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    Meccanismi cellulari implicati nell'effetto antitumorale del cannabidiolo su cellule di glioma umano U87-MG e caratterizzazione delle sue proprietà antiangiogeniche.

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    In this study we evaluated the ability of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound cannabidiol (CBD) to limit glioma cells invasiveness and to interfere with the most relevant intracellular pathways involved in tumor development, together with its ability to modulate angiogenic process. We found that CBD inhibited U87-MG cells invasiveness, caused a down-regulation of ERK and Akt activation, reduced HIF-1α expression and decreased the level of several proteins specifically involved in growth, invasion and angiogenesis. CBD also induced endothelial cell cytostasis, without inducing apoptosis, inhibited their migration, invasion and sprouting in vitro, and angiogenesis in vivo, with correspondent down-modulation of several angiogenesis-related molecules. These results provide new insight into CBD antitumor action, showing multiple tumoral features and molecular pathways affected by CBD. Moreover, its dual effect on both glioma and endothelial cells reinforces the hypothesis of its possible use as effective anticancer agent. Finally we evaluated the antitumor effects of other non-psychoactive cannabinoid compounds, not thoroughly investigate so far. These compounds inhibited, with different extents, glioma cell viability, migration and invasiveness, through mechanisms nor cannabinoid or vanilloid receptors-mediated. Our results contribute to clarify the pharmacology of these molecules, although further studies are needed to understand cellular mechanisms involved in their effects

    Mechanics and fluid-dynamics of the initial lymphatic system.

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    The diaphragmatic lymphatic system drains fluid and solutes from the pleural and peritoneal cavities by exploiting pressure gradients (ΔPTM = Plymph-Pint ) between the vessel lumen and the interstitium; while lymph progression is sustained by pressure gradients (ΔPl = Plymph2–Plymph1) between adjacent lymphatic segments. The aim of the study is to examine the pattern of fluid fluxes in the lymphatics, determining the role of tissue and vessel wall in the transmission of tissue forces to the lymphatic lumen and clarifying whether the organization of the diaphragmatic network might be a tool to optimize lymphatic absorption and/or progression. Experiments were performed in anesthetized, paralysed and mechanically ventilated rats. Lymph hydraulic pressure and flux were recorded by the micropuncture technique combined with fluorescent dextrans injection to visualise lymph flow. Flow velocity and direction were calculated by measuring the fluorescence progression and vessel diameter on acquired videos. Mechanical compliance of the vessel wall was measured by sequential injections of saline solution into the vessel, while recording Plymph. The presence of muscular fibers around the lymphatic vessel wall was investigated by immunofluorescence assay. Two populations of vessels were identified with different mechanical properties: compliant vessels work as reservoirs of drained lymph, stiffer vessels propel fluid along the network. Flow direction and amplitude vary with time and, with respect to the Plymph pressure gradient, flow direction in some vessels reverts multiple times independently from both cardiac and ventilatory action

    The MICE electron muon ranger: a fundamental step towards a neutrino factory.

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    Rilevanza dei determinanti ambientali nella definizione degli scenari espositivi in ambito REACH.

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    Il progetto di Dottorato di Ricerca verte sulle tematiche di studio inerenti il rischio chimico e sull’analisi applicativa dei determinanti ambientali nella definizione degli scenari espositivi a contaminanti industriali. La prima parte del lavoro è stata dedicata all’analisi della normativa europea vigente, con una particolare attenzione alle linee guida proposte dal neo regolamento REACH sulla valutazione della sicurezza chimica. Successivamente l’attenzione è stata concentrata su un progetto di indagine a carattere sperimentale, rispettivamente focalizzato su scenari espositivi ad inquinanti per la categoria dei consumatori. Il recente testo normativo REACH n.1907/2006 (acronimo di Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) entrato in vigore lo scorso giugno 2007, concernente l’autorizzazione e valutazione delle sostanze chimiche, sottolinea l’importanza delle tecniche predittive nel campo della valutazione del rischio chimico e ne consiglia l’utilizzo come primo approccio valutativo nella caratterizzazione degli scenari espositivi. L’utilizzo di strumenti informatici per la modellazione dell’esposizione risulta particolarmente importante nell’approccio valutativo della sicurezza chimica. Permette di creare di fatto scenari prossimi alla realtà, per caratterizzare in maniera preventiva il rischio per la salute umana e per l’ambiente prendendo in considerazione i processi coinvolti, le condizioni d’uso e le misure di gestione del rischio relative all’utilizzo di una sostanza nei suoi usi identificati. Il progetto sperimentale è stata focalizzato sulla valutazione della possibile esposizione ad alcuni agenti inquinanti derivati dall’utilizzo di differenti tipologie di candele in alcuni ambienti domestici ritenuti maggiormente rappresentativi. Le candele, classificate secondo il regolamento REACH come preparati, devono essere sottoposte ad una valutazione della sicurezza chimica. Per ottemperare agli obblighi di informazione a valle previsti dagli articoli 31 e 32 del regolamento è raccomandata l’analisi dettagliata dei potenziali scenari espositivi delle sostanze emesse durante il loro uso. Sono state sottoposte ad indagine tre tipologie di materie prime (paraffina, intermedio e ‘slack’), caratterizzate da un diverso contenuto percentuale di sostanze alto bollenti, e differenti candele commerciali colorate caratterizzate dalla presenza di fragranze (corteccia, frangipane, rabarbaro e aloe). La determinazione dei fattori di emissione dei differenti inquinanti atmosferici ha riguardato i seguenti inquinanti: sostanze organiche volatili apolari quali BTEX, sostanze organiche volatili polari quali aldeidi leggere, alcuni dei principali IPA, CO, ossidi di azoto (NOx), SO2 e particolato atmosferico. La misura dei fattori di emissione è stata effettuata in una camera di combustione steadyburning appositamente progettata e realizzata per standardizzare le variabili sperimentali e rendere riproducibili i risultati. La valutazione del rischio è stata in seguito sviluppata solo sulle sostanze con caratteristiche rilevanti di tossicità acuta e/o cancerogenicità, in combinazione con l’entità dei livelli di emissione determinati sperimentalmente in camera di combustione. E’ stata quindi condotta un’indagine tossicologica approfondita sui seguenti agenti inquinanti: formaldeide, acroleina, acetaldeide, benzene, naftalene, benzo(a)pirene, CO, NOx, SO2 e PM; al fine di selezionare i rispettivi valori di soglia utili ad una valutazione del rischio specifica per gli ambienti di vita. Tale selezione è avvenuta tramite una raccolta sistematica di tutte le informazioni rilevanti nella letteratura scientifica e nella documentazione prodotta da organismi internazionali e nazionali utilizzando i seguenti criteri: i) privilegiando i riferimenti internazionali; ii) privilegiando valori di soglia specifici per gli ambienti indoor; iii) privilegiando limiti short-term (< 24 ore), data la sporadicità dell’utilizzo di candele da parte dei consumatori; iv) scegliendo i limiti più restrittivi, in ottemperanza al principio di precauzione. Tramite la costruzione di scenari espositivi con il modello matematico validato singlecompartment mass balance ConsExpo 4.1, sono state stimate successivamente le concentrazioni indoor dei contaminanti sotto indagine sulla base dei rispettivi fattori di emissione e parametri chimico-fisici. Il modello scelto è progettato per la caratterizzazione dell’esposizione inalatoria dei consumatori a sostanze rilasciate dall’utilizzo di articoli, e rientra nell’elenco dei modelli certificati dalla comunità europea e consigliati per l’attuazione delle indicazioni del regolamento europeo REACH. Per soddisfare il principio cautelativo è stato ipotizzato uno scenario reasonable worst-case, per la valutazione delle concentrazioni raggiunte anche nelle condizioni operative più improbabili. Lo scenario peggiorativo è stato strutturato con le seguenti variabili: i) combustione contemporanea di 4 candele per la durata di 4 ore; ii) volumetria minima di un ambiente indoor (25 m3, equivalente alla volumetria di una stanza da bagno); iii) ventilazione minima (0,1 ricambi/ora). La simulazione modellistica per i composti gassosi è stata condotta considerando un tasso di rilascio dell’inquinante costante, che approssima meglio la situazione reale. La stima delle concentrazioni di PM è stata invece realizzata ipotizzando un rilascio costante assimilabile alla vaporizzazione di un composto non volatile, sottoposto ad una velocità di sedimentazione governata dalla legge di Stokes. Uno dei limiti dell’utilizzo del modello ConsExpo 4.1 risiede nell’impossibilità di stimare la variabilità spaziale (specie in verticale) delle concentrazioni predette. Difatti le equazioni alla base del modello effettuano un’approssimazione della dispersione dell’inquinante in atmosfera come omogenea, trascurando l’eventuale stratificazione in funzione dei fattori di diffusione, delle proprietà chimico-fisiche della sostanza, dei fattori vettoriali di ventilazione e delle caratteristiche strutturali dei locali considerati. Il modello utilizzato è stato tuttavia un utile strumento per ottenere stime dell’ordine di grandezza delle concentrazioni di esposizione degli inquinanti in indagine. La valutazione dei risultati che ne consegue, sulla base della revisione critica delle attuali conoscenze tossicologiche e dei limiti di esposizione che ne derivano, è stata utile per asserire quanto segue. Per la valutazione delle emissioni derivate dalla combustione di candele con fragranze, è stato determinato che: - Le concentrazioni stimate per formaldeide, acetaldeide, benzene, naftalene, benzo(a)pirene in tutti gli scenari ipotizzati non hanno superato i limiti di riferimento da letteratura, anche considerando lo scenario peggiore per quantità di candele utilizzate, volumetrie e ventilazione degli ambienti. - Le concentrazioni stimate per l’acroleina, nelle diverse condizioni caratterizzanti gli scenari, hanno superato in taluni casi il valore di riferimento considerato più cautelativo (pari a 0,2 μg/m3). Nella simulazione dello scenario la concentrazione media di acroleina mediata su tutte le fragranze è risultata essere pari a 2,57 μg/m3. Si evidenzia tuttavia che, per l’acroleina, l’effetto critico prevedibile per un’esposizione short-term derivato dall’uso di candele è di tipo irritativo, anche se è stato scelto di utilizzare nella valutazione del rischio un limite di esposizione cautelativo stabilito per esposizione cronica life-time. Inoltre la concentrazione predetta di acroleina raggiungerebbe lo stesso ordine di grandezza del valore dei livelli di fondo presenti negli ambienti di vita indoor (compresi tra 2,1 e 12,2 μg/m3). - La stima delle concentrazioni di PM non ha portato al superamento del limite di esposizione consigliato per il PM2.5 (pari a 25 μg/m3) in nessuno degli scenari presi in considerazione. La valutazione delle emissioni derivate dalla combustione delle tre tipologie di materie prime utilizzate per la produzione di candele ha permesso di affermare quanto segue: - La valutazione effettuata per il CO non ha portato al superamento del limite pari a 10 mg/m3 richiesto dal DM 02/04/2002, n° 60. - Le concentrazioni di NOX dello scenario worst-case sono state superiori (stesso ordine di grandezza), per tutte e tre le matrici paraffiniche, rispetto al limite di 200 μg/m3 consigliato dalla WHO per il solo NO2 e imposto dal DM 60 del 02/04/2002 come limite mediato su un’esposizione massima di un’ora. Poiché precedenti dati di letteratura, hanno evidenziato un rapporto di emissione per NOX /NO2 compreso tra 3 e 4, le concentrazioni indoor di NO2, nel caso peggiore, dovrebbero essere prossime al limite fissato per esposizioni acute. Va inoltre rilevato che le concentrazioni medie di NO2 riportate in letteratura all’interno di nuclei abitativi in zone urbane italiane sono pari a circa 20 ÷ 60 μg/m3. - Le concentrazioni ottenute dalla stima modellistica dei fattori di emissione per l’SO2 hanno portato al superamento del limite orario pari a 350 μg/m3 consigliato dal D.M. n° 60, 2002, solamente per la matrice ‘slack’ (circa di un ordine di grandezza nello scenario worst-case). - Nel caso del benzene, gli scenari ipotizzati non hanno portato al superamento della concentrazione di riferimento di 5 μg/m3. - La stima delle concentrazioni indoor di naftalene ha determinato una concentrazione massima evidenziata nello scenario worst-case per la matrice intermedio pari a 0,11 μg/m3. Tale concentrazione non ha superato il valore limite di 3 μg/m3 consigliato dall’EPA per l’esposizione a naftalene. - Per quanto riguarda il benzo(a)pirene, le concentrazioni predette per la sola matrice ‘slack’, nella valutazione peggiore hanno superato il limite di esposizione consigliato per la popolazione generale di 1 ng/m3. La massima concentrazione stimata per lo scenario worstcase è stata pari a 4,76 ng/m3. Occorre tuttavia considerare che la tossicità del benzo(a)pirene, non è tale da far presupporre effetti acuti o sub-acuti in seguito ad esposizioni a basse dosi. Il limite preso in considerazione è stato infatti sviluppato per garantire un livello di rischio cancerogeno ritenuto accettabile, per esposizioni croniche life-time. Inoltre il benzo(a)pirene presenta un intervallo di concentrazioni negli ambienti outdoor delle aree urbane dei paesi industrializzati compreso tra 0,5 e 3 ng/m3 (zone limitrofe a strade con intenso traffico autoveicolare). Le concentrazioni ambientali sono quindi già prossime o superiori al limite di legge. - La stima delle concentrazioni di PM ha portato al superamento del limite di esposizione consigliato dall’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità per il PM2,5 (25 μg/m3) per i fumi di candele prodotti con matrici ‘slack’ e intermedio. Le concentrazioni di PM predette in seguito a combustione della matrice intermedio hanno superato il limite consigliato solamente nel worst-case scenario. Al contrario, la matrice ‘slack’ è risultata costantemente superiore al valore soglia consigliato, anche in scenari di utilizzo meno conservativi

    Effetti cardiovascolari dei farmaci antipsicotici di seconda generazione (SGA).

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    Introduction: The QTc prolongation by antipsychotic drugs is of major concern, especially in light of the data indicating an increased risk of sudden death in psychiatric patients taking these drugs. Sudden death in psychiatric patients could be partially attributed to drug-induced torsades de pointes and for this reason careful evaluation of QTc prolonging properties of antipsychotic drugs is needed. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate QTc prolungation effects of second generation antipsychotic drugs Methods: Subjects treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs since October 2008 were enrolled in the study. Patients have been evaluated in two steps with ECG before taking drugs (T0) and after 2 months of therapy. Patients drug-naive or after a pharmachological switch were enrolled. Results: 49 patients (27 men; 22 women) accepted to join the research. 63 % of subjects were drug-naïve, 37 % had been treated before with typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs. Prescribed drugs were Risperidone, Paliperidone, Aripiprazolo, Olanzapine, Ziprasidone and Quetiapine. No significant difference occurred between T0 and T1 in QTc lenght in the whole examined group. Ziprasidone and Olanzapine produced a non-significant drug-induced prolongation of QTc

    Kripke semantics and tableau procedures for constructive description logics.

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    In this work we present the decidable constructive description logic KALC: the logic is based on a Kripke-style semantics for the language of the description logic ALC and it is directly inspired by the Kripke semantics for first order intuitionistic logic. We study the constructive properties of this logic and its relations with classical semantics. Then, by means of an example, we show how its semantics is suitable for the description of incomplete and dynamic knowledge. We then introduce a tableau calculus for this logic and we prove its completeness with respect to KALC semantics. Most notably, by proving the completeness and termination results for such calculus, we obtain an effective proof search algorithm for our logic. We also study the relations of KALC with our previous proposals for constructive description logics, with first order intuitionistic logic and with well-known intuitionistic multi-modal logics. We conclude by presenting an application for a different constructive semantics for KALC in the context of Semantic Web services compositio

    Towards a trustworthness model for Open Source software.

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    Trustworthiness is one of the main aspects that contribute to the adoption/rejection of a software product. This is actually true for any product in general, but it is especially true for Open Source Software (OSS), whose trustworthiness is sometimes still regarded as not as guaranteed as that of closed source products. Only recently, several industrial software organizations have started investigating the potential of OSS products as users or even producers. As they are now getting more and more involved in the OSS world, these software organizations are clearly interested in ways to assess the trustworthiness of OSS products, so as to choose OSS products that are adequate for their goals and needs. Trustworthiness is a major issue when people and organizations are faced with the selection and the adoption of new software. Although some ad-hoc methods have been proposed, there is not yet general agreement about which software characteristics contribute to trustworthiness. Such methods –like the OpenBQR [30] and other similar approaches [58][59]– assess the trustworthiness of a software product by means of a weighted sum of specific quality evaluations. None of the existing methods based on weighted sums has been widely adopted. In fact, these methods are limited in that they typically leave the user with two hard problems, which are common to models built by means of weighted sums: identify the factors that should be taken into account, and assign to each of these factors the “correct” weight to adequately quantify its relative importance. Therefore, this work focuses on defining an adequate notion of trustworthiness of Open Source products and artifacts and identifying a number of factors that influence it to help and guide both developers and users when deciding whether a given program (or library or other piece of software) is “good enough” and can be trusted in order to be used in an industrial or professional context. The result of this work is a set of estimation models for the perceived trustworthiness of OSS. This work has been carried out in the context of the IST project QualiPSo (http://www.qualipso.eu/), funded by the EU in the 6th FP (IST-034763). The first step focuses on defining an adequate notion of trustworthiness of software products and artifacts and identifying a number of factors that influence it. The definition of the trustworthiness factors is driven by specific business goals for each organization. So, we carried out a survey to elicit these goals and factors directly from industrial players, trying to derive the factors from the real user needs instead of deriving them from our own personal beliefs and/or only by reading the available literature. The questions in the questionnaire were mainly classified in three different categories: 1) Organization, project, and role. 2) Actual problems, actual trustworthiness evaluation processes, and factors. 3) Wishes. These questions are needed to understand what information should be available but is not, and what indicators should be provided for an OSS product to help its adoption. To test the applicability of the trustworthiness factors identified by means of the questionnaires, we selected a set of OSS projects, widely adopted and generally considered trustable, to be used as references. Afterwards, a first quick analysis was carried out, to check which factors were readily available on each project’s web site. The idea was to emulate the search for information carried out by a potential user, who browses the project’s web sites, but is not willing to spend too much effort and time in carrying out a complete analysis. By analyzing the results of this investigation, we discovered that most of the trustworthiness factors are not generally available with information that is enough to make an objective assessment, although some factors have been ranked as very important by the respondents of our survey. To fill this gap, we defined a set of different proxy-measures to use whenever a factor cannot be directly assessed on the basis of readily available information. Moreover, some factors are not measurable if developers do not explicitly provide essential information. For instance, this happens for all factors that refer to countable data (e.g., the number of downloads cannot be evaluated in a reliable way if the development community does not publish it). Then, by taking into account the trustworthiness factors and the experience gained through the project analysis, we defined a Goal/Question/Metric (GQM[29]) model for trustworthiness, to identify the qualities and metrics that determine the perception of trustworthiness by users. In order to measure the metrics identified in the GQM model, we identified a set of tools. When possible, tools were obtained by adapting, extending, and integrating existing tools. Considering that most of metrics were not available via the selected tools, we developed MacXim, a static code analysis tool. The selected tools integrate a number of OSS tools that support the creation of a measurement plan, starting from the main actors’ and stakeholders’ objectives and goals (developer community, user community, business needs, specific users, etc.), down to the specific static and dynamic metrics that will need to be collected to fulfill the goals. To validate the GQM model and build quantitative models of perceived trustworthiness and reliability, we collected both subjective evaluations and objective measures on a sample of 22 Java and 22 C/C++ OSS products. Objective measures were collected by means of MacXim and the other identified tools while subjective evaluations were collected by means of more than 500 questionnaires. Specifically, the subjective evaluations concerned how users evaluate the trustworthiness, reliability and other qualities of OSS; objective measures concerned software attributes like size, complexity, modularity, and cohesion. Finally, we correlated the objective code measures to users’ and developers’ evaluations of OSS products. The result is a set of quantitative models that account for the dependence of the perceivable qualities of OSS on objectively observable qualities of the code. Unlike the models based on weighted sums usually available in the literature, we have obtained estimation models [87], so the relevant factors and their specific weights are identified via statistical analysis, and not in a somewhat more subjective way, as usually happens. Qualitatively, our results may not be totally surprising. For instance, it may be generally expected that bigger and more complex products are less trustworthy than smaller and simpler products; likewise, it is expected that well modularized products are more reliable. For instance, our analyses indicate that the OSS products are most likely to be trustworthy if: • Their size is not greater than 100,000 effective LOC; • The number of java packages is lower than 228. These models derived in our work can be used by end-users and developers that would like to evaluate the level of trustworthiness and reliability of existing OSS products and components they would like to use or reuse, based on measurable OSS code characteristics. These models can also be used by the developers of OSS products themselves, when setting code quality targets based on the level of trustworthiness and reliability they want to achieve. So, the information obtained via our models can be used as an additional piece of information that can be used when making informed decisions. Thus, unlike several discussions that are based on –sometimes interested– opinions about the quality of OSS, this study aims at deriving statistically significant models that are based on repeatable measures and user evaluations provided by a reasonably large sample of OSS users. The detailed results are reported in the next sections as follows: •Chapter 1 reports the introduction to this work •Chapter 2 reports the related literature review •Chapter 3 reports the identified trustworthiness factors •Chapter 4 describe how we built the trustworthiness model •Chapter 5 shows the tools we developed for this activity •Chapter 6 reports on the experimentation phase •Chapter 7 shows the results of the experimentation •Chapter 8 draws conclusions and highlights future works •Chapter 9 lists the publication made during the Ph

    Silicon photomultipliers: characterization and application to fluorescence flucturation spectroscopy.

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    This thesis originates from and develops around Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs): starting from a description of the working principles of these devices, this work presents a review on this technology and on some of its possible applications. The great part of this work took place within the framework of an international scientific and industrial collaboration (RAPSODI1, a project funded by the European Commetee), with the aim of developing three radiation detectors using the SiPM technology; in order to find the optimal sensor for each application, an exhaustive protocol to provide a characterization of the performances of the main SiPM parameters (gain, photo-detection efficiency, dark count rate, optical cross-talk, breakdown voltage dependence from temperature) has been provided. In order to further improve the knowledge on Silicon PhotoMultipliers, a phenomenological model describing the statistics of Geiger-Müller avalanches for impinging photons with known probability distribution has been elaborated: this model takes into account the contribution given by the thermally generated avalanches and by the cross-talk, thus providing a model for the SiPM deviations from the ideal bernoullian detection. Last, a feasibility study on the possibility of using this sensors as detecting technology in Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy (FFS) biophysical experiments had been conducted. In FFS experiments the parameters describing the system under study (proteins ligated with fluorophores in a solution) are measured from the deviations of the fluorescence intensity around its mean value: the use of fast (with a sub-nanosecond temporal resolution) detectors with an large photon number resolution can costitute an improvement of the experimental conditions. Thus a dedicated setup had been commissioned and SiPMs demonstrated to be able to perform an effective Photon Counting Histogram (one of the FFS techniques) measurement. 1RAdiation Protection with Silicon Optoelectronic Devices and Instruments – COOP 3299

    RNAi for insect resistant plants.

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