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Physiological and transcriptomic responses of Aurelia coerulea polyps to acidified seawater conditions
No full textScyphozoan jellyfish, known for their evolutionary position and ecological significance, are thought to exhibit relatively notable resilience to ocean acidification. However, knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the scyphozoan jellyfish response to acidified seawater conditions is currently lacking. In this study, two independent experiments were conducted to determine the physiological and molecular responses of moon jellyfish (Aurelia coerulea) polyps to within- and trans-generational exposure to two reduced pH treatments (pH 7.8 and pH 7.6). The results revealed that the asexual reproduction of A. coerulea polyps significantly declined under acute exposure to pH 7.6 compared with that of polyps at ambient pH conditions. Transcriptomics revealed a notable upregulation of genes involved in immunity and cytoskeleton components. In contrast, genes associated with metabolism were downregulated in response to reduced pH treatments after 6 weeks of withingenerational acidified conditions. However, reduced pH treatments had no significant influence on the asexual reproduction of A. coerulea polyps after exposure to acidified conditions over a total of five generations, suggesting that A. coerulea polyps may acclimate to low pH levels. Transcriptomics revealed distinct gene expression profiles between within- and trans-generational exposure groups to two reduced pH treatments. The offspring polyps of A. coerulea subjected to trans-generational acidified conditions exhibited both upregulated and downregulated expression of genes associated with metabolism. These physiological and transcriptomic characteristics of A. coerulea polyps in response to elevated CO2 levels suggest that polyps produced asexually under acidified conditions may be resilient to such conditions in the future
Chemical Cues Released by Predators' Consumption of Heterospecific Prey Alter the Embryogenesis of Zebrafish
No full textEnvironmentally cued hatching is prevalent, diverse, and crucial to many animals' survival. Fish embryos use a variety of chemical cues to initiate hatching to avoid potential predators, yet the function of chemical cues released from the predatory consumption of heterospecific prey is largely unknown. Zebra cichlids (Metriaclima estherae) are ferocious predators that can feed on medaka (Oryzias latipes), though it is impossible for this to occur in their natural habitat. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos have been employed as experimental subjects due to their sensitivity to a variety of chemical signals. In this study, zebrafish embryos were subjected to three types of chemical signals: predator cues (PCs, released from cichlids), heterospecific cues (HCs, released from medaka), and heterospecific dietary cues (HDCs, released from cichlids that have ingested medaka). As a result, the hatching times of zebrafish embryos were accelerated by 6.8% and 12.6% by PCs and HDCs, respectively. PCs and HDCs cause significantly reduced morphology in zebrafish embryos, including regarding total length, eye length, dorsal fin length, trunk height, caudal fin height, and body cavity, and increase yolk sac height. The PCs and HDCs diminished the larvae's motion at 120 and 144 h post fertilization (hpf), which could be attributed to non-developmental embryogenesis. Overall, the impacts of HDCs on embryonic hatching, developmental morphology, and locomotor were more pronounced in comparison with PCs. Our findings demonstrate that predators' dietary cues, even those released after predation on heterospecific prey, can modify embryogenesis, highlighting the critical functions of chemical signals in predation risk assessment using embryos
Partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by green manure increases succeeding maize yield and annual economic benefit in low-yield cropland in the Yellow River Delta
No full textGreen manures (GM) combined with fertilizer reduction is an efficient measure to alleviate the environmental issues caused by the overapplication of chemical fertilizer. However, both the environmental and economic benefits remain unclear in coastal regions that are affected by both soil salinization and climate change. A field experiment was conducted in low-yield cropland in the Yellow River Delta to explore the effects of green manure rotation combined with fertilizer reduction on the soil environment and economic sustainability. Two GM species, Vicia villosa (HV) and Orychophragmus violaceus (OV), a traditional winter wheat (Wheat), were grown in winter, with a fallow control (Fallow). In the subsequent maize season, three fertilizer rate treatments, a full rate of 600 kg ha-1 compound fertilizer (F100), 85% of the full rate (F85), and 70% of the full rate (F70), were applied in each former treatment. The results indicated that GM return markedly increased soil total N (TN) and P (TP) before the V6 stage of maize (when maize had 6 leaves). The average TN contents of HV and OV increased by 56.9% and 38.5%, respectively, compared with that of Wheat, while the values for TP were 13.6% and 16.9%. Compared with Fallow, the maize yields of HV and OV increased by 25.6% and 13.8%, respectively, while that of Wheat decreased by 9.1%. The average partial fertilizer productivities (PFPs) for HV and OV increased by 25.3% and 14.0% compared with Fallow, while Wheat decreased by 8.9%. The PFPs for F85 and F70 increased by 19.4% and 37.7%, respectively, compared with F100. Reducing the fertilizer rate to 70% in the HV-maize rotation pattern did not reduce but increased the total net profit and rate of return. Thus, HV-maize rotation combined with 30% fertilizer reduction is suggested for sustainable agriculture in this region
Nitrogen fertilization enhances organic carbon accumulation in topsoil mainly by improving photosynthetic C assimilation in a salt marsh
No full textContinuous nitrogen (N) loading alters plant growth and subsequently has the potential to impact soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in salt marshes. However, the knowledge gap of photosynthesized carbon (C) allocation in plant-soil-microbial systems hampers the quantification of C fluxes and the clarification of the mechanisms controlling the C budget under N loading in salt marsh ecosystems. To address this, we conducted an N fertilization field observation combined with a 5 h 13C-pulse labeling experiment in a salt marsh dominated by Suaeda. salsa (S. salsa) in the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China. N fertilization increased net 13C assimilation of S. Salsa by 277.97%, which was primarily allocated to aboveground biomass and SOC. However, N fertilization had little effect on 13C allocation to belowground biomass. Correlation analysis showed that 13C incorporation in soil was significantly and linearly correlated with 13C incorporation in shoots rather than in roots both in a 0 N (0 g N m-2 yr-1) and +N (20 g N m- 2 yr-1) group. The results suggested that SOC increase under N fertilization was mainly due to an increased C assimilation rate and more efficient downward transfer of photosynthesized C. In addition, N fertilization strongly improved the 13C amounts in the chloroform-labile SOC component by 295.26%. However, the absolute increment of newly fix 13C mainly existed in the form of residual SOC, which had more tendency for burial in the soil. Thus, N fertilization enhanced SOC accumulation although C loss increased via belowground respiration. These results have important implications for predicting the carbon budget under further human-induced N loading
Partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by green manure increases succeeding maize yield and annual economic benefit in low-yield cropland in the Yellow River Delta
No full textGreen manures (GM) combined with fertilizer reduction is an efficient measure to alleviate the environmental issues caused by the overapplication of chemical fertilizer. However, both the environmental and economic benefits remain unclear in coastal regions that are affected by both soil salinization and climate change. A field experiment was conducted in low-yield cropland in the Yellow River Delta to explore the effects of green manure rotation combined with fertilizer reduction on the soil environment and economic sustainability. Two GM species, Vicia villosa (HV) and Orychophragmus violaceus (OV), a traditional winter wheat (Wheat), were grown in winter, with a fallow control (Fallow). In the subsequent maize season, three fertilizer rate treatments, a full rate of 600 kg ha-1 compound fertilizer (F100), 85% of the full rate (F85), and 70% of the full rate (F70), were applied in each former treatment. The results indicated that GM return markedly increased soil total N (TN) and P (TP) before the V6 stage of maize (when maize had 6 leaves). The average TN contents of HV and OV increased by 56.9% and 38.5%, respectively, compared with that of Wheat, while the values for TP were 13.6% and 16.9%. Compared with Fallow, the maize yields of HV and OV increased by 25.6% and 13.8%, respectively, while that of Wheat decreased by 9.1%. The average partial fertilizer productivities (PFPs) for HV and OV increased by 25.3% and 14.0% compared with Fallow, while Wheat decreased by 8.9%. The PFPs for F85 and F70 increased by 19.4% and 37.7%, respectively, compared with F100. Reducing the fertilizer rate to 70% in the HV-maize rotation pattern did not reduce but increased the total net profit and rate of return. Thus, HV-maize rotation combined with 30% fertilizer reduction is suggested for sustainable agriculture in this region
Polymeric membrane potentiometric antibiotic sensors using computer-aided screening of supramolecular macrocyclic carriers
No full textCarrier-based polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors are an ideal tool for detecting ionic species. However, in the fabrication of these sensors, the screening of carriers still relies on empirical trial- and error-based optimization, which requires tedious and time-consuming experimental verification. In this work, computer-aided screening of carriers is applied in the preparation of polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors. Molecular docking is used to study the host-guest interactions between receptors and targets. Binding energies are employed as the standard to screen the appropriate carrier. As a proof-of-concept experiment, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin is selected as the target model. A series of supramolecular macrocyclic receptors including cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils and calixarenes are chosen as potential receptors. The proposed sensor based on the receptor calix[4]arene screened by molecular docking shows a lower detection limit of 0.5 mu mol L-1 for ciprofloxacin. It can be expected that the proposed computer-aided screening technique of carriers can provide a simple but highly efficient method for the fabrication of carrier-based electrochemical and optical sensors.
A polymeric membrane potentiometric antibiotic sensor using computationally screened supramolecular macrocyclic carriers by the molecular docking technique is described
New insights into estimation of bioavailable inorganic phosphorus in natural coastal seawater
No full textConsidering the impact of the high salinity and high turbidity of coastal seawater on phosphorus forms, a new method was proposed to determine bioavailable inorganic phosphorus (BIP). The phosphorus most relevant to eutrophication is BIP, and traditional analysis methods may underestimate the degree of eutrophication. In this study, a microelectrode of multigold (Au mu E) was fabricated for direct voltammetric determination of BIP without filtration, and BIP environmental characteristics including distribution and correlation relationships with environmental factors in typical coastal seawater of Northern China were analyzed. The proposed Au mu E showed a low detection limit of 0.03 mu M. The surface and bottom BIP concentrations ranged from 1.00 to 2.13 and from 0.88 to 2.05 mu M, respectively. BIP dominated the total P (TP) accounting for 48.5-67.5 % in the surface layer samples, and 32.6-92.7 % in the bottom layer samples, respectively. The concentrations of BIP were obviously higher than those of DIP, indicating that DIP may underestimate the probability of eutrophication occurring. And BIP was positively correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO) (P < 0.05). BIP may be a promising indicator of eutrophication potential in coastal areas with high salinity and high turbidity. The proposed reliable voltammetry method provides a new indicator for environmental assessment and represents a significant step in the comprehensive analysis of P species
海岸线自然属性定量化评估方法及其应用
No full text2017年我国首个海岸线法规《海岸线保护与利用管理办法》出台，首次将“生态恢复岸线”纳入自然岸线的调查统计口径。2019年全国海岸线修测技术规程颁布，实现自然岸线管控与修复成为沿海各地要落实的重点任务。在当前背景下，全国各地正陆续开展海岸线整治修复工作，一些人工岸线基本具备或部分具备自然岸线的属性、特征和功能，如若将这部分海岸线置于监管边缘，将在一定程度上限制海岸线的严格保护和有序利用。鉴于此，有必要建立海岸线自然属性定量化评估方法，科学量化中国大陆海岸线自然属性现状特征。
本研究以中国海岸带为案例区，从岸线自然属性内涵出发，兼顾陆域、海岸线、海域三个部分，利用多要素数据、RS和GIS空间分析技术等建立海岸线自然属性定量化评估方法，实现以岸段为基本单元的中国大陆海岸线自然属性定量化评估。通过研究，主要结论如下：
（1）构建海岸线自然属性评估理论框架：根据自然岸线定义和野外调查认知，明确海岸线拥有自然属性的基本条件，即海岸线应基本具备或部分具备“自然岸线”的属性特征，包括水陆交互过程协调、自然海岸形态特征明显和生态功能显著等。同时，确立海岸线自然属性评估原则，在确定海岸线表观的属性类型基础上，进一步综合考虑陆地和海洋的双重影响。
（2）建立海岸线自然属性定量化评估方法：根据中国海岸带的实际情况，从海岸线属性、陆侧影响因素和海侧影响因素三个维度（准则层）出发，遴选代表性强、实用性高的评估指标（指标层），构建“目标层-准则层-指标层”三层结构的海岸线自然属性评估指标体系，并将主客观赋权法结合计算单要素指标权重，按照自然属性由弱到强对各指标分级赋值，最终以岸段为基本单元计算海岸线的自然属性。
（3）陆域、海岸线和海域三个维度（准则层）的评估结果表明：基于2022年SDGSAT-1影像提取的中国大陆海岸线开发利用比例较高，未利用岸线仅占35.1%；陆侧准则层评估结果高值区主要分布在崂山、温州南和香港等，而低值区主要分布在大连港、秦皇岛港和泉州等；海侧准则层评估结果高值区集中分布在辽河口、黄河三角洲和盐城等，而低值区主要分布在大连港、上海和钦州等；三个维度（准则层）的耦合协调分析表明，中国海岸带自然属性的耦合协调度以“中度协调”为主，“严重失调”类型区只在秦皇岛港和宁德三沙湾沿岸处出现，存在过度侵占海洋或陆地某一侧空间资源的情况。
（4）中国大陆海岸线自然属性现状评估结果表明：自然属性等级为“高”和“极高”的海岸线合计占比达41.7%，明显高于未利用岸线占比（传统的自然岸线，35.1%）；空间上，海岸线自然属性的“极高”等级区主要分布在辽河口、黄河三角洲、盐城、香港和珍珠湾等，而“极低”等级区集中分布在大连港、石岛湾、浦东新区、泉州和钦州等；在岸段尺度，未利用岸线的自然属性评估值最高，但也存在少部分未利用岸段自然属性等级较低（“中”）。辽河口、黄河三角洲和上海部分区域存在人工修筑的堤坝（养殖和盐田区、防潮堤），但海岸线外围的岸滩和水下岸坡得以保留，在一定程度上能够维持原始的海岸过程和发挥海岸生态功能，使部分开发利用岸线自然属性等级较高。
本研究针对中国大陆海岸线，打破“自然岸线”与“人工岸线”二分法思维，以“海岸线自然属性”为研究对象，运用RS和GIS技术建立了一套可行的海岸线自然属性定量化评估方法，实现了宏观区域的海岸线自然属性评估。针对存在人为影响但部分保留自然属性的人工岸段，本方法能够较好地反映其在自然条件和生态功能等方面的特征，将有助于监管部门推进海岸线的保护和管理工作，为海岸线整治修复以及促进岸线资源节约集约利用提供重要理论和方法参考
生物膜形成和牡蛎养殖对微塑料沉降行为的影响研究
No full text由于塑料制品的大量生产和使用，又因目前缺乏高效处理回收方法，导致
全球生境中都发现了塑料垃圾的存在，其中一部分以微塑料（粒径 1μm-5mm）
形式在全球生态系统中广泛分布。据估计约有 80 %塑料碎片从陆地进入海洋，
在这一过程中微塑料会受到物理、化学和生物等因素影响，导致微塑料发生各
种变化，进而影响微塑料在近海中运输、归趋和最终命运。漂浮微塑料表面往
往形成一层生物膜，改变微塑料表面性质和理化状态，生物膜形成也受到各种
环境因素如温度、营养盐和溶解氧等的影响，这些因素主导了微塑料生物膜的
生物组成。此外，近海筏式养殖的牡蛎具有良好的滤水能力，牡蛎在滤水过程
中不可避免地接触到水体中的微塑料，能够将微塑料融入粪便或者假粪便中，
从而影响微塑料在近岸环境介质中的垂直分布。因此，本研究选取近海典型漂
浮聚乙烯（Polyethylene，PE）微塑料作为研究对象，在海水浴场、海水池塘和
筏式养殖区三种不同类型的研究区域进行孵育，解析微塑料表面附着生物膜的
形成过程，分析微塑料表面生物膜引起的密度和沉降变化。进一步收集测定不
同孵育站位温度、营养盐、溶解氧和pH等环境因子，阐明影响黄渤海近岸水体
微塑料表面生物膜形成特征的主要因素。此外，设计并投放生物沉积物捕集器
以收集长牡蛎产生的生物沉积物，采用激光红外成像系统（LDIR）分析微塑料，
进而解析长牡蛎垂直输运微塑料的能力，并利用广义线性混合模型探究影响沿
岸沉积物中微塑料丰度的主要因素，如水深、离岸距离和到牡蛎养殖区距离等。
采用室内模拟实验，探究了牡蛎对不同浓度、粒径和聚合物类型微塑料的生物
沉降作用。研究结果揭示了海洋软体动物在近海微塑料输运过程中的重要作用，
并可为近海微塑料污染管控提供数据支撑。本研究主要结论如下：（1）探讨了老化和非老化微塑料生物膜形成对其沉降行为的影响。使用紫外老化微塑料样品15天后，扫描电镜观察微塑料表面发现出现细小裂纹和微粒，
增加了粗糙程度，与原始微塑料相比其表面氧元素含量显著增加，同时出现羰
基附加振动峰，说明老化过程能够引起微塑料表面含氧基团产生，发生氧化效
应。此外，野外条件下自然老化的微塑料纤维出现碳氧键附加峰，不同老化方
式可能导致出现的微塑料老化特征不一致。微塑料老化状态对微生物附着具有
一定影响。在光学显微镜下观察到的图像显示，未经老化处理的微塑料表面生
物附着较少，且分散程度较高。相比之下，经过老化处理的微塑料表面具有更
多的裂隙和划痕，生物膜更集中，并且更倾向于形成聚集簇。塑料上生物膜含
量会随着暴露时间的增加而增加。在微塑料孵育后期生物膜含量呈现出海水池
塘＞养殖区＞海水浴场的趋势，不同生境间有显著差异。老化微塑料上生物膜含量大于非老化微塑料。微塑料生物膜生物量结合环境因子分析结果表明，硅酸盐和溶解氧为影响生物膜含量的主要环境因素。硅酸盐浓度区分了不同站点
生物膜发育中期和发育后期阶段的区别，而溶解氧主要区分了不同生境间生物
膜含量的差异。生物膜含量最高的老化微塑料在孵育结束时（12w），其密度也
仅达到0.97 g cm-3，未能导致微塑料发生沉降。这说明该粒径大小的微塑料表面
的生物膜对微塑料密度改变较小，其沉降行为的发生需要更长孵育时间。（2）解析了养殖长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）在近海微塑料垂直输运过程中的重要作用。以长牡蛎为研究对象，利用自制沉积物捕集器原位收集了长牡
蛎产生的生物沉积物。结果发现长牡蛎具有很强的微塑料沉积能力，单个成体
长牡蛎日沉降量可以达到15.88 items ind-1 d-1，而早期研究低估了长牡蛎垂直运
输微塑料的能力。生物沉积组中的微塑料丰度显著高于对照组（填充空牡蛎壳），
是其 3.54 倍。与自然沉积相比，长牡蛎显著增加了正浮力微塑料和小颗粒微塑
料（< 50 µm）的沉积，但未发现长牡蛎对不同类型微塑料有偏好或筛选作用。
生物沉积组中塑料聚合物类型更为丰富，海水和对照组中聚合物类型少于生物
沉积组。粒径小于50 μm的MPs在所有鉴定的MPs样品中占主导地位，分别占
海水组、对照组和生物沉积组的85.17%、81.95%和79.12%。近海养殖生物的生
物沉积作用可能会改变微塑料在近海环境中的分布格局，烟台海岸沉积物中微
塑料平均丰度为 100.04 ± 56.78 items/g d.w.，其中微塑料丰度最低为 36.25
items/g d.w.，最高为 271.25 items/g d.w.；养殖区平均微塑料丰度（113.59 items/g
d.w.）高于非养殖区（78.35 items/g d.w.）。养殖长牡蛎对微塑料的沉积作用会形
成污染热点区域，最佳广义线性混合模型表明贝类筏式养殖活动对沉积物中微
塑料时空分布特征有重要影响。此外，本研究还发现近海水柱中微塑料丰度被
大大低估，这是由于传统微塑料鉴定技术如傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和拉曼光
谱（Raman spectra）忽视了大量难以被肉眼观察到的微塑料，而激光红外成像
系统（LDIR）更准确地估计了水体中的微塑料丰度。
（3）室内实验探究了长牡蛎对不同浓度、粒径和聚合物类型微塑料的生物
沉降作用。长牡蛎在高浓度（1000 items/L）暴露下对微塑料的沉降量与其余两
种暴露浓度下（200 items/L、500 items/L）的沉降量相比存在显著差异，其对微
塑料的沉降量随着暴露浓度的提升而提高。长牡蛎暴露在不同粒径微塑料水体
后，对小粒径（50 μm）微塑料日沉降量最大，可达39.58 ± 3.61 items ind-1 d-1。
长牡蛎对小粒径和中等粒径（100 μm）微塑料的沉降作用显著高于大粒径（180
μm）微塑料，随着微塑料粒径增加，微塑料沉降量也随之减少。长牡蛎对不同
聚合物类型微塑料的日沉降量在 14.58-21.88 个之间，长牡蛎对不同聚合物类型
的微塑料沉降量无显著差异，表明长牡蛎对不同聚合物类型微塑料无选择作用