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Slavery\u27s Reach: Southern Slaveholders in the North Star State
No full textReview of: Slavery\u27s Reach: Southern Slaveholders in the North Star State, by Christopher P. Lehma
The New Juan Crow: Modern-Day Consequences of Historic Racial Discrimination against Latino/a Americans
Full text linkThe United States still has a problem with institutional discrimination against racial and ethnic groups outside of non-Hispanic whites. Similar to how political scientists and historians have enlightened readers about how historic Jim Crow laws still contribute to systemic racism against Black Americans today, this study outlines how “Juan Crow” laws against have contributed to a history of discrimination against Latino/a Americans in many aspects of public life. First, this paper examines the history of how Latinos/as are classified and how such classifications have aided both government-permitted and government-sponsored legal discrimination, prejudice, and even violence against Latinos prior to the 1960s. Next, there is a description of how the old Juan Crow has evolved into the inequality that contemporary Latinos/as face in the areas of housing and wealth, education, and criminal justice outcomes. Finally, two proposals, one for promoting positive educational narratives and Hispanic-Serving Institutions and one for promoting better representation in all levels of government, are offered as having the potential to begin helping dismantle the current system of institutional discrimination against Latino/a Americans
Bedrock Elevation and Quaternary Thickness Maps of the Van Horne 7.5\u27 Quadrangle, Benton County, Iowa
Full text linkhttps://ir.uiowa.edu/igs_ofm/1169/thumbnail.jp
Bedrock Elevation and Quaternary Thickness Maps of the Donnellson 7.5\u27 Quadrangle, Lee County, Iowa
Full text linkhttps://ir.uiowa.edu/igs_ofm/1164/thumbnail.jp
How Stock Compensation Effects Analyst Projections for New Firms
Full text linkStock based compensation has experienced growth as a form of non-cash compensation to employees. Equity compensation is used to align management’s long-term objectives with those of the company. Stock-based compensation gives management incentives to grow the company responsibly over a somewhat longer term versus making short-term decisions to meet bonus requirements. The longer-term incentive is due to the vesting period of stock options. However, many scholars and practitioners, including Warren Buffet, argue stock options provide shorterterm incentives than shares. Current accounting treatment of stock compensation by investors and analysts alike, however, draws the ire of many business world. Analysts treat stock compensation as a non-cash add back to free cash flow and ignore the costs or dilutive effects. Thus, stock compensation is linked to overvaluation (Mohanram, White and Zhao 2020). This study examines whether equity research analysts who treat stock compensation as a pro forma add back to free cash flow produce statistically different price target prices than those who do not. If considering stock compensation explicitly in valuing a firm improves the accuracy of analysts’ valuation, then I expect analysts that adjust for stock compensation have more accurate price targets. Alternatively, adding stock compensation back to calculate free cash flow may inflate valuation because it ignore the true cost of the options. The sample includes reports from analysts covering a subsample of companies in the technology sector. I compare the forecast error of earnings per share and revenue forecasts for analysts who explicitly consider stock compensation relative to those who do not. I find that the accuracy of analysts’ price targets does not differ significantly based upon stock compensation treatment. This finding implies that the overvaluation effects of stock compensation might not be significant enough to result in higher price targets by analysts who adjust for it
Hit the Wall
No full textIn the first light of dawn, Mika and Tano are reunited after being separated during the riot. The stars are still out of the LED panels behind, but there is the hint of the warmth of the new day on the stage.https://ir.uiowa.edu/lighting_design/1175/thumbnail.jp
Effects of Speaker-Identity Cueing on Listening Effort During Speech-in-Noise
Full text linkThe brain is an organ that performs a variety of intricate functions. Specifically, the brain has an amazing ability to recover the complexities of a speech signal within a mixture of sounds. The process of extracting the speech signal from background noise, however, is not necessarily straightforward or easy. Previous studies have developed the concept of “listening effort” as an umbrella term to include all cognitive demand listeners confront to understand speech. From a clinical standpoint, this term suggests that accuracy measurements alone are not sufficient, and a supplementary assessment of how hard a client must try in order to understand speech (especially when the speech is degraded due to background noise) must be conducted. Current research emphasis is on the post-speech-time compensatory processes in recovering speech cues. However, in this study, we claim pre-speech-time attentional processes also create a source of listening effort. To support this idea, we measured the cortical, behavioral, and pupillary responses of 19 normal-hearing participants to SiN conditions when speaker-identity cues were provided before speech. We found that such speaker-identity cues significantly increased alpha oscillations in fronto-temporal cortex during post-cue pre-target time. Cortical evoked responses to target speech exhibited significantly greater amplitude in the cued condition, indicating speaker-identity cues enhance attentional processes. Grand-mean pupil dilation was larger in the cued condition, albeit the difference was not significant. The speaker-identity cues did not alter accuracy significantly, which guaranteed that our comparisons on pupil and EEG responses were not affected by the ratio of correct trials in across-trial averages. Combining these results, we claim that listening effort is not always an inherently bad, fatiguing process, but rather, includes top-down brain mechanisms that help listeners better attend to a target speech signal in background noise
Disordered Women? The Hospital Sisters of Mainz and Their Late Medieval Identities
No full textDebates over the identity of women’s religious communities have exercised historians no less than late medieval canonists and officials. Even as the legal regulation of such communities increased, so, paradoxically, did the diversity of forms that such communities took. Although these trends have been the subject of much historical attention, the division of mixed-gender hospital communities which occurred across Europe in the thirteenth century has not hitherto been integrated into such studies. I attempt to redress this lacuna by examining the contested religious identity of the hospital sisters of Mainz. Forced to leave the mixed-gender staff of the city’s Heilig Geist Spital in 1259, these women resisted the joint attempts of municipal and religious authorities to see them incorporated into an existing Cistercian house. Their attempts to establish an independent community were met with lay protest; in response, the women appealed to Mainz’s archbishop for confirmation of their rights as religious women, and to prelates from all over Europe for support of their new community. I argue that the women saw themselves primarily as hospital sisters, and that in order to maintain this identity, they were willing to challenge externally-defined boundaries of acceptable conduct for religious women. My analysis of the vocabulary applied to the women over the course of the thirteenth century reveals that hospitals were clearly perceived as religious institutions by ecclesiastical officials, lay elites, and hospital staff alike; but these groups each held different notions about the criteria for religious identity
