic networks but also intervene in them”(10). That defini-
tion, though perhaps initially intimidating to read, incorporates critical 
pieces of his argument. As he notes, the documentary record was not 
created in a vacuum but instead was shaped by federal power and co-
lonial structures that limited the agency of Native peoples. Native ora-
tors spoke at councils, but non-Indians translated and wrote down their 
words. Memorials or petitions composed for delivery to federal officials 
were penned by non-Natives even if dictated by indigenous leaders. 
Nineteenth-century diplomatic structures and processes privileged the 
voices of prominent Native men, which means that the indigenous 
voices on record are not as representative as one might want. 
 Kelderman acknowledges those limitations yet also argues effec-
tively that these records should not be dismissed. When considered 
within their historical context and read with a critical eye, the writings 
produced by Native peoples in the removal era of the nineteenth cen-
tury can broaden our understanding of the events involved. The indig-
enous publication projects “contribute to a larger body of Native litera-
ture that critiqued the workings of American empire,” Kelderman 
writes, “and they are recuperable when we do not demand from them 
paradigmatic notions of indigenous resistance” (30). 
 The four case studies at the heart of Authorized Agents provide a 
range of experiences and perspectives. In the first chapter Kelderman 
examines the record of a delegation of Pawnee, Kanza, Otoe, Missouri, 
and Omaha men from the upper Missouri River valley. The speeches 
on record demonstrate that the Pawnee orators and their peers used 
their visit to the American capital to advance a specific vision of diplo-
macy grounded in indigenous power and presence. The second case 
study uses the speeches and writings of Black Hawk, Keokuk, and 
Hardfish in part to illustrate how leaders within the same nation used 
their words and positions to advocate differing policies. Rather than 
emphasizing those differences and the tensions they created, however, 
Kelderman focuses on the way each of the three men “offered alterna-
tives to the colonial narrative that legitimated indigenous displacement” 
in the 1830s (122). 
 The person of Peter Pitchlynn, the third case study of the book, pro-
vides the opportunity to analyze the voluminous written works of a 
well-known Choctaw leader who engaged with American officials in a 
variety of arenas. Pitchlynn’s promotion of education as a tool for Choc-
taw nation building provides a key piece of the book’s larger argument. 
192      THE ANNALS OF IOWA 
Through the political, educational, and economic transitions supported 
by Pitchlynn and others, readers gain insight into the work of Choctaw 
elites as they sought to build a new Choctaw Nation west of the Missis-
sippi River. For his final case study Kelderman turns to Ojibwe authors 
and the romanticized image of the Indian headman. Even as American 
officials saw “real political value in representing Ojibwe leaders through 
the trope of the sympathetic Indian chief” (179), Ojibwe writers like 
George Copway sought to promote images of Ojibwe communities and 
politics that could not be so easily distilled. 
 Authorized Agents addresses each of the four cases with the com-
plexity they deserve, and Kelderman never pushes his argument be-
yond what the evidence allows. Although the nature of the project re-
sults in case studies that don’t flow smoothly from one to the next, each 
chapter offers a critical perspective that pushes readers to think differ-
ently about how to understand and work with the writings of Native 
peoples in the nineteenth century.  
 
 
The Bone and Sinew of the Land: America’s Forgotten Black Pioneers and the 
Struggle for Equality, by Anna-Lisa Cox. New York: PublicAffairs, 2018. 
xviii, 280 pp. Maps, notes, index. $28.00 hardcover. 
Reviewer Jennifer Harbour is associate professor of black studies and wom-
en’s studies at the University of Nebraska Omaha. She is the author of Or-
ganizing Freedom: Black Emancipation Activism in the Civil War Midwest (2020). 
Anna-Lisa Cox’s new monograph tells the story of black farming settle-
ments in the antebellum and wartime Old Northwest (what is present-
day Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin). In her introduc-
tion, Cox argues that, while her deliberate use of the words pioneer and 
frontier may seem problematic and redolent of indigenous genocide, she 
aims to engage the historiography by framing the lost history of “The 
First Great Migration” as agricultural, ambitious, and decidedly African 
American. The growing communities that resulted from that migration, 
she posits, spread across five states with free people who envisioned 
themselves as farmers with citizenship rights. How on earth, Cox won-
ders, did historians overlook where and how black men and women 
became pioneers on the land carved out by the Northwest Territory in 
1787? This space was to date the largest piece of American land to be 
free from slavery—at least in theory. The territory also offered equal 
voting rights to property-owning men, thus making it a safe haven for 
hundreds of black people who had the money and means to migrate 
and settle.  


Heartland Center for Occupational Safety and Health

Not a member yet

Bedrock Geologic Map of the West Point 7.5\u27 Quadrangle, Lee County, Iowa

ILA/ACRL Executive Board Meeting Minutes, February 17, 2020

ILA/ACRL Member Business Meeting Minutes, May 22, 2020

Political Life in the Wake of the Plantation: Sovereignty, Witnessing, Repair

Colony before Party: The Ethnic Origins of Sioux County\u27s Political Tradition

The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of the 1634 Journey

So Well Begun and So Much Needed: Building up Libraries for Residents of Iowa\u27s State Institutions

Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian Removal

Editor\u27s Perspective

Produce Patriots As Well As Scholars : GAR Educational Reform and the Establishment of Mason City\u27s Memorial University

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