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Identification and expression analysis of <i>Sox</i> family genes in echinoderms
No full textThe Sox gene family, a collection of transcription factors widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom, plays a crucial role in numerous developmental processes. Echinoderms occupy a pivotal position in many research fields, such as neuroscience, sex determination and differentiation, and embryonic development. However, to date, no comprehensive study has been conducted to characterize and analyze Sox genes in echinoderms. In the present study, the evolution and expression of Sox family genes across 11 echinoderms were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. The results revealed a total of 70 Sox genes, with counts ranging from 5 to 8 across different echinoderms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified Sox genes could be categorized into seven distinct classes: the SoxB1 class, SoxB2 class, SoxC class, SoxD class, SoxE class, SoxF class and SoxH class. Notably, the SoxB1, SoxB2, and SoxF genes were ubiquitously present in all the echinoderms studied, which suggests that these genes may be conserved in echinoderms. The spatiotemporal expression patterns observed for Sox genes in the three echinoderms indicated that various Sox members perform distinct functional roles. Notably, SoxB1 is likely involved in echinoderm ovary development, while SoxH may play a crucial role in testis development in starfish and sea cucumber. In general, the present investigation provides a molecular foundation for exploring the Sox gene in echinoderms, providing a valuable resource for future phylogenetic and genomic studies
Identification and expression analysis of <i>Sox</i> family genes in echinoderms
No full textThe Sox gene family, a collection of transcription factors widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom, plays a crucial role in numerous developmental processes. Echinoderms occupy a pivotal position in many research fields, such as neuroscience, sex determination and differentiation, and embryonic development. However, to date, no comprehensive study has been conducted to characterize and analyze Sox genes in echinoderms. In the present study, the evolution and expression of Sox family genes across 11 echinoderms were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. The results revealed a total of 70 Sox genes, with counts ranging from 5 to 8 across different echinoderms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified Sox genes could be categorized into seven distinct classes: the SoxB1 class, SoxB2 class, SoxC class, SoxD class, SoxE class, SoxF class and SoxH class. Notably, the SoxB1, SoxB2, and SoxF genes were ubiquitously present in all the echinoderms studied, which suggests that these genes may be conserved in echinoderms. The spatiotemporal expression patterns observed for Sox genes in the three echinoderms indicated that various Sox members perform distinct functional roles. Notably, SoxB1 is likely involved in echinoderm ovary development, while SoxH may play a crucial role in testis development in starfish and sea cucumber. In general, the present investigation provides a molecular foundation for exploring the Sox gene in echinoderms, providing a valuable resource for future phylogenetic and genomic studies
Analysis of Carbon Flux Characteristics in Saline-Alkali Soil Under Global Warming
No full textThe carbon cycle of saline-alkali ecosystems will be affected to some extent in the context of future global warming. Therefore, we investigated the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of three typical crops (wheat, maize and soybean) in the saline-alkaline land of the Yellow River Delta. To further investigate CO2 fluxes, NEE was decomposed into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re). In terms of seasonal variation, wheat and soybean were carbon sources in the early and late growth periods, and carbon sinks in the rest of the period, whereas maize was a carbon sink in the majority of the period, and maize had good carbon sink potential. The cumulative NEE during the growth periods for wheat, maize, and soybean were 414.86, 258.24 and 228.92 g cm-2, respectively, and the daily variation showed that the peak NEE values for the three crops preceded the peak values of both GPP and ecosystem respiration, occurring approximately at 12:00 a.m. In the correlation analysis, NEE and GPP of the three crops were well correlated with photosynthetic photon flux density and net radiation, whereas Re was significantly correlated with air temperature. Through a comparative analysis of CO2 fluxes within various agricultural ecosystems, our findings indicated that wheat demonstrated moderate carbon sequestration capabilities, whereas maize and soybean exhibited strong carbon sink characteristics. Notably, saline-alkali crops exhibited lower Re, whereas GPP levels remained at a moderate range. Therefore, under the global warming trend, the respiration of saline crops and soils will be affected and may change the original carbon sink into a carbon source. Hence, implementing suitable measures targeting saline-alkali areas, such as the establishment of an effective crop rotation system and the enhance saline-alkali land conditions, can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, thus reducing the pressure of global warming and maintaining a stable carbon cycle in saline-alkali land
Occurrence and possible sources of antibiotic resistance genes in seawater of the South China Sea
No full textAntibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) might have great effect on ecological security and human health. Oceans are important reservoirs that receive tremendous amounts of pollutants globally. However, information on the proliferation of ARGs in seawater is still limited. This study performed field sampling to investigate the occurrence and distribution of ARGs in seawater of the South China Sea, which is the deepest and largest sea in China. The results showed that the total absolute abundances of ARGs in seawater samples ranged from 2.1 x 103 to 2.3 x 104 copies/mL, with an of 5.0 x 103 copies/mL and a range of 2.2 x 103-1.8 x 104 copies/mL for those with mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Genes resistant to multidrug, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics accounted for 77.3%-88.6% of total ARGs in seawater. Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria represented 32.1%-56.2% and 30.4%-49.5% of microbial community, respectively. Prochlorococcus_MIT9313 and Clade_la were the prevalent genera in seawater of the South China Sea. Complex co-occurrence relationship existed among ARGs, MGEs, and bacteria. Anthropogenic activities had critical influence on ARGs and MGEs. Hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant effluent, sewage, aquaculture tailwater, and runoff were determined as the important sources of ARGs in seawater of the South China Sea based on positive matrix factorization analysis
Chronopotentiometric Nanopore Sensor Based on a Stimulus-Responsive Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Label-Free Dual-Biomarker Detection
No full textThe development of sensors for detection of biomarkers exhibits an exciting potential in diagnosis of diseases. Herein, we propose a novel electrochemical sensing strategy for label-free dual-biomarker detection, which is based on the combination of stimulus-responsive molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-modified nanopores and a polymeric membrane chronopotentiometric sensor. The ion fluxes galvanostatically imposed on the sensing membrane surface can be blocked by the recognition reaction between the target biomarker in the sample solution and the stimulus-responsive MIP receptor in the nanopores, thus causing a potential change. By using two external stimuli (i.e., pH and temperature), the recognition abilities of the stimulus-responsive MIP receptor can be effectively modulated so that dual-biomarker label-free chronopotentiometric detection can be achieved. Using alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as model biomarkers, the proposed sensor offers detection limits of 0.17 and 0.42 ng/mL for AFP and PSA, respectively
Inflammatory bowel disease alters in vivo distribution of orally administrated nanoparticles: Revealing via SERS tag labeling technique
No full textNanoparticles (NPs) could be uptake orally and exposed to digestive tract through various sources such as particulate pollutant, nanomedicine and food additive. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as a global disease, induced disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier and thus altered in vivo distribution of NPs as a possible consequence. However, related information was relatively scarce. Herein, in vivo distribution of typical silica (SiO 2 ) and titania (TiO 2 ) NPs was investigated in healthy and IBD models at cell and animal levels via a surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tag labeling technique. The labeled NPs were composed of gold SERS tag core and SiO 2 (or TiO 2 ) shell, demonstrating sensitive and characteristic SERS signals ideal to trace the NPs in vivo . Cell SERS mapping revealed that protein corona from IBD intestinal fluid decreased uptake of NPs by lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells compared with normal intestinal fluid protein corona. SERS signal detection combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of mouse tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney) indicated that both NPs tended to accumulate in lung specifically after oral administration for IBD mouse (6 out of 20 mice for SiO 2 and 4 out of 16 mice for TiO 2 were detected in lung). Comparatively, no NP signals were detected in all tissues from healthy mice. These findings suggested that there might be a greater risk associated with the oral uptake of NPs in IBD patients due to altered in vivo distribution of NPs
Inflammatory bowel disease alters in vivo distribution of orally administrated nanoparticles: Revealing via SERS tag labeling technique
No full textNanoparticles (NPs) could be uptake orally and exposed to digestive tract through various sources such as particulate pollutant, nanomedicine and food additive. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as a global disease, induced disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier and thus altered in vivo distribution of NPs as a possible consequence. However, related information was relatively scarce. Herein, in vivo distribution of typical silica (SiO 2 ) and titania (TiO 2 ) NPs was investigated in healthy and IBD models at cell and animal levels via a surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tag labeling technique. The labeled NPs were composed of gold SERS tag core and SiO 2 (or TiO 2 ) shell, demonstrating sensitive and characteristic SERS signals ideal to trace the NPs in vivo . Cell SERS mapping revealed that protein corona from IBD intestinal fluid decreased uptake of NPs by lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells compared with normal intestinal fluid protein corona. SERS signal detection combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of mouse tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney) indicated that both NPs tended to accumulate in lung specifically after oral administration for IBD mouse (6 out of 20 mice for SiO 2 and 4 out of 16 mice for TiO 2 were detected in lung). Comparatively, no NP signals were detected in all tissues from healthy mice. These findings suggested that there might be a greater risk associated with the oral uptake of NPs in IBD patients due to altered in vivo distribution of NPs
Effect of organic matter on the environmental behavior of sulfur and heavy metals in mariculture sediments during the aging process
No full textOrganic matter (OM) significantly impacts the environmental behavior of sulfur and heavy metals. In this study, the effects of OM on the migration and transformation of sulfur and heavy metals in mariculture sediments were investigated. The results indicated that baiting had a strong impact on the accumulation of acid volatile sulfur (AVS) ( P 15 %). An increase in the reducible fraction promoted the conversion of AVS to CRS, which reduced the degree of sediment aging. Higher OM levels reduced the diversity and abundance of the bacterial communities. The sulfate respiration functional microbiota was particularly affected by OM
Role of exogenous hydrogen in methane yield during anaerobic digestion of waste fat, oil, and grease by coupling carbon cloth with exogenous hydrogen
No full textCarbon cloth (CC) coupled with exogenous hydrogen (EH2) was used to promote direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) during anaerobic digestion of waste fat, oil, and grease (FOG). However, whether the change of EH2 injection pattern would further enhance DIET and FOG conversion for methane production is unknown, and the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, three EH2 injection pressures (0.2/0.4/0.6 atm) and frequencies (once/every 8 days/every 4 days) were chosen to collaborate with CC for investigating the role of EH2 in methane yield during FOG digestion. The results show that, combined with CC, increased EH2 injection pressure/frequency resulted in gradually enhanced DIET to increase FOG conversion rate (from 69.9% to 96.7%), leading to the highest cumulative methane production (1204.9 mL/gVSadded) 58.9% higher than that of Control. During the digestion, the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances was increased by EH2 to promote bioaggregation and electron transfer between cells for enhanced biological DIET in the digestate. The influence of EH2 on the microbial communities on CC surface was bigger than that in suspended sludge, leading to enhanced syntrophic acetate oxidation-hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (SAO-HM) for acetate conversion on CC. As the amount of EH2 increased, the acetate conversion by SAO-HM via DIET was improved, which simultaneously promoted the syntrophic metabolisms between acidogens/acetogens and methanogens to achieve more efficient FOG conversion. Together, this work provides new insight into the role of EH2 in the enhancement of DIET and methane yield during FOG digestion
